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Expert System for Power Transformer Diagnosis

R. M. A. Velsquez, Senior Member IEEE J. V. M. Lara, Member IEEE


PhD. Program Department PhD. Program Department
Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Per Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Per
Lima, Per Lima, Per
rarias@rep.com.pe jennifer.mejia@enel.com

Abstract Power transformers are the most critical part of obtained a flexible tool, and it establishes a model of the
power electrical system. The oil and the insulation system are properties with good approach in experimental values with this
subjected to degradation for many chemicals inside them, they methodology [6]. In this research, an expert system based on
are the result of an initial problem that can be predicted. In this principle component analysis (PCA) and adaptive fuzzy logic
research, the intelligent diagnosis system based on component program is used to analysis the gas and insulation, using the
analysis (PCA) and adaptive decision system based on fuzzy logic chemical component of oil and paper degradation. In here, the
permits to realize a dissolved gas analysis (DGA) [1] to predict component of Michel Duval methodology and the document
incipient fault diagnosis by different methods, to obtain CIGRE TB-296 Recent Developments in DGA Interpretation
deterioration rates and health index, besides it allows to analyze
[9], monitoring this components: carbon monoxide (CO),
the degree of polymerization (DP) for the remaining life of the
equipment. It determinates the comparative rates and
carbon dioxide (CO2), ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6),
determinate the efficiency and effective of this diagnosis system, hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), nitrogen
it improves the international standards IEEE, IEC, among (N2), oxygen (O2) and Furan, are extracted by calculating nine
others. The correct diagnosis performance of the PCA and fuzzy gases and these interactions with this dimensions [10]. It can be
logic is calculated on 107 samples on Peruvian power electrical reduced to 3 components using PCA, to correct diagnosis
systems with excellent results. performance, the correct diagnosis performance of PCA and
fuzzy logic program is calculated in 107 equipment.
KeywordsDissolved gas analysis; expert system; power
transformers. II. EXPERT SYSTEM AND FUZZY LOGIC

I. INTRODUCTION A. Pattern Recognition


Today, become us the era of high speed machining, The pattern recognition algorithm has three phases. These
maintenance plans and condition monitoring techniques are phases are feature extraction and classification and
samples of the general activities that can be applied to any determinate. A smaller number of meaningful features that best
equipment, however this methods and particular condition, for represents the given pattern without redundancy are determined
power transformers are different from those applied to other in the feature extraction stage.
substation equipment. A lot of power transformers are working
close to 40 years, and the adverse effect of aging equipment is B. Fuzzy logic
the impact of the global unavailability of electricity service. The fuzzy set theory was introduced by author Zadeh 1965
There are a lot of research in fuzzy logic and Artificial [16], as a mechanism for representing the vagueness and
Intelligence (AI) in the last decade but it has the scope for imprecision of the concepts used in natural language.
energy management within the concepts of home Micro grids Expressions like "that man is tall", It is a warm day" or "I'll do
(H-MG) [1], [2] and new algorithms applies to different aspect it later" are common in our language. However, it is not easy to
in the energy cluster [3], as a multi period artificial bee colony define what we mean by "tall", "warm" or "later". We will
optimization, AI has a good performance with Neural network hardly agree to specify at what height can be considered, taller
and Markov chain [4], the new algorithms permits obtain than, for a person, or at what temperature it is said that warm
accuracy and effective result compare with the traditional weather, or how long it means waiting for do it late. However,
models. paradoxically, humans do not encounter difficulties in
The Fuzzy integral equations (FIE) and Fuzzy Differential reasoning with these inaccurate concepts. In the analysis of
equations have been rapidly growing in recent years and the condition these vague concepts equipment type is also
application of numerical method to nonlinear fuzzy method presented. Fuzzy sets were defined as an extension of the
permits to use this technique to obtain a complex model [5], classic sets that allows modeling the imprecision of the
but the papers [6] and [7] have different scopes: Nonlinear concepts that manages specialist inductive equipment, the
fuzzy algorithms, fuzzy parameters and multi attribute decision fundamental change proposed by Zadeh [16], it introduces a
making [8]. Actually, it has an important development, many membership degree (compliance), it is expressing the
researchers are writing about Fuzzy parameters on the conformity of an element to a set as a real number in the
modeling of cables, insulations properties, the authors have interval [0,1]. A degree of conformity '0' indicates that an item
does not belong to a particular set, while a degree of
Sponsor: Pontificia Universidad Catlica del Per (PUCP), Lima, Per. conformity '1' indicates that the item belongs entirely to the set.

978-1-5090-6363-5/17/$31.00 2017 IEEE


An intermediate value indicates partial ownership of an item to more than one term, then a fuzzy operator (T-norm or T-
set. conorm) applies obtaining a single membership value, fig. 3,
due to, the formula is applied as we showed at fig. 2, to obtain
C. Fuzzy Inference for Power Transformers this value for the centroid method.
x
A Fuzzy Inference System FIS is a computational tool based yi * u ( yi)
on the concepts of the theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy reasoning yout = n =1
x
[11]. Generally, it provides a non-linear mapping of some
input variables in some output variables. The main advantage
u ( yi)
n =1

of incorporating fuzzy reasoning is that the inference rules can Figure 2: Output value for Centroid method
be defined in a precise and consistent manner from knowledge
and experience of the staff specialist, while uncertainty
originating from the input information is considered by
defining one or more fuzzy sets for each input.
To explain: How does it develops a SID based on the Figure 3: Membership for calculation
Mamdanis model? Its going to present a process
development condition analysis equipment, for example it is TABLE I
necessary to determine the dielectric oil condition of a Variables, Test and Relation With Failure Modes
transformer from the test results of oil dielectric strength in Failure mode Test Variables
Thermal paper failure DGA CO, CO2
[kV] and the power factor in [%] at 25 C. An example is the Thermal oil failure DGA C2H4, C2H6
following diagnostic rules: Cooling system fails Monitoring Oil temperature,
Rule 1: If the dielectric strength is "good" and the power chargeability level
factor is "Good", then the dielectric oil condition is "good". Partial discharges failure DGA H2, CH4
Rule 2: If the dielectric strength is "good" and the power Electric arc failure DGA C2H2, H2
Failure axial SFRA and Correlation index (band
factor is "Bad", then the dielectric oil condition is "Regular". deformation windings impedance kHz)
Rule 3: If the power factor is "not adequate", then the Failure radial windings
dielectric oil condition is "Bad". At the fig. 1, the functions Failure mechanical Physical and 2FAL, furans, CO, CO2
work with the conditions as T - Conorm (T - Conorm) and paper capacity loss chemical
Failure insulating oil Physical and Interfacial, Neutralization
triangular norm (T Norm) the last one was development by
degradation chemical Number.
Schweizar and Sklar at the reference [12], it is introducing by Failure insulating oil Physical and Dielectric Strength, Power
operation between [0, 1], it is commutative, associative pollution chemical Factor Oil Particle Content
without decreasing in the two variables, one of them has one OLTC failure, insulating Physical and Dielectric, Moisture
(1) as neutral and zero (0) as absorbent; they are defined as oil pollution chemical Content, Content Particles
Moisture oil pollution Physical and Moisture content, relative
functions of membership to calculate the degree of failure. chemical saturation, Temperatures
membership from 0 to 1, for each linguistic variables (Good, Paper moisture Power factor, Moisture Content, Relative
Regular, Bad). contamination failure. Physical and Saturation, Temperature,
chemical Humidity
Dielectric insulation Power factors, Power Factor, Capacitance
windings and bushings Dielectric,
failure monitoring

In this research, we can obtain the same result using the


method for ranking of Trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy
numbers (TrIFNs) proposed by the reference [13] or we can
use the centroid method.
The functional operation of a transformer should be
determined by the ability to maintain the following key
capabilities:
A. Electromagnetic capability. / B. Capacity circuit driving the
load current / C. Ability to withstand voltage stress / D.
Ability to withstand mechanical stresses.
To detect the fault using the diagnostic method DGA
(Dissolved Gas Analysis), indicated at the reference [14]. On
T - CONORMS T - NORMS the other hand, it considers all fuzzy diagnostic system
FUZZY UNIONS FUZZY INTERSECTIONS
Figure 1: Example of diagnostic rules, fuzzy norm
routines for an integral condition, it has the following results:
Antecedent assessment for each rule: With a given value - Quantitative key of the criticality of occurrence of the failure
(numerical values) we obtain different membership values for mode under analysis.
each respective language to its variable and this is called - Key indicators, how do they evolve key variables describing
diffuser ("fuzzy") of the input. If the antecedent of the rule has predictive failure mode study? (Increasing, decreasing, stable,
pick-up).
- Nature evolution of the failure mode (Thermal, dielectric, A. Analysis for case study
mechanical, chemical, etc.) The analysis of example was performed in a real reactor
D. Expert System Power Transformers installed at Trujillo Nueva substation, R -24 phase S, which
presented anomalies in the system transformation to the failure
The information used for the assessment is actually in a
and repair. With fuzzy algorithms, you can determine the
"competition of failure modes" because it is not possible to
condition team on the following scale: 0 for out service, 1 for
say: It does not happen at this moment, that on a transformer
risk, 2 for low risk, 3 for monitoring and 5 for normal
only acted one failure mode at time, and therefore it is
condition, with the table II the two last DGA values.
necessary to develop a fuzzy routine that integrates all failure TABLE II
modes that can be detected by the DGA, monitoring, power Component Values for Oil
factor, 2FAL test. So, in this way can be quantified in a Before Value After Value
general index of criticality of 0 to 100% the condition of the Component 12/12/2014 06/04/2015
transformer, to this indicator we call Criticality Index Integral H2 15.00 2,475.00
CO 100.00 355.00
diagnosis DGA in fig. 4 the general scheme of the whole C2H2 0.00 1,911.00
routine for comprehensive diagnosis of the condition of the CH4 12.00 1,057.00
transformer is shown using information provided by dissolved C2H4 1.00 2,396.00
gas analysis DGA. It is noted as the various subroutines are C2H6 4.00 233.00
intertwined together to go systematically developed a unique N2 59,632.00 10,764.00
O2 9,251.00 114.00
indicator of the criticality condition.
CO2 1,127.00 5,734.00
In the table III, the condition of the equipment is 1, it is
generated by electrical arc in oil with gas, the cellulose
degradation is due to overheating.
TABLE III
Normativity international vs diagnosis proposal
Class Method Criteria Cal. Comment
DGA Laboratec Very important - 1
Method Arc oil or gas LTC
( D8 )
Figure 4: General outline of the routine for comprehensive diagnosis DGA Dornembur Low energy 3
IEC 60599 discharge (D1)
III. EXPERT SYSTEM RESULTS DGA Dornembur Fully method -- At least one of the
IEC 60599- reliable ( IEEE gases of each ratio
The diagnosis knowledge is represented as the production rule, 2007 C57.104) exceeds the normal
fig. 5. It followed the object attribute value (O-A-V) values
DGA Duvai IEC Low energy 3
knowledge representation method [15]. 60599 - 2007 discharge (D1)
DGA ABNT Method (*) 3
IEC 599/78
DGA IEC 60599 Low energy 3
discharge
DGA IEC 60599 (***) 3
DGA IEC 60599 Pollution OLTC 3 (**)
DGA IEC 60599 H > 50*10 -- Reliable analysis by
high level of gas oil.
DGA IEC 60599 C2H2 -- Reliable analysis by
high level of gas oil.
DGA IEC 60599 C2H4 -- Reliable analysis by
high level of gas oil.
DGA CIGRE CS 15 Key ratio # 1 3 Discharge
DGA CIGRE CS 15 Key ratio # 3 2 Oil Thermal failure
DGA CIGRE CS 15 Key ratio # 4 2 Degradation of
cellulose by
overheating.
(*) Overheating of oil. Continuous heating oil for poor connections different powers or powers
Fluctuating dielectric breakdown oil between solids.
(**) If there is no connection between tanks, or leaks this criterion often determining pollution cuba oil
by contact between oils.
Figure 5: Framework of comprehensive diagnosis (***) Oil oxidation and aging paper detected through consumption excessive oxygen

The conditions of each rule is connected with other rule by After the intervention in April 2015, the analysis confirms the
conjunction or disjunction based on our newly experiment rule release of high voltage connection in the power transformer
fuzzy logic. This makes the decision making process more under the bushing, in the hub of the reactor, which caused low
efficient. The system extracts some more logical questions energy arc, until disconnect the unit. With the table IV, we can
stored in the form of rules in the knowledgebase and prompts demonstrate the deterioration of the equipment a value of 12%
the user to select from it. The system then tries to reach the represent a physical problem on a connection, and with the
final inference. table III, confirm an Arc on Oil problem based on low energy
discharge, it causes a continuous overheating with a reliable the maximum basic probability assignment function. Expert
analysis. Finally, the table IV presents a reduction of the system should be focused on detecting possible failure modes
remaining life: Estimated 60 years [9], and the Kraft evolving in a transformer.
remaining life is obtained as: 33.4 years:
TABLE IV ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Physical and chemical deterioration / Kraft remaining life Recognition of the company Red de Energa del Peru,
Dielectric Power Mx AX Physical chemical
strength Factors at Total Total deterioration [%]
ENEL GREEN POWER and the Pontificia Universidad
[kV] 100 [%] Catlica del Per (PUCP), Doctoral program Engineering, for
51 0.839 314.113 25.31 12.406 the support and development of this investigation.
Kraft Remaining Mx AX Remaining life kraft
deterioration life [years] Total Tot. [years]
[years]
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