37

Chapter 5
Strength and Structural Scantling

The total bending moment experienced by a ship among wave is the

sum of still-water bending moment. The still water bending moment is
primarily depend on the longitudinal distribution of the weights, while
expect for secondary inertia effects of the wave bending moment is the
independent of the weight distribution, but depends on the size and shape of
water plane.
Bending moments on the ships are described as hogging and
sagging bending moments.
For small ships (under about 65 m ), the longitudinal strength is of
secondary importance and longitudinal framing brings no advantage in steel
weight while the greater complexity of this system of construction increases
fabrication costs.
Although longitudinal strength is the most important consideration in
almost all ships with both the vertical bending moment and vertical shear
forces requiring investigation, a number of other strength considerations
must be considered.
So, the required strength (longitudinal strength, wave bending
moment, wave shear force, bending moment amidships, total bending
moment and total shear forces), required section modulus and plate thickness
are calculated according to the ABS Rules for tug-boats.
 38

Fig.5.1 Typical midship section

Half Sectional Area = 63005.8 mm2

Half = 133939.5 mm2. m2

Total Sectional Area = 126011.6 mm2
Height of NA = 1.09 m from Keel
= 1.01m from Deck
NA = 133939.5 - 63005.8 (1.09)2 = 59082 mm2.m2
Z(Keel) = 54203.67 mm2.m ( 542.0367cm2 . m )
Z(Deck) =58497 mm2.m ( 584.97 cm2 . m )
 39

5.2 Longitudinal Strength Amidships

Wave Bending Moment Mw = f1 . f2 . Mwo kN . m Eq 5.2
Mwo = 0.1 C1 C2 L2 B ( CB + 0.7 ) Eq 5.3
= 5573 kN . m
Mw = -6130 kN.m
Longitudinal strength amidships = Mw / Z = -791.580 N / mm2

5.3 Maximum Wave Bending Moment and Shear Force (ABS Rule for
Steel Vessel)

In the calculation of maximum wave bending moment and shear

force, it is included the wave bending moment at amidships, wave shear
force amidships and total vertical shear force and bending moment.

5.3.1 Wave Bending Moment Amidships

To obtain the total bending moment at amidships, we determine the
bending moment amidships for sagging and that of hogging. These are
described in follow.
Mws = -k1 . C1 . L2 . B ( CB + 0.7 ) 10-3 for sagging Eq 5.4
where k1 = 11.22 tf . m
C1 = 10.75 [ ( 300 L ) / 100 ]1.5 Eq 5.5
C1 = 6.2
Mws = -370.3 tf .m
Mwh = + k2 . C1 . L2 . B . CB . 10-3 for hogging Eq 5.6
where k2 = 19.37 tf . m
Mwh = + 282 tf . m
CS = [0.618 + ( 110 L ) / 462 ] 10-2 Eq 5.7
CS = 0.008035
Still water bending moment Msw = CS . L2.5 . B ( CB +0.5) Eq 5.8
Msw = 211 tf . m
 40

5.3.2 Wave Shear Force at Amidships

We also calculate the shear force at amidships to know the failure of

the amidships. The shear force calculations are as follow:
Fw(+) = + k . F1 . C1 . L . B ( CB + 0.7 ) 10 -2 Eq 5.9
= + 29.024 tf
where k = 3.059 , F1= 0.7
Fw(-) = - k . F2 . C1 . L . B ( CB + 0.7 ) 10 -2 Eq 5.10
= -29.024 tf
where k = 3.059 , F2= 0.7

5.3.3 Total Vertical Shear Force and Bending Moment

Finally we obtain the total vertical shear force and bending moment
shown in follow:

Mt = Msw + Mwh = 493 tf . m for Hogging

SFt = 29.024 tf

5.4 Limiting Compressive Stress at Deck

Allowable Stress at deck = 278 / [ 1+(s/t)1.75 / 950 ]; Eq 5.11

where beam spacing s= 0.5m = 50cm
thickness of plate t = 0.6cm
Allowable stress at deck = 11700 t / m2
Frame Spacing

Frame spacing = 508 + 0.83 L = 528 mm

We design the frames with 500 mm spacing.

 41

5.5 Hull Girder Section Modulus Calculation

Hull girder section modulus within the amidships 0.5L is to be

obtained from the following equations;
SM = 0.764 B D L cm2 . m ; SM = 0.011 B D L in2 . ft Eq 5.12
L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m
B Breadth Moulded 7.2 m
CB Block Coefficient 0.552
D Depth Moulded 2.1 m
Required SM = 280.71 cm2 . m < 542.0367cm2 . m
(Actually fitted)
5.5.1 Frames

5.5.1.1 Bottom Stringers

Each bottom longitudinal in association with the plating to which it is

attached, is to have a section modulus not less than obtained from the
following equation;
SM = 7.8 c h s l2 cm3 ; SM = 0.0041 c h s l2 in3 Eq 5.13
where
Coefficient appropriate to the type of construction
c employed for side frames 1.08
vertical distance from the longitudinal to the deck at
h side, in m ( ft ) 1.875 m
L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m
s longitudinal spacing, in m (ft) 1.07 m
l unsupported span of member, in m ( ft ) 1.65 m

Required SM = 46.01 cm3

 42

Choose T 7200 + 8100 (mm)

200 7 100 8 500 7 Z
A d Ad I h Ah2 Z = Ah2 / y
1400 100.00 140000 4666667 44.66 2792322
800 204.00 163200 4267 140.66 15828188
3500 3.50 12250 14292 51.84 9405850
5700 315450 28026360 193.739 cm3

y1 = 55.34 mm from fitted end Actual Fitted SM = 193.739 cm3

y2 = 144.66 from other end Required SM = 46.01 cm3
Actual Fitted SM > Required SM (Satisfied)

5.5.1.2 Side and Deck Framing

Each side frame or deck beam in association with the plating to which
it is attached is to have a section modulus not less than obtained from the
following equations;
c = 0.7 for deck beam
= 1 for deck beams in way of tanks
= 1.08 for side longitudinal
SM = 7.8 c h s l2 cm3 ; SM = 0.0041 c h s l2 in3 Eq 5.14
Coefficient appropriate to the type of construction
c employed for side frames 0.7
vertical distance from the longitudinal to the deck at
h side, in m ( ft ) 1.82 m
L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m
s longitudinal spacing, in m (ft) 2.31 m
l unsupported span of member, in m ( ft ) 1.65 m
Required SM = 62.5 cm3
 43

Choose T 6150 + 880 (mm) for Deck Beam

150 6 80 8 500 6
A d Ad I h Ah2 Z = Ah2 / y
900 75 67500 1687500 36.44 1195086
640 154 98560 3413 107.44 7387746
3000 3 9000 9000 35.56 3793541
4540 175060 12376373 111 cm3

y1 = 38.56 mm from Keel Actual Fitted SM = 111 cm3

y2 = 111.44 mm from Deck Required SM = 62.5 cm3
Actual Fitted SM > Required SM (Satisfied)
5.5.1.3 Side Stringers
Coefficient appropriate to the type of construction
c employed for side frames 1.08
vertical distance from the longitudinal to the deck at
h side, in m ( ft ) 1.1 m
L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m
s longitudinal spacing, in m (ft) 1.1 m
l unsupported span of member, in m ( ft ) 1.65 m
Required SM = 27.75 cm3
Choose T 6150 + 880 (mm) for side stringers
150 6 80 8 500 6
A d Ad I h Ah2 Z = Ah2 / y
900 75 67500 1687500 36.44 1195086
640 154 98560 3413 107.44 7387746
3000 3 9000 9000 35.56 3793541
4540 175060 12376373 111 cm3
 44

y1 = 38.56 mm from Keel Actual Fitted SM = 111 cm3

y2 = 111.44 mm from Deck Required SM = 27.75 cm3
Actual Fitted SM > Required SM (Satisfied)
5.6 Bulkheads

5.6.1 Tank Boundary Bulkhead

Plating is to be of thickness obtained from the following equations;

t = s / 254 + 1.78 mm ( min . t = 5 mm ) Eq 5.15

t = s / 460 + 0.07 in ( min . t = 0.20 in )

s stiffeners spacing, in mm ( in ) 500 mm

vertical distance from the lower edge of the plate

h 2m
to the top of overflow in m (ft)

Required . t = 4.96 mm Choose 6 mm thickness plate

Minimum . t = 5 mm

5.6.2 Construction of Other Watertight BHD

Plating is to be of thickness obtained from the following equations;

t = s / 290 + 1.0 mm ( min . t =4.5 mm ) Eq 5.16

t = s / 525 + 0.04 in ( min . t = 0.18 in )

s stiffeners spacing, in mm ( in ) 500 mm

vertical distance from the lower edge of the

h 2m
plate to the top of overflow in m (ft)
Required . t = 3.44 mm Choose 6 mm thickness plate

Minimum . t = 4.5 mm
 45

5.6.3 Shell Plating

This section includes bottom shell plating, side shell plating, bilge and
tunnel plating and deck house.

5.6.3.1 Bottom Shell Plating

The thickness of bottom shell plating throughout is not to less than

determined by the following equations;
t = 0.069 L + 0.007 s 0.5 mm ( min . t = 5mm ) Eq 5.17
t = 0.000825 L + 0.007 s 0.02 in ( min . t = 0.20 in )
s stiffeners spacing, in mm ( in ) 500mm
L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m

Required . t = 4.3 mm Choose 6 mm thickness plate

Minimum . t = 5 mm

5.6.3.2 Side Shell Plating

The thickness of side shell plating throughout is not to less than

determined by the following equations;
t = 0.069 L + 0.007 s 1.0 mm for L < 73 m Eq 5.18
t = 0.069 L + 0.007 s 1.5 mm for L 73 m
t = 0.000825 L + 0.007 s 0.04 in for L < 240 ft
t = 0.000825 L + 0.007 s 0.06 in for L 240 ft

s stiffeners spacing, in mm ( in ) 500mm

L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m

Required . t = 4.18 mm Choose 6 mm thickness plate

 46

5.6.3.3 Bilge and Tunnel Plating

Where radiuses bilges are used, the bottom thickness is to extend to

the upper turn of the bilge. Where the radius of the bilge exceeds 305mm
(12 in), the thickness of the plating should be at least 1.5mm(0.06 in) greater
than the required thickness for side plating. The shell plating in tunnels in
way of propellers is to be increased above the requirements of this
subsection.
Required t = 0.25 in(6.25 mm) for bilge plate
t = 0.25 in(6.25 mm) for tunnel plate
Choose 7 mm thickness plate for bilge plate and tunnel plate.

5.6.3.4 Deck House

Scantlings

Deckhouses on tugboat are to be of adequate construction.

Constructions being given to their size and the loads which may be imposed
upon them. The plating of the deckhouses is to be not less than 3.5mm
(10gauge), and where the spacing of the stiffeners exceeds 610 mm (24in),
the plating thickness is to be increased. Stiffeners are not to be less than
63.5mm(2.5in) in depth and this depth is to be increased if the length of the
stiffeners is over 2.44 m(8ft). The scantlings of the decks and platforms
above the main deck are to be determined using an h not less than 0.61 m
( 2.0 ft ) for the first level above the main deck and 0.457m ( 1.5 ft ) for the
second level or higher.
Plate of deckhouse not to be less than = 3.5 mm
Choose 6 mm thickness plate for deckhouse.
 47

5.6.4 Shell Plating Amidships

In this section side shell plating amidships and bottom shell plating
amidships are included.

5.6.4.1 Side Shell Plating Amidships

The thickness of the side shell plating within 0.4L amidships, is not be
less than obtained from the following equations;
t = 0.07L + 0.007 s mm for L 150 m Eq 5.19
t = 0.03L + 0.007 s + 6.0 mm for L > 150 m
t = 0.00084 L + 0.007 s in for L 492 ft
t = 0.00036 L + 0.007 s + 0.236 in for L > 492 ft
s stiffeners spacing, in mm ( in ) 500mm
L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m

t = 5.201 mm Choose 6 mm thickness plate

5.6.4.2 Bottom Shell Plating at Amidships

The thickness of the side shell plating within 0.4L amidships, is not be
less than obtained from the following equations;
t = 0.045 L + 0.007 s +1.8 mm for L 123 m Eq 5.20
t = 0.08 L + 0.007 s 2.5 mm for L > 123 m
t = 0.00054 L + 0.007 s + 0.07 in for L 405 m
t = 0.00096 L + 0.007 s 0.1 in for L > 405 ft

s stiffeners spacing, in mm ( in ) 500mm

L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m

t = 5.42 mm Choose 6 mm thickness plate

 48

5.6.5 Shell Plating at Ends

In this section bottom forward plating, immersed bow plating and
bilge keel are calculated.

5.6.5.1 Minimum Shell Plating Thickness for 0.1 L

The minimum shell plating thickness for 0.1 L at ends is to be

obtained from the following equations. Between the midship 0.4L and the
end 0.1L, the thickness of the plating may be gradually tapered.
t = 0.055 L + 0.007 s + 1.0 mm for L 76 m Eq 5.21
t = 0.015 L + 0.01s +2.2 mm for L > 76 m
t = 0.00066 L + 0.007 s +0.04 in for L 250 ft
t = 0.00018 L + 0.01 s +0.087 in for L > 250 ft

s stiffeners spacing, in mm ( in ) 500mm

L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m
t = 5.84 mm Choose 7 mm thickness plate

5.6.5.2 Bottom Forward Plating

The thickness of the bottom forward plating, is not to be less than that
obtained from the following equations. However, it need not exceed
25.4mm(1in ).
t = 0.055 L +0.01s -1.0 mm for L 110 m Eq 5.22
t = 0.085 L +0.01s -2.3 mm for L > 110m
t = 0.00066 L +0.01s -0.04 in for L 360 ft
t = 0.00102 L +0.01s -0.09 in for L > 360 ft

s stiffeners spacing, in mm ( in ) 500mm

L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m
t = 5.34 mm Choose 8 mm thickness plate
 49

5.6.5.3 Immersed Bow Plating

Where the bow is ship-shape form, the thickness of the plating below
the waterline for the forward 0.16L is not less than obtained from the
following equations, but need not be greater than the thickness of the side
shell plating amidships.
t = 0.05 L + 0.009s - 1.0 mm Eq 5.23
t = 0.0006L + 0.009s -0.04 in
s stiffeners spacing, in mm ( in ) 500mm
L Length between perpendiculars 24.3 m
t = 4.715 mm Choose 8 mm thickness plate