Virtual Work

Method for Frame

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 63 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 7

Determine the horizontal displacement of point C of the beam as shown. Take E =

200 GPa, I = 150 x 106 mm4 15 kN
4m
C
D
5m

A
B

8m

Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M 15 kN Vistual Load, m

1 kN

MA MA
HA HA

VA VA

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 64 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 7
Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with real load at all salient points

0<x<4 0<x<8

15 kN
15 kN
MX + = 0
4m MX + = 0
MX = -15 (X)
MX = 15(X 4 )
X MX MX = - 15X #
MX = 15X 60#
MX

0<x<5
X
15 kN
4m MX + = 0
MX = - 15 (4)
X
MX = - 60 kNm #
MX

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 65 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 7
Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with virtual load at all salient points
0<x<5

4m
1 kN MX + = 0
MX = - 1 (X)
MX = - X #
MX X

0<x<8

4m
1 kN MX + = 0
MX = - 1(5)
5m
MX MX = - 5 kNm#

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 66 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 7
Step 4.
Calculate Horizontal Displacement at point C using virtual work equation

L mM
1. = dx
0 EI

4 (-15x)(0) 5 (-60)(-X) 8 (15X - 60)(-5)

1kN. = dx + dx + dx
0 EI 0 EI 0 EI

1 4
(-15x)(0)d x + (-60)(-X)dx + (15X - 60)(-5)dx
5 8
1kN. =
EI 0 0 0

750
1kN. C =
(200x10 6 )(150x10 6 )
C = 0.025m = 25.0mm( )

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 67 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 8

Determine the vertical displacement at points C of the two-member frame shown in

the figure below. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 160 x 106 mm4
40 kN

B
C
kN/m
20 kN

A 60 0

5m 2m 3m

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 68 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 8
Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M Vistual Load, m

40 kN 1 kN

B B
C
C
VB VB
20 kN/m
/m

A 60 0 A 60 0

HA HA
VA VA
5m 2m 3m 5m 2m 3m

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 69 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 8
Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with real load at all salient points

Member AB (0<x<10)

x
MX MX + = 0
- MX + 173.21 Sin 600(x) 63 Sin 300(x) - 15 (x)(x/2)= 0
173.21 MX = 118.50X - 7.5X2 #

63

Member BC (0<x<3) Member BC (3<x<5)

40 kN
x MX + = 0 x
MX + = 0
MX - 103 (x)= 0 MX + 40(x-3) - 103 (x)= 0
MX = 103.0x # MX = 63x + 120 #
MX
103 MX
103

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 70 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 8
Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with virtual load at all salient points

Member AB (0<x<10) Member BC (0<x<5)

x
MX
x

0 MX
0.5
0.5

MX + = 0 MX + = 0

- MX + (0.5) X Cos 600(x)= 0 MX - 0.5 (x)= 0

MX = 0.25X # MX = 0.5x #

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 71 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 8
Step 4.
Calculate Vertical Displacement at point C using virtual work equation

L mM
1. = dx
0 EI

10 (0.25X)(11 8.50X - 7.5X 2 ) 3 (0.5X)(103 X) 5 (0.5X)(63X + 120)

1kN. = dx + dx + dx
0 EI 0 EI 3 EI

1 10 1 3 1 5
1kN. = (0.25X)(11 8.50X - 7.5X )dx + (0.5X)(103 X)dx + (0.5X)(63X + 120)dx
2

EI 0 EI 0 EI 3

7160
1kN. C =
(200x10 6 )(160x10 6 )
C = 0.22375m = 22.375mm( )

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 72 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 9

Determine the slope at points C of the two-member frame shown in the figure
below. The support at A is fixed. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 235 x 106 mm4

30 kN/m

C
B
3.6 m

60 0

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 73 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 9
Step 1.
Draw free body diagram for Real load and Virtual Load.

Real Load, M Vistual Load, m

30 kN/m
1 kN.m

C C
B B
3.6 m 3.6 m

60 0 60 0

HA HA
MA MA
VA VA

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 74 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 9
Step 2.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with real load at all salient points

Step 3.
Calculate Moment equation for the frame with virtual load at all salient points

Step 4.
Calculate Angular Displacement at point C using virtual work equation

L mM
1. = dx
0 EI
2
3 (54X - 356.4)(1) 3.6 (-15X )(1)
1kNm. = dx + dx
0 EI 0 EI

- 1059.48
1kNm. =
(200x10 6 )(235x10 6 )
= 0.0225 rad ( )

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 75 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Review
Problems

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 76 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Problem 1

Calculate vertical displacement and slope at point D of the frame shown in the
Figure P1 using the Virtual Work Method. Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
15 kN/m

D C

3m

1m

4m

A B

3m 3m 6m

Figure P1

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 77 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Problem 2

Figure P2 shows a rigid-jointed frame that is

subjected to wind loads. The wind load is
transferred to the members at the girts and
A
purlins from the roof segments (AB) and simply 2m

supported wall (BC). The frame is roller 2m

Purlins
30 0
supported at A and pinned at C. Using the Virtual
B
work method, determine horizontal displacement
at B. 4m

15 kN/m
Girts

Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .

4m

Figure P2

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 78 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Problem 3

Calculate vertical displacement, horizontal displacement and slope at point C of the

frame shown in the Figure P3 using the Virtual Work Method.
Take E = 200 GPa., I = 60 x 106 mm4 .
40 kN

A C
B

20 kN/m
8m

3m 3m 6m

Figure P3

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 79 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Virtual Work
Method for Truss

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 80 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 1

The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200
GPa.

1. Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 8-kN force is applied to

the truss at C.
2. If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement of
joint C if member AB were 5 mm too short?

8 kN

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 81 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 1
Step 1.
Calculate all member forces of the truss

FY+ = 0
FAC
-3 + 0.6FAC = 0
C 8 kN
FAC = 5 kN #
8 kN A
FAB
3m
FX+ = 0
-3 kN
HA A B FAB + 0.8FAC 8 = 0
FAB = 4 kN #
VA 4m 4m VB FBC

FY+ = 0
MA + = 0 FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0 B
FAB 3 + 0.6FBC = 0
8VB = 8 (3) VA + VB = 0 8 - HA= 0
3 kN FBC = - 5 kN #
VB = 3 kN # VA = - 3 kN # HA = 8 kN #

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 82 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 1
Step 2.
Apply 1 kN unit vertical load at C Calculate all member forces
FY+ = 0
0.5 + 0.6FAC = 0
1 kN FAC = -0.833 kN
FAC #

C FX+ = 0
0 kN A
FAB + 0.8FAC = 0
FAB
3m FAB = 0.667 kN
0.5 kN #
HA A B
FBC
VA 4m 4m VB

FY+ = 0
MA + = 0 FY+ = 0 FX+ = 0 B
FAB 0.5 + 0.6FBC = 0
8VB = 1 (4) VA + VB = 1 HA = 0
0.5 kN FBC = - 0.833 kN
VB = 0.5 kN VA = 0.5 kN # HA = 0 kN # #
#

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 83 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 1
Step 3.
nNL
Apply Virtual Work Method in Tabulation form 1. =
AE

Member N (kN) n (kN) L (m) nNL(kN2.m)

AB 4 0.667 8 21.344
AC 5 -0.833 5 -20.825
BC -5 -0.833 5 20.825
Total = 21.344

21.344kN 2 .m
1kN. CV =
(400x10 6 m 2 )(200x10 6 kN/m 2 )
CV = 2.668x10 4 m = 0.267mm( )

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 84 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 1
Step 4.
If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement of joint C if member AB were 5 mm
too short?

1. = nL
1kN. VC = n AB L AB
1kN. VC = (0.667kN)( 0.005m)
VC = 3.335x10 3 m = 3.335mm( )

Step 5.
If applied loads act on the truss is considered, and member AB were 5 mm too short, then vertical
displacement at C is,

nNL
1. VC = + n L
AE
VC = 0.267mm 3.335mm = 3.068mm( )

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 85 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 2

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned supported at A and E as shown. The truss
is subjected to a vertical concentrated load of 10 kN at B and 15 kN at C.

1. Used Method of Virtual work and

determine the vertical deflection at C. E D
1200 mm2
Member EB has been fabricated 5mm
too short. Take E = 200 GPa.

1800 mm2
2. Remove the loads on the truss and
1.2 m
determine the vertical displacement of
point B if members AB and BC
experienced a temperature increase of A
T = 1100C. Take E = 200GPa and = 1800 mm2 1800 mm2
1.8 x 10-6/ 0C B 10 kN C
15 kN
3. Remove the loads on the truss and 1.2 m 1.2 m
determine the vertical displacement of
point B if member EB is fabricated 19mm
too long.

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 86 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 2
Step 1.
Used Method of Virtual work and determine the vertical deflection at C. Member EB has been fabricated
5mm too short. Take E = 200 GPa.

Real Load FBD Virtual Load FBD

VA VA
HE D HE D
E E

1.2 m 1.2 m

HA A B C HA A B C

1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m 1.2 m

VA VA

10 kN 15 kN 1 kN

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 87 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 2
Step 2.
Tabulate the member forces (Real loads and Virtual Loads) in tabulation form.

Member L (m) E(kN/m2) A(m2) N (kN) n (kN) nNl/EA(kN.m)

AB 1.2 200X106 1.8X10-3 -40 -2 0.000267
BC 1.2 200X106 1.8X10-3 -15 -1 0.00005
BD 1.2 200X106 1.8X10-3 -15 -1 0.00005
BE 1.697 200X106 1.2X10-3 35.355 1.414 0.000353
CD 1.697 200X106 1.2X10-3 21.213 1.414 0.000212
DE 1.2 200X106 1.2X10-3 15 1 0.000075
Total = 0.001007
nNL
1. VC = + n L
AE
1kN. VC = 1.007x10 3 kN.m (1.414x5x1 0 3 )
VC = 6.063x10 -3 m = 6.063mm( )

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 88 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 2
Step 3.
Remove the loads on the truss and determine the vertical displacement of point B if members AB and BC
experienced a temperature increase of T = 1100C. Take E = 200GPa and = 1.8 x 10-6/ 0C

VA
Virtual Load FBD 1. = nTL
HE D

E
1kN . BV = n ABTL AB + nBCTLBC
1.2 m

1kN. BV = ( 1)(1.8x10 6 )(110)(1.2 ) + 0

HA A B C
BV = 2.376x10 4 m = 0.2376mm( )
1.2 m 1.2 m
VA

1 kN

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 89 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Example 2
Step 4.
Remove the loads on the truss and determine the vertical displacement of point B if member EB is
fabricated 19mm too long.

VA
Virtual Load FBD 1. = nL
HE D
E
1kN . = nEB LEB
1.2 m

1kN. BV = (1.414kN)( 19mm)

HA A B C
BV = 26.87mm( )
1.2 m 1.2 m
VA

1 kN

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 90 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Review
Problems

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 91 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Problem 1

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned supported at A and roller supported at E as

shown. The truss is subjected to a vertical concentrated load of 40 kN and
horizontal concentrated load of 10 kN at C.
40 kN
1. Used Method of Virtual work and determine 10 kN C
the vertical deflection at D when member AD

1200 mm2
has been fabricated 5mm too short and
member BD experienced a temperature 3m
increase of T = 1100C. Take E = 200 GPa and E
B 1200 mm2 1200 mm2
= 1.8 x 10-6/ 0C
D

1200 mm2
2. Remove the loads on the truss and determine
the horizontal displacement of point B if 4m 1
members AB and BC experienced a 1
temperature increase of T = 1100C. Take E =
A
200GPa and = 1.8 x 10-6/ 0C
3. Remove the loads on the truss and determine 4m 4m
the horizontal displacement of point B if
member BD is fabricated 19mm too long.

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 92 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Problem 2

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCD, pinned at A and supported on rollers at D as shown.

The truss is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 5 kN/m acting vertically
downward on member BC and a horizontal concentrated load of 20 kN at B. AE is
constant for all members.

1. Determine the horizontal displacement of C

the truss at C using virtual work.
20 kN B 30 0
2. If in addition to the loads shown, member
BD is cooled 300C, re-calculate the
horizontal displacement at C. Given the

4m
thermal expansion coefficient, = 1x10-
5/0C and the axial rigidity, AE = 12,000 kN.
60 0
A
D

3m

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 93 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 Problem 3

A pin-jointed plane truss ABCDE, pinned at A and B as shown. The truss is

subjected to 450 inclined loads at D and E with 10 kN and 20 kN respectively. Given
A = 1800 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
10 kN
45 0
1. Used Method of Virtual work and determine E
the Determine the horizontal displacement of
the truss at E using virtual work.
2.1 m
2. Comment for the horizontal displacement at E 20 kN
when the member CE is fabricated 10 mm too D 0
C 45
long, while the external loads are still in place.

2.1 m

A B

1.8 m 1.8 m

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 94 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation

 References

Hibbeler R.C, (2012), Structural Analysis, 8th Edition in S.I. Units, Pearson,
Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2009), Structural Analysis, 7th Edition in S.I. Units, Pearson,
Singapore
Hibbeler R.C, (2006), Structural Analysis, 6th Edition in S.I. Units, Pearson,
Singapore
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Analysis, Cerdik Publications
Sdn. Bhd.
UiTM Structural Division (2003), Basic Structural Mechanics, Cerdik Publications
Sdn. Bhd.
Mc Cormac N., (1999), Structural Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons.

ECS 448 - DETERMINATE STRUCTURES Slide 95 of 95 Topic 5 Deformation