8/30/2017

Foundationandsubstructures
defects
DrChitrarekha Kabre

Foundation & Substructure

Failures

Foundation Rehabilitation
Methods

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Foundation Rehabilitation Methods

Foundation Rehabilitation methods

Shoring
Formofproporsupport,usuallytemporary,
thatisusedduringtherepairororiginal
constructionoffoundation

Underpinning
Materialusedtosupportfoundation

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Shoring
RakingShores

FlyingShores

D d Sh
DeadShores

Raking shores
Raking shores with the
angles of shores 60
60-75
75
where external support is
necessary.
In case, the feet of raking
shores are to be kept free,
then flying shores can be
provided where strut against
another structure or wall

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Flying shores
Flying shores merely
provide
id a restraint
t i t
against building or tilting

Dead shores
Dead shores vertical
struts bearing on the
ground at the
required distance and
supporting the vertical
load of a wall
wherever required in
conjunction with flying
shores or horizontal
ties.

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Underpinning
Underpinning is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the
foundation of an existing building for a variety of reasons:
The original foundation is simply not strong or stable enough
enough.
The usage of the structure has changed.
The properties of the soil supporting the foundation may have
changed (possibly through subsidence) or were
mischaracterized during planning.
The construction of nearby structures necessitates the
excavation of soil supporting existing foundations.
It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work
on the
th presentt structure's
t t ' foundation
f d ti ththan tto b
build
ild a new one.
Underpinning is accomplished by extending the foundation in
depth or in breadth so it either rests on more supportive soil
stratum or distributes its load across a greater area.

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Underpinning
The underpinned foundation should meet
th requirements
the i t off correctt allowable
ll bl
bearing pressures
Shallow underpinning may be satisfactory
in some cases, materials are metals
Deep underpinning to incompressible
stratum is essential in some cases, piles
or piers are suitable in this case.

Pit method of underpinning

U d i i piles
Underpinning il

Micro piles

P
Proprietary
i t jacked
j k d piles
il
Underpinning by injection of the
ground with cement or chemicals

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Pit method of underpinning

The most common and oldest method of underpinning
Accomplished by installing piers under a structures
f
foundation,
d ti filli
filling th
them with
ith concrete
t andd wedging
d i up tot
transfer the load to the new piers
Requires careful and skilled work as loss of ground will cause
building settlement
A pit of 3 wide, 4 long and 5 deep is excavated in front of the
footing to be underpinned
Pit is extended laterally to reach under the foundation to be
p
underpinned
The foundation is then deepened to the required depth
Vertical formwork is built in the pit and then is concreted up to
the foundation
Dry packing operation is then carried out

Pit method of underpinning

This method stabilises existing
wall foundations by digging under
the present foundation in
sequenced bays to a depth where
firm strata exists and replacing
the excavated material with mass
concrete.
Traditional underpinning is usually
applied
pp when the existing
g
foundations are at shallow depth.
Bays are excavated generally
1.0m 1.2m in length, 0.6m wide,
and up to 2.5m from ground level.
A mini piled solution would be
more economical over depths of
1 5m

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Pit method of underpinning

Traditional method of
needling a wall to reduce
the weight on the
foundations during
underpinning work

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Underpinning piles
Normally provide in
pairs one on each
pairs,
side of the load
bearing walls or in
groups around the
sides of columns.

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Underpinning Pile
The piles are driven along both the sides
off the
th existing
i ti wallll and
d then
th needles
dl i
in
the form of pipe caps are provided
through the existing wall. Thus existing
wall is relieved of the loads coming on it.
This method is useful in clayey soils and
for water-logged areas and for walls
carrying heavy loads.

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Micro piles
Micropiles are small diameter (generally less than 300 mm)
drilled and grouted piles that typically utilize steel drill casing
and/or a steel reinforcing core to transfer structural loads to a
suitable soil or rock stratum.
They develop their axial capacity primarily through the bond
between the grout body and soil or rock in the pile bonded
zone, which allows them to provide both tension and
compression resistance.

Micropile Installation
Micropiles are installed using same drilling and grouting
equipment
q p
Using this type of equipment allows micropiles to be
installed in subsurface conditions where other conventional
foundation systems may not be a reasonable alternative.
The type of drilling equipment used to install micropiles
allows for them to be easily socketed into hard rock and to
penetrate through
p g subsurface obstructions such as
boulders or intermittent weak rock layers with negligible
surface vibration.
Compact, low headroom drills are available that can be
used inside buildings or other limited space applications.

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Micro pile Advantage

Because of their installation methods and structural
characteristics, Micro piles offer numerous advantages
th t make
that k them
th perfect
f t solutions
l ti f
for a variety
i t off
geotechnical and construction challenges:
High load capacity in both tension and compression
Ability to install in difficult subsurface conditions or
through modest obstructions
Ability to install where elevated groundwater or caving
soil conditions are present
p
Ability to install in low headroom or limited access
situations
Ability to install where excess vibration is not desirable
Tested to verify load carrying capacity

Mini piling and needle beams

Mini-piling is where a machine drives
steel rods known as piles down into the
ground to reach the load bearing
strata. Small sections are then taken
out of the wall and a steel beam known
as a needle beam is passed through
and connected to the piles on either
side of the wall using re-bars. This
means that the load of the wall is
transferred from the foundations onto
the piles.
This method is great for tight spaces as
the mini-piling machine can fit into
600mm gaps. Also this method is
suitable for high capacity loads the
closer together that the piles are
placed. The main downside is that it
causes a lot of disruption internally if
you are already living in the cottage.

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Cantilever Needle Beam

The needle beam is only supported
on one side usually the outside.
There are usually two piles driven
on the outside one for
compression (closest to the wall)
and one for tension (furthest from
the wall).
This method is particularly useful
when the building is in use and
dont want major disruption
When the external wall of the
property is not accessible.
accessible
Slightly more space on the side of
the wall is required
Two piles are driven down these
needle beams can be up to 2
meters long.

Jack Pile Underpinning

Dig out sections of the existing
foundations and backfill with concrete
to reach solid footing. A hydraulic jack
is then inserted between the concrete
pile and the existing foundations (or
walls) and it expands to breach the
space between.
The steel bars and concrete pile are
then installed in this space before the
hydraulic jack is removed
removed.
The walls are strong enough to span
over the heads of the concrete pile
caps which are cast onto the jack pile
heads after the hydraulic jacks have
been removed.
It is used for depths deeper than 1.5m.

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Jack Pile Underpinning

Typically, tunnelling is provided
to expose a segment of the
b ildi
building.
The jack pile apparatus is
erected under the exposed
foundation.
The apparatus is jacked to
securely rest on the bottom
surface of the tunnelling at its
lower end and to support the
exposed portion of the
foundation at its upper end

Permeation Grouting
This is where bores are drilled
down into the foundation and
floors and a liquid or grout is
pressure pumped into the
ground.
The grout fills all voids and
spaces underground and
makes the ground more solid
and closer to solid footing
which means that the
foundations are more solid.
This is a cheaper way to
underpin and has been
extremely successful, again it is
highly useful where the site is
difficult to access or has limited
space for manoeuvre.

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