1. SUBMITTED BY:-ASHISH BANSODE M.E.

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

2. COAGULATION:- ?The process of removal of suspended solids in water by the use of
chemical agents is known as coagulation. ?Coagulation is carried out for the
filtration and purification of water.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF COAGULANTS 1) Primary coagulants, 2) Coagulant aids
4. PRIMARY COAGULANTS:- ? primary coagulants neutralize the electrical charge of
particles in the water which causes the particles to clump together. ? Coagulant
aids add density to slow-settling flocs and add toughness to the flocs so that they
will not break up during the mixing and settling processes
5. ? Chemically, coagulant chemicals are either metallic salts (such as alum) or
polymers. ? Polymers are man-made organic compounds made up of a long chain of
smaller molecules. ? Polymers can be eithercationic (positively charged), anionic
(negatively charged), or nonionic (neutrally charged.)
6. ? Different sources of water need different coagulants, but the most commonly
used are alum and ferric sulfate. ? Reaction:-
7. Chemical Formula Primary Coagulant Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3 Ferrous
sulfate FeSO4 Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 Ferric chloride FeCl3
8. ALUM ? There are a variety of primary coagulants which can be used in a water
treatment plant. One of the earliest, and still the most extensively used, is
aluminum sulfate, also known as alum. Alum can be bought in liquid form with a
concentration of 8.3%, or in dry form with a concentration of 17%. When alum is
added to water, it reacts with the water and results in positively charged ions.
9. Advantages and disadvantages of Alum Advantages of alum are, ? It readily
dissolves with water, and ? It does not cause the unsightly reddish brown staining
of floors, walls and equipment like ferric sulphate. Disadvantages of alum are, ?
It is effective only at certain pH range, and ? good flocculation may not be
possible with alum in some waters.
10. Advantages of Ferrous sulphate ? Ferric hydroxide is formed at low pH values,
so that coagulation is possible with ferric sulphate at pH values as low as 4.0. ?
Ferric hydroxide is insoluble over a wide range of pH values than aluminum
hydroxide except for the zone of 7.0 to 8.5. ? The floc formed with ferric
coagulants is heavier than alum floc. ? The ferric hydroxide floc does not
redissolve at high pH values. ? Ferric coagulants may be used in color removal at
the high pH values required for the removal of iron and manganese and in softening
of water.
11. Coagulant Aids ? Coagulant aid is an inorganic material, when used along with
main coagulant, improves or accelerates the process of coagulation and flocculation
by producing quick forming, dense and rapid-settling flocs. ? Coagulant aids when
added increase the density to slow-settling flocs and toughness to the flocs so
that they will not break up during the mixing and settling processes.
12. Common coagulant aids ? Bentonite ? Calcium carbonate ? Sodium silicate ?
Anionic polymer ? Non ionic polymer
13. Review Coagulation/flocculation is a process used to remove turbidity, color,
and some bacteria from water. In the flash mix chamber, chemicals are added to the
water and mixed violently for less than a minute. These coagulants consist of
primary coagulants and/or coagulant aids. Then, in the flocculation basin, the
water is gently stirred for 30 to 45 minutes to give the chemicals time to act and
to promote floc formation. The floc then settles out in the sedimentation basin.