1. Dorsiventral leaves - There are two epidermal layers on adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaf.

Each
is uniseriate, composed of a row of compactly-set tabular cells. The outer walls are cutinised and
possess thin cuticle, the thickness being more pronounced in the cells of the upper epidermis than those
on the lower side. Stomata occur on the lower epidermis.

The ground tissue forming the mesophyll is differentiated into palisade and spongy cells. The palisade
cells occur towards upper epidermis. They are columnar cells with scanty intercellular spaces and
remain arranged more or less at right angles to the upper epidermis. Chloroplasts are abundantly
present, which particularly occur along the radial walls of the cells.

Bundles are collateral and closed. They are located in the mesophyll. The size of the bundle depends on
the position one chooses to take in making a section.

2. Isobilateral leaves - Both the epidermal layers are uniseriate, composed of compactly- arranged
rectangular cells with rounded cuticularised outer walls. Stomata are present on both the epidermal
layers.

It as usual forms the main bulk of the leaf, and is composed of isodiametric cells with intercellular
spaces. Chloroplasts are abundantly present. Thus the differentiation of mesophyll into palisade and
spongy cells is absent; all the cells are of spongy type.

These are present at regular intervals. The bundles are collateral and closed ones with xylem and
phloem. A few sclerenchyma cells are present at the two ends of the bundles. The bundles remain
surrounded by a row of parenchyma cells devoid of chloroplasts, which forms the bundle sheath.

3. Floating Leaf - Epidermal layers are uniseriate both on the adaxial and abaxial sides. They are
composed of closely-set cells. Stomata occur on the upper side. Moreover, there is deposition of waxy
matters which prevents wetting and clogging of the stomata.

It is differentiated into palisade and spongy cells. A few layers of columnar cells occur towards the
adaxial side forming the palisade. The spongy cells present towards lower epidermis and irregular in
outline. Large air chambers are present in the mesophyll. Elongated sclerotic cellsthe trichosclereids
commonly called internal hairs, often with branched ends are frequently present.

These are very much reduced. As usual they are composed of xylem and phloem, and remain
surrounded by parenchymatous bundle sheath.
4. Succulent Leaf - The epidermis is uniseriate made of compactly-arranged tabular cells with cuti-
cularised outer walls. A row of palisade parenchyma occurs next to epidermis forming more or less a
compact band.

The central part of the leaf is made of well-developed water-storage tissue, consisting of large
parenchymatous cells with conspicuous vacuoles and intercellular spaces. Vascular bundles are very
much reduced with very scanty mechanical elements and occur next to the palisade layer.

5. Centric Leaf - It is uniseriate and continuous one, made of small round cells with strongly cuticularised
outer walls. Slightly-depressed stomata are present.

The mesophyll consists of two types of cells. Just internal to epidermis there are usually two layers of
columnar cells with abundant chloroplasts. These are palisade cells. They actually form something like a
green belt.

The bundles remain scattered in the lower part of the mesophyll. They are collateral and closed ones
with xylem and phloem. Each bundle remains surrounded by parenchymatous bundle sheath.