‘Thisarelehasboenaccepedforielosioninaftuessueofthisjoral Contenistnaaspreseted wtheencepionotpa ‘YANG AND LIAO” ME-APSOLBASED MULTIOBYECTIVE OPTIMIZATION FOR PV SYSTEM 5 Fig. 2. Typloal edi n-bos distribution aystnn with PV systems connected Stinet = Pines + FQine = Vitae * (Utne © Vous = Vi20; = a © Wil=2- 1M ti] -sin(, 8.1 to s ) ) Vi-1) + |Slineil « |e] - CO8(Oye_) ® where Jz5_; shown in (7) and (8) represents the angle defer- ence of line impendence =, and Sing «, Which can be calculated by (9) 025.4 = tan (2) ~tan © Teratively through (7)(9), we ean derive (10) to calculate the voltage deviation of Bus é from that of Bus © Vj, which is then used as the system base reference voltage. It is noted that (7}(9) can only be applied in radial distribution systems. For the distribution systems with loop(s), the method in [31] cor many well-known commercial power analysis software tools ‘can be employed to solve the related power-flow problems Yi-¥ Av, = 25" « 100%. (10) By contrast, the reverse power-flow results in rising PCC voltage when PV generation is larger than the load demand. The negative reactive power compensated/absorbed by the PV sys- tem is able to effectively lower the corresponding bus voltage, However, inthis case, the negative reactive power compensated by the PV system may also result in inereased line loss, though the voltage rise AV is mitigated, With the maximal voltage deviation AV, defined in (11) and the total line loss in (12), the PV system reactive power- regulation problem can be formulated as the multiobjective function illustrated in (13), subject to the security constraints fof maximal reactive power compensation in (14) and the line voltage and current constraints in (15) and (16), respectively ) a Vinee Joss = J Me sl? % ra «a Min [AV Toss a, Subjoct to [Opt] S Qos = V/Smux k= Pov e? (14) Visas ~ Veace! $ Voase € as) Mises! ao, where k PV system number 6 branch number Viraae system base voltage, Vp as assumed in the paper: Timi line current limit Tine.s line current through line i; % resistance of line 1; Seas system capacity of the kth PV system; and € regulated system percentage voltage deviation limit. [As formulated above, the problem of reactive power regula- tion isthe focus of this paper to simultaneously achieve minimal voltage deviation and minimal line loss. Ibis noted as well that Sinan. i8 defined as the system capacity of the Ath PV sys- lem, whose inverter is not necessarily configured as full-rated To this end, the steady-state power flow and voltage deviation tue calculated. Although not within the scope of this paper, the transient power quality issues, such a8 voltage sag or swell caused by intermittence of the PV system, can be considered in the inverter real-time control algorithm to regulate the voltage through power electronic technologies. III. PROPOSED MF-APSO ALGORITHM POR MULTIOBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION ‘The proposed MF-APSO algorithm and its application in, the aforementioned multiobjective optimization problem are described in this section. In this paper, the particle or the deci- sion variable X used in the PSO-based optimization algorithm. is expressed in (17). The decision variable denotes one vector of the reactive power output of each PV system. The dimension of PSO particle is thus equal to the total number of PV systems in the distribution system considered Qtr Opie QP Ope Pi an where Pis the total number of particles and Kis the dimension of a particle employed in the PSO. Equations (18) and (19) illustrate the velocity and displace- ‘ment updating, respectively, in the original PSO 2"! = wo x uf +e: x rand x (pest? — 22) tz x rand x (gbest? 9) as) apt mag ugh as) where 9 iteration number > particle number, 1g!) velocity ofthe pth particle forthe gt iteration;