Housekeeping

Sign up for Country Assignment at break today

1. Group members
2. Country/Jurisdiction
3. Presentations: Thurs Feb 2rd (tutorial) & Tues Feb
7th (class time).
Tutorial this week Thursday January 19th
Optional tutorial next week January 26th
but classroom will be available for group meeting

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Country Assignment
1. Select groups with 7-8 members.
2. Select a country
3. Sign up your group and country on sheet provide
4. Exchange emails
5. Details on Course syllabus.
6. Discuss the division of work clearly specify who
will be responsible for each aspect
7. Schedule your next meeting time.
8. Use Tutorial time to organize!!

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Exploring Concepts and
Terminology
Learning Objectives:
-Biofuels (1st & 2nd generation)
-Biomass types
-Biorefinery types
-Energy resource trends

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Categories of Biofuels & (Biorefineries)
1. 1st Generation Biofuels
generally biofuels refer to fuels for the transportation sector.
produced primarily from food crops (soya, corn, grains,
vegetable oils)
Their sustainable production is under review
Issues?
contribute to higher food prices due to competition with food
crops;
are an expensive option when taking into account total production
costs (and relatively small weight of plant component)
provide only limited GHG reduction benefits (do not meet their
claimed environmental benefits because the biomass
feedstock may not always be produced sustainably)
are accelerating deforestation (by potentially indirect land change
(ILUC)
potentially have a negative impact on biodiversity;
compete for scarce water resources in some regions 4
Food VS Fuel ..... 2012
Example of 1st generation biofuel on food prices
Worst drought in US in 55 years
More than of country was under moderate to
extreme drought in June 2012.
1,300 counties across 29 states were declared federal
disaster areas

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Food VS Fuel ..... 2012
Decreased supply resulted in increased in food
prices

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=GiCAl4ecd24
Biofuel/Biorefinery Types (cont)
2. 2nd Generation Biofuel
Uses raw materials including wastes, residues and non-food
crops that are environmentally and socially sustainable.
includes agricultural and forest residues (lignocellulosics)
Criteria are not well defined at this time but will include GHG
emissions, nutrient and soil conservation
US policies have a GHG savings threshold
Biofuels must reduce life-cycle GHG emissions relative to fossil
fuels by 20% for 1st generation biofuels and by 50% for 2nd
generation (EISA, 2007)

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2nd generation Biofuel feedstock
To quality as 2nd generation biofuel the feestock
must not be suitable for human consumption
should grown on marginal (non-agricultural) land
should not require high amount of fertilizer/water
sometimes referred to as advanced biofuels
EG.
waste vegetable oil
non-woody biomass switch grass, Miscanthus
municipal solid waste

8
Evaluation of GHG benefit?
Well to Wheel CO2 emissions
Life cycle analysis (LCA) can describe the CO2
emissions resulting for the whole cycle of fuel
production through to utilization.
For Fossil Fuel system:

Crude
Combustion of
Refining Distribution
Production
8-10% & retail 1%
unit of energy -
1-4%
85%

Well-to-Tank 15% Tank-to-Wheel 85%

(production) (consumption)
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Evaluation of GHG for a 1st generation corn Biorefinery

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Michael Wang et al 2012 Environ. Res. Lett. 7 045905

 Comparison 1st & 2nd Generation Biofuels

11

http://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/04/f14/sustainability_four_pager.pdf
Comparison 1st & 2nd Generation Biofuels
Well-to-wheel CO2 emission changes (benefit)
for a range of 1st- and 2nd-generation biofuels life cycle analysis (excluding land
use change) compared with gasoline or mineral diesel (based on 60 published
LCAs)

RME=rapeseed
methyl ester

Rapeseed
and
Canola oil
Canadian oil
low acid

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http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2009/03/ieas-report-on-1st-to-2nd-generation-biofuel-technologies
Biofuel/Biorefinery Types (cont)
3. 3rdnd Generation Biofuel/Biorefinery
Make direct use of photosynthetic bacteria
and algae
biomass is independent of crop land
capable of higher yields with lower
resource inputs
cultivated in bioreactors or open water

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http://gbssmag.com/2013/09/solarleaf/
 from news article insyllabus mention the proven
technologies.

15
Terms Biomass
1. What is the definition of biomass?

2. List types of biomass?

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 Biomass Definition
What is the definition of biomass?
Biomass
living or recently dead biological matter. Stored
form of solar energy.
It is any organic matter including forest and mill residues,
agricultural crops and wastes, wood and wood wastes, animal
wastes, livestock operation residues, aquatic plants, and municipal
and industrial wastes. (http://www.forestbioenergy.net/glossary/Biomass)
Industrial biomass:
Any organic matter that is available on renewable (or recurring)
basis, including dedicated energy crops/trees, crop residues,
aquatic plants, wood, wood residues, animal waste and other
industrial/municipal wastes. (US Congress)

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Competing Uses of Biomass
Three primary levels for biomass use by society.
not including environmental use

for biobased
materials &
products

for food and

feed for
bioenergy

Biomass

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Biomass classification (origin based)
1. Primary biomass resources
-Resources produced directly by photosynthesis
and taken directly from the land.
EG. Short rotation woody crops, herbaceous crops
(miscanthus, switch grass), seeds from oil crops (soya),
residue from agricultural crops and forest trees (corn stover,
wheat straw, tops, branches and bark from forest trees),
hardwood plantations (Eucalyptus, Acacia, Salix), Algae
(giant brown)

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Biomass classification (origin based)
1. Primary biomass resources
Global Availability of residues (2015)
Residue to Product ratio (RPR)
Wheat production 729 M MT/yr 1.7 tonne straw for every 1
tonne grain produced Wheat Straw- 1,239 M MT/yr
RPR approx 1.7:1
Corn 971 M MT/yr Stover - 2.427 M MT/yr
RPR approx. 2.5:1
Rice 472 M MT/yr - Rice straw - 944 M MT/yr
RPR approx. 2:1
Bagasse 1 B tons
RPR approx. 2:1

FUN WEBSITE!
http://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?commodity=corn
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Sugarcane - residue

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Biomass classification
2. Secondary biomass resources
- Resources resulting from processing
primary biomass
EG. by physical processing-sawdust or chemical
black liquor from pulping or biological secondary
sludge or manure from animals, food/beverage
processing

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Biomass classification
3. Tertiary biomass resources
Resources produced post consumer
EG. include animal fats and greases, vegetable oils,
packaging, construction and demolition debris,
waste paper, organic fraction of MSW

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 Conversion Purification
Petroleum refinery processes processes

Concept of
bio-refinery
came from the
petrochemical
refineries. SEPARATION

mixture of
hydrocarbon
molecules
5 or more C atoms
per molecule

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Main Crude Oil Fraction

Component Boiling range (K) # of carbon atoms

Natural Gas <273 C1 to C4
Liquified petroleum gas 231-273 C3 to C4
Petroleum ether 293-333 C5 to C6
Light naphtha 333-373 C6 to C7
Gasoline 313-378 C5 to C12
Jet Fuel 378-538 C8 to C14
Kerosene 423-588 C10 to C16
No. 2 Diesel Fuel 448-638 C10 to C22
Fuel oils >548 C12 to C70
Lubricating oils >673 >C20
Asphalt Non-volatile residue Polycyclic structures

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Dembirbas 2010, pg 87
Biorefinery example Corn-ethanol

lignocellulosic

% Composition by Weight
Endosperm Germ approx.

Fractonation based on Starch 88% 12%

1. physical structure Protein 8% 18%
2. chemical composition Oil 1% 20% 28

Fibre 2% 20%
Example of multiple revenue streams-Wet Milling
versus Dry Milling Coproducts?
Dry (95% in US)
Smaller, less expensive
30 MG/yr
Initial step (hammermill)
destroys the kernal
structure, increases
accessibility to fermentable
solids

Wet milling process

Original process, main
products were the oil and
germ 100 MG/yr
Ethanol was value added
Diversity of products
29
Forest Biorefinery Pulp mill

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http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy/efficiency/industry/processes/
systems-optimization/research-development/5603
 Key concepts of a Forest Biorefinery
1. Improved utilization of forest resource.
By using components not currently used.
Logging debris (ie. tops, branches, foliage, stump,
seeds) 35% remain
Biomass Harvest (new strategy for increased
recovery)
Under utilized species (balsam fir, hardwoods)
2. Fractionation / isolation/ purification to higher
value products.
Extractives: ie. Taxol, naval stores
Cellulose/lignin/hemicellulose: nano-fibres, sugars,
sorbitol, xylitol, lactic acid (polylactic acid, PLA)
3. Use of biological systems engineering
(genetic selection and transgenic plants) for
energy crops in addition to energy efficient
conversion processes.
Selection of phenotypic attributes (higher energy,
less lignin, more extractives, etc) 31
34
Energy Consumption and
Forecasts
Learning Objectives:
-Global energy resources and consumption
-US energy resources and consumption
-US biofuel initiative
Additional resources
1. Klass, D. 1998. Chapter 1.Energy Consumption, Reserves,
Depletion, and Environmental Issues. (recommended
reading)
2. International Energy Agency www.iea.org
Country based statistics
3. 2007 Survey of Energy Resources, World Energy Council
2007
www.worldenergy.org/documents/
ser2007_final_online_version_1.pdf
4. Energy Information Administration www.eia.doe.gov
5. Annual Energy Review (U.S.A.)
www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/perspectives.pdf
6. History of Energy in the United States: 1635-2000
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/eh/frame.html
7. Mundi Index
http://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?commodity=corn
36
Global petroleum organizations- OECD/OPEC
OECD
Organization for
Economic Cooperation
and Development
30 countries includes:
North America (USA/Can./
Mex.), Europe, Asia (Japan/ S.
Korea/ Australia & NZ)
Believe in democracy and free
market system
Non-OECD
Russia, China, India, some
African, Central and S.
America (Brazil)
provide demand & supply
forecasts for all energy
resources
OPEC
Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries
Eg. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
Saudi Arabia, Venezuela,
Qatar, Indonesia, Libya,
Nigeria, Ecuador
Responsible for setting
production levelspricing.
Objective: Maximize
economic return for
member countries
37
Global Primary Energy Consumption by region 2010
Total global consumption is 522 quad btus (550 EJ)

38
Predictions of Global Energy Demand
Energy
770 consumption is
predicted to expand
by 47% from
522 2010-2035
Forecast based on
economic
scenarios
Energy
Information
Administration
Part of USA DOE
1 Quadrillion btu
= 1.055 exajoules (1018J) 39
=172 million barrels of oil eq (boe)
=25.2 million toe (Mtoe)
Where is/will be Global Energy Demand
Non-OECD by 71%
OECD by 18%

India and China will

be using of global
energy supply by
2030 (presently 18%)
Increased energy
use comes from
1) income
2) population
40
US and China largest energy consummers

TOTAL per CAPITA per $ GDP

41
Global per capita Energy Consumption
Energy consumption per capita
is linked to GDP per capita
GDP is an indicator of a
countries economic and
technological level
N.A and European countries are
Developing countries
high energy consumption and
$6000/capita
high GDP
US has 5% of global
population but consumes 25%
of global primary energy
demand
Is there a way to decouple GDP
and energy consumption?
1. Technology advances:Improve
efficiency (lighter cars, light
bulbs),
2. Government policy and 42
Klass, 1998
incentives (conservation)
Global Primary Energy Consumption by Source (2013)

What is current energy resource allocation?

Oil: required for

transportation.

NG:
Transportation
Coal:Abundant and costs high (low
widely distribution energy density)
(37% of global. 45

electricity)
Primary energy and user-sectors
 Who are the Global Biomass Energy Users?
Energy Poverty
Sweden, Finland 25% biomass energy

88%
#2
60%
93%
#1

In terms of total use.Asia, Africa, India rural areas

1.4 billion people (>20% global pop.) have no access to electricity.
1. Primative: Countries with developing economies use small scale
heating or cooking, rely on biomass
Negative Social Impact: Low temperature and incomplete
combustion results in increased particulate emissions and health
hazards
2. Industrial: Industrialized countries highly efficient technology, tight
emission regulations, but majority of bioenergy is from the recovery of black
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liquor in P&P (to steam) or hog fuel boilers
Biomass Dependence by Region
Region Share of Biomass in final
energy consumption
Africa 62.0
Poorest regions have
Uganda 94.6 highest dependency
on biomass energy for
Kenya 69.6 person heating and
cooking
South Asia 56.3
China 23.5
Europe 3.5
North 2.7
America
Middle 0.3
East
Global Future Forecasts
by 2040 the
global energy
demand
increases at
rate of 1.4%/yr
Liquid fuels and
0.6%/
yr NG will
dominate the
mix
2.6%/ increase in
yr
renewables
decrease in
coal

50
Power (Electrical energy)- renewables for power?

Amount of incremental power from renewables over

last 8 years is minimal compared to Fossil based.
Non-OECD are still using coal.
52
Global Electricity forcasts to 2040.

53
Chinas coal use for electricity generation

54
Primary energy and user-sectors
 Biomass Potential as a Renewable Energy Resource
Only renewable energy
source that has potential to
Total final energy
fill all major energy needs consumption
Electricity
Heat
Transportation fuel

Heat is large use of energy often

overlooked in policy and energy
alternative strategies

56

- CoGeneration_RenewablesSolutionsforaLowCarbonEnergyFuture.pdf
Future Role of Biomass in Power Generation
Much new
capacity will
come from hydro,
but biomass
plays significantly
into the mix.

Especially EU,
Brazil, U.S.

58

Iea world energy outlook 2010

 EU Energy Demand & Wood Pellets
Global forecasts for future
wood energy use suggest a
significant increase in near
future
RED renewable energy
directive
EU policy (2007) agreed to
20% renewable energy by
2020
Largely meet by replacing
coal in thermal power plants
EU depends on importation
for industrial pellets
In 2010 EU pellet imports rose
to 2.5 M tonne
UK could reach 12 million by
2015
60 million by 2020!
Top 5 des7na7ons for wood pellets
exported from Canada and US
Choosing Technologies?

Iea world energy outlook 2010

IEA world energy outlook 2010

Future role of Bioenergy for Heat Generation
Heat represents 47% of global energy Combustible
consumption renewables
Coal & peal
However in OECD countries
combustibles only represent 10% Gas
Petroleum &
. oil

Fuel Mix for Global Heat

Consumption

Can Biomass make

substantial
contribution here?
challenges: heat
cannot be
transported
efficiently
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