PHARMACOGNOSY- is science which deals drugs, As an applied science which deals with the

their origin, structure, and chemical composition. biologic, biochemical and economic features of
natural drugs and their constituents.
-cultivation
-collection
The study of drugs having their origin in plants
-Selection and animal kingdoms.
-preparation
-identification IMPORTANT DISCIPLINES:
-evaluation
-prescription
BOTANY
-distribution
-commerce Identification (TAXONOMY)
-use of drugs Genetics
Cultivation of plant
2 greek words: CHEMISTRY
Isolation
Pharmakon drugs knowledge of drugs
Identification
Gnosis-knowledge
Quantification of constituents in plant materials.
PHARMACOLOGY
DRUGS- crude products
Biological effects of chemical in medicinal plant
An article in the officials of USP, NF,
have on cell cultures ( animals and humans)
USD and their supplements.
Intended use for diagnosis, cure, CHANGES IN PHARMACOGNOSY
mitigation and prevention of diseases.
Other than food- that intended to affect the Used modern isolation techniques and
structure or function of the body. pharmacological testing procedures.
Purified substances are more common.
CRUDE DRUGS- are plant or animal drugs which have Requires familiarity on physical, chemical and
not undergone processing other than collecting and chromatographic standards for identification,
drying. purification ect, such properties.

NATURAL SUBSTANCES- found in nature. SCOPE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACOGNOSY

DERIVATIVES/ EXTRACTIVE- are chief principles of
CLASSIFICATION VEGETABLES DRUGS
crude drugs that are separated.
Alphabetical
In the study of medicinal plant and their Taxonomic
products, one should understand their medicinal: Morphological
value Pharmacological or therapeutic
appearances Chemical and biogenetics
nature of the drugs
ANIMAL PRODUCTS
Pharmacognosy involves the knowledge:
1. Beewax
botany
2. Gelatin
chemistry
3. Woolfats
zoology
4. Vitamins
Physics
5. Antibiotics and hormones
genetics (deals with the heredity and variation of species) 1

2
6. Marine organism
Literally means, knowledge of pharmaceuticals.
Has been a part of the medicinal arts and science
of mankind first began to treat illness. 1
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3
1. Collection- is the process of collecting a certain
things within the proper time.
NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL PRODUCTS

1. Fibers Small- scale

2. Flavoring Select the species to cultivate
3. Suspending agent Best time to collect
4. Colorants
RULES IN COLLECTING PLANTS
5. Disintegrant
6. Stabilizers
Roots- fresh (e.g Belladonna root)
7. Filtering
Rhizomes- fall (e.g Ginger)
8. Support media
Bark-spring (e.g. Hamamelis barks)
TERMINOLOGIES: Leaves and flowering tops-photosynthesis is
most active (e.g Belladonna leaf
ADULTERATION OF DRUGS
Flowers- time of pollination (e.g Gumamela)
Deterioration and deficiency in quality of a Fruits- matured, ripening period ( e.g Black
commercial products. pepper, cubeb- fully grown but unripe.
Seeds-fully matured (e.g balck mustard)
Causes:
2. Harvesting- removal of the plant.
1. Aging
2. Lack of care in the preparation
MOA:
3. Substitutions a. Hand labor
4. Extraction of important constituents b. Mechanical devices- cost of production
5. Addition of others substances which may be
either be harmless or harmful. 3. Drying removal of moisture.
NATURAL ORIGIN
-Most important steps
METHODS:
Scientific name.
a. Air drying- done in sun or shades depending
upon on the materials
b. Sun drying- not affected by the direct action of
HABITAT
the sunlight.
Is the region where they grow and geographical c. Shades drying- retained the desirable color of
source. the drugs.
d. Artificial drying- used drying device and most
Plants maybe: acceptable method, stop enzymatic action more
rapidly.
INDIGENOUS- grow in own country.
Example: Digitalis- the natural moisture of the
NATURALIZED- grow in foreign land.
leaves is sufficient to cause enzymatic
COMMERCIAL USE hydrolysis of cardiac glycosides as soon as the
Channel of trade of drugs. leaves are harvested.
Commercial or reproduction of drugs.
4. Garbling- removal of extraneous matter from the
6 PROCESSES IN PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS drugs.
Final step
5. Packaging - a process provide protection and
economy space.
6. Storage and Preservation- maintained the
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highest degree of the drugs.
 Not more than 25C
Attention to the influence of 5. BY FUMIGATION-SPRAYING
temperature, light, air and attack of INSECTICIDES
insects.
6. BY STORING THE DRUGS IN AIR TIGHT,
MOISTURE PROOF, AND LIGHT PROOF
CONTAINERS.
Should Be:
1. Fire proof CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS
2. Moisture proof
3. Insects proof Methods:
4. Rat proof 1. Morphologic-plant parts or animal used.
Curing- develop the active principle of drugs or 2. Taxonomic or taxonomy- botanical and
destroying the irritant principles of drugs. zoological arrangement (plant and animals).
Drying process 3. Pharmacologic/ therapeutic application-
Enhances properties present in drugs. therapeutic uses or effects.
4. Chemical constituents-chemical class and
Involves: therapeutic class preferred method.
1. Heating at a low flame
2. Sweating EVALUATION OF DRUGS
3. Keeping it for a period of time.
Methods:
Method of Preservation of Drugs 1. Organoleptic- used 5 senses of the organ.
2. Microscopical- evaluation of small fragments
1. SIMPLEST METHOD- exposing in the temp. that present in adulteration.
65C to prevent any form of deterioration. 3. Physical and chemical
Physical-physical constant
2. BY USING CAMPHOR AND TAR AS Chemical- determined potency.
PRESERVATION 4. Biological- for standardization of potent drugs,
in pharmacologic activity and bioassay.

3. BY USING QUICKLIME AND LIME. SENSORY (ORGANOLEPTIC) EVALUATION

OF DRUGS
Reagent:
Calcium oxide- adding and sprinkling lime An organized arrangement/morphology:
Calcium hydroxide- is dipping the drugs in
slaked lime A. UNDERGROUND PARTS
Roots
Example: Tuberous root-swollen f-storage
Nutmeg and ginger Tubers-thick, solid underground
stem.
4. BY USING CHEMICAL TREATMENT Bulbs- underground stem cover with
numerously freshly scale.
Reagent: Rhizomes
Benzene and carbon sulfide-rarely used Corms
because of its odor and inflammable.

Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride- best B. AERIAL PARTS (ABOVE GROUND)

preservatives, prevent in the container wormy.
 Barks Natural- DIRECTLY OBTAINED from plants and
Leaves animals in nature.
Stems Synthetic-combining to different substances (not ntural)
Flowers Total synthetic-made in the laboratory.
Fruits Semi-synthetic- starting mats from
Seed nature
Trichomes Constituents maybe:
C. EXUDATES 1. Active- responsible for the therapeutic
Gums effect.
Resins
Gums-resin/ oleo-gum-resins a. Pharmaceutically-active
Balsams -Cause chemical changes and ppt. in the
latex preparation.

BIOASSAY-determination of relative strength of Example: Iron salt

substance (drugs) by comparing its effect on attest b. Pharmacologically-active
organism with that of standard preparation. -responsible for the therapeutic effect

Drugs Animals c. Inert constituents

1.Digoxin Pigeon - Having no pharmacologic effect.
2.Astropine Cat
3.Clucagon Cat Example:
4.Oxytocin chicken (F) Plants Animals
5.Tubocurarine Rabbit (1) and Rat cellulose keratin
(Head drop cross over test) starch chitin
Dog albumin Muscle fiber
6.PTH cutin
7.Heparin Sheep lignin
suberin
8.Insulin Rabbit
Coloring agent

NEW FAMILY NAMES:

d. Secondary plant substances
-extracted CRYSTALLIZED and PURIFIED.
Old New Mnemonics
Compositae Asteraceae COMP-AS
Cruciferacea Brassicaceae CRU-BRA Terminologies:
Graminae Poaceae GRA-PO
Guttiferae Clusiceae GUTT-CLUS Official Drugs (OD)-drugs that are listed and
Umbelliferae Apiaceae UM-AP described in official book, that recognized by the
Labiatae Lamiaceae LA-LA government (LEGAL authority).
Palmae Arecaceae PAL-ARE Unofficial Drugs (UD)- not official, not recognized
by the government.
Chemistry of plants Monograph- is a systematic description of a thing
In the field of pharmacognosy, it must embrace a or class of thing.
thorough consideration on the chemical entities
(chemical compounds) of plant or animal drugs 4

that gives their therapeutic properties and these 5

entities termed as CONSTITUENTS.

4
Types of constituents: 5
 Information generally covered in a Plant
monograph:
1. Title of the drugs- Latin Name
English Name
2. Synonyms- maybe the vernacular word for the
drugs or plant or formerly used title of the drugs
3. Part used- is the official definition of the drugs
combined with the natural origin of the drug.
4. Natural origin- botanical or animal origin
5. Family-a group of related plant or animals
forming a category ranking above genus and
below an order usually comprising several
genera.
6. Constituents- an essentials part of plant.
Chemical compound that gives rug the
therapeutic properties.
7. Uses-a way in which plant part can be used.
8. Purity/ official rubrics- a heading which plant
is classified. And its cleanliness how they
cultivated.
9. Description- a statement tells you how plant
looks based on the structures, type or kind.
10. Identifying test, mark, etc- based on the
results.
1815-the term pharmacognosy was introduce by
C.A.Seydler- a medical student in Halle Saale
Germany.
TimeLine:
Early history-is an oldest of all pharmacy science.
-represent the history of pharmacy.
-Pre-historic medicine men- expert in
collecting, testing and using medicinal plant for treating
diseases.
New stone age- had cultivation and gathering of 200
different plants.
WOMENS: They prepared food and do
healing potion.
MEN: Compilation of remedies.
Spirits- caused a disease (belief).
Ancient Mesopotamia- 2600 BC
LAW CODE of Hammurabi- source of evidence
concerning skills Mesopotamia physicians.
HEALING PRACTITIONERs- priest,
pharmacist, physicians all in one.
Ancient Egypt- Ebers Papyrus (1600 BC)
- Collection of 800 prescriptions,
mentioning 700 drugs.
Ancient Greece and Rome
HOMER ( Illiad and odyssey)
Earliest source of Greek medical knowledge and
descriptions of Ancient Greek medical practices.
HIPPOCRATES (Corpus Hippocraticum)
1st native doctor, used vinegar, honey, herbs and
hydrotherapy healing.
THEOPHRASTUS ( De Historia plantarum and De
Causis plantarum).
KRATEUS
Herbalist who is considered the first person to
produce illustrated work in medicinal plants
DE MATERIA MEDICA
More than 600 plants
Arrangement of plant (prescription)
Plant name: SYN and Pictures
Habitat
Botanical description
DP( drugs properties or Action)
Medicinal usage
Harmful side effects
Qualities and dosages
Harvesting (H)
Preparation (P)
Separation (S)
Adulteration and method of detection
Veterinary uses
PLINY-is cosmographer of natural history.
GALEN- is discovered Cold creams.
Practiced and taught pharmacy medicine.
Associated with pharmaceutical compounded by
mechanical measn-GALENICALS (E.g. acete
de mansanilla, baby oils and others.
Ancient China- 4th century BC
SHEN NUNG- an emperor who investigated the
medicinal value of herbs.
 Pen Tsao- native herbal 365 drugs: 120 Most abundant group of organic molecules in
emperor herbs: 120 ministers herbs: 125 nature.
servants. 1st product of photosynthesis
Arrangement: Geographical origin, optimum A.K.A polyhydroxyketones or
pH. Of collection, therapeutic properties, forms polyhydroxyaldehydes.
of preparation and dose. Empiric formula: (CH2O)n =hydrates of
Plants: rhubarb,podohyllum, ginseng, carbon
stramonium, cinnamon, and ephedra.
Function:
Storage form of energy.
Structural components of organism.
Ingredients for food and beverage industry.
Ancient Java Excipients in pharmaceutical formulation.
Pharmacological effects
JAMU- Indonesian traditional medicine
Influenced: Chinese, Indian and Arabian medicine. Classifications:
Kalpataruh leaves- 800-900 AD Monosaccharides
Serat kawruh bab jampi-jampi- 1734 Disaccharides
formulas made of natural materials. Trisaccharides Sugars( simple)
Serat Centhini-medical treatment Tetrasaccharides
Plants: Cloves, nutmeg, java tea, jambut, Oligosaccharides
galangal.

Plant chemistry- Is concerned with the chemical Monosaccharides

operations of plant.
The plant is a living organism in which
compounds are being building up, broken
down, and stored in seeds for the use of embryo
in the next generation of plants-chemical
factory.
Are simplest carbohydrates unit.
Cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler sugars
Chemically defined as substance belonging to
the carbohydrates group that is ketonic and
aldehynic substitutions product of polyhydroxy
alcohol.
Sugars-energy storage

Chemical compounds occurring on plants: 2-Dioses (hydroxylacetaldehyde)-not occur in

-Carbohydrates nature
-Gums, mucilages, and plant extractives 3-Trioses (glyceraldehyde) form in phosphate
-Glycosides esters
-Tannins 4-Tetroses (erythrose)- not found in free state
-Lipids 5-pentoses (ribose)-commonly in nature,product
-Volatile oils of hemicellulose,gums and mucilages
-Resins 6-Hexoses (glucose)-most important found in
-Alkaloids plants
-Protein -48 isomers( A and form)
-Pigments
Example:6
Carbohydrates 16-aldohexoses
CHO 8-ketohexose
Sugar formed in photosynthesis occurring plant. 7-Heptose (sudoheptulose)
Starches- storage product
Cellulose- framework of the plant.
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 8-octose Fruit juices
9-Nonose Sugar cane
Sugar beet and sap of a certain maple
Hexose- Most important
Invert sugars(glucose and fructose)non-
reducing sugars
2 occurs in free state:
a.k.a- saccharum
D-Fructose (levulose)
-refined sugar
found both in sweet -cane sugar
fruits Sources:
honey, and invert sugars Saccharum officinarum
Beta vulgaris
D-glucose (dextrose) Acer saccharum
Uses: Pnecessity for syrups,demulcent and nutrients.
Sugars:
Glucose Dextrose-found in plant and fruits formed glucose
Dextrose
Grape sugar Sources:
Physiological sugar Grapes
Blood sugar Other fruits
Uses: nutrients and preparation.
Description:
B-D-glucose >most abundant form in nature, Official used as:
structural. Body polysaccharides as in cellulose. Dextrose injection
a-D-gucose> storage polysaccharides as in Alcohol and dextrose injection
starch Dextrose and sodium chloride injection.
>obtained from hydrolysis of starch
>use as nutrient given by mouth, by Example (Dextrose)
enema, by SC or IV Dextrose excipient- crystalline dextrose,
monohydrates that has undergone less vigorous
Disaccharides purification.
Composed of 2 monosaccharides linked a Uses: Pnecessity
glycosidic bond- is an ether bond ( COC)
Trisaccharides Dextrates- purified mixtures of
Yields 3 monosaccharides molecules in saccharides(not>93% dextrose)prepared by
hydrolysis controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
Tetrasaccharides
Uses: Pnecessity
yiels 4 monosaccharides molecules on
hydrolysis Liquid glucose- product of incomplete
hydrolysis of starch; colorless or yellowish,
Pimportant SUGARS of Disaccharides thick, syrupy liquid that is nearly odorless and
Sucrose taste sweet.
Dextrose/Glucose
Fructose Uses: manuf. Candy, carbonated beverages, ice
Lactose cream, baking products and in canning industry.
Xylose
Sucrose- occurs abundantly in Free State in plants. Fructose- is obtained by the inversion of aqueous
solutions sucrose
 - Subsequent separation of fructose from in a hermetically sealed container by
glucose. autoclaving.
-occurs most in sweet fruits (name: fruit sugar) Malted milk- evaporation of milk with malt
and in honey. extract
-Colorless white crystalline or granular, Kumyss- fermented milk.
odorless powder that has a sweet taste, soluble in water.
Xylose- a.k.a- Wood sugar
Uses: Food (diabetic), infant feeding formula, Pentose obtained by boiling corn cobs, straw or
ingredients of fructose injection and fructose and sodium similar materials with dilute acids to hydrolyze
chloride injection. the xylan polymer.

Lactose- a.k.a-milk sugar. Uses: Diagnostic agent to evaluate intestinal adsorption.

-crystallized from whey, impure crystals are
dissolved in water, decolorized with charcoal and Caramel-a.k.a- Burnt sugar coloring
recrystallized. Is concentrated solution of a product obtained by
heating.
Uses: tablet diluent, nutrients, inaugurates intestinal
microflora, and used as laxative. Polygosaccharides- a.k.a Glycans
More than 10 monosaccharides unit.
Lactulose- is a semisynthetic sugar prepared by alkaline Comlete, high MV polymers of
rearrangement of lactose. monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.
-used as laxative to reduce straining Can be:
defecation for MI patient. Homoglycan-homopolysaccahrides (composed o9f
one type monosaccharide)
MOA: Starch- a.k.a Glucogan
Metabolized by colonic flora to lactic acid and acetic -storage in plant
acid. Sources:
Corn-Zea mays
BN: Duphalac and Lilac Potato-Solanum tuberosum
Wheat- Triticum aestivum
Lactose + Galactose lactulose Rice- Oryza sativa
Other (arrowroot-Maranta arundinceae)
Cows Milk- opaque liquid (white). Emulsion of fat Uses :
globules suspended in a sol of casein, albumin, lactose
Tablet filter
and inorganic salt.
Antidote for iodin poisoning
Permanent reserve food in plant
Dairy products:
Contains:
Butter- formed fats globules in milk.
Amaylose-linear molecule of 250-1000
Butter milk- liquid left after fat globules unite.
Soluble in H2O
Skimmed milk- milk left after separation of React with iodine with blue complex
cream.
Coagulum- formed when skimmed milk is
treated with RENNIN. Amylopectin-is consist of 1000 or more.
Cheese- treated coagulum. Not soluble in H2O
Condensed milk- formed by partial evaporation Blue-violet or purple color in iodine
7
of milk in vacuum with consequent sterilization complex.

Glycogen-a.k.a Glucosan
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page -storage polysaccharides in animals
 -linkage a-1,4 and a-1,6
Dextrose
Cellulose- a.k.a Glucosan
- Chief constituents in a cell wall.
- Structural polysaccharides in plants
- B-1,4 bonds
- CHO
Inulin- D-fructan which residue are linked
in alinear manner by beta 2,1 bonds
Isolation : immersion of the fresh rhizomes
and roots in alcohols and subsequently
crystallization of spharaerite aggregates .
Uses: fermentative identifying agent for
bacteria
PROTEINS
Compounds of nitrogen comprise protoplasm
and functions as material in seeds.
Amino acids are simpler substances.
FATS AND OILS
Chief storage materials of seeds.
Other substances are as fats: waxes,
phospholipids and sterols.
Insoluble in H2O, soluble in ether and
chloroform.
PLANT ACIDS
CHO possessing acidic properties.
In plant occurred as salts and bases.
Crystalline deposits.

Chitin-exoskeleton on mollusk and OTHER COMPOUNDS:

arthropods and fungi. Alkaloids and essential Oils-give distinctive
-homogycan of N-acetylglucosamide odors
Tannin- contains sour properties.
Heteroglycan- heteropolysaccharides Glycosides
More than monosaccharides upon 8

hhydrolysis
Hyaluronic acid- vitreous humour, synovial
fluid.
Chondroitin sulfate- cartilages, tendons and
ligaments.
Dermatan sulfate- skin
Keratin sulfate- nail
Heparin/ heparin Sulfate- anticoagulant

Oligosaccharides
composed of 3-10 monosaccharide.

Dextrin-is several glucose units responsible for

browning of bread.
Sugars
Maltotrioses Glu-Glu- Glu
Melitrioses/Melitose/raffinose Glu-Fru-Gal
Gentianose/Melezitose Glu-Glu-Fru
Terminologies: Product of starch

Liquid glucose- INCOMPLETE (INC).

Dextrin- PARTIAL (P).
Maltriose- INTERMEDIATE (I)
Maltose- COMPLETE OR MAJOR (C or M).
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