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BOOKLET
SCIENCE
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ABOUT THE NEW CCE PATTERN
CBSE syllabus for CCE class 10 is divided in two terms. Term-I carries 40% weightage and
Term-II carries 60% weightage. There will be two formative and one summative assessment in
each term. Summative assessment in term-I will carry 20 marks and summative assessment in
Term-II will carry 40 Marks. Formative assessments (total four, two in first term and two in
second term) will carry 10 marks each
COURSE STRUCTURE
CLASS X
FIRST TERM MARKS
UNITS
I Chemical Substances 29
Chemical reaction; Acids, bases and salts, Metals and Non Metals
II World of living 19
Life process; control and coordination in animals and plants
III Effects of current 26
Electricity, Magnetic effects of currents
IV Natural Resources 06
Sources of Energy
TOTAL 80
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FA1 + FA2 + FA3 + FA4 = 40%
SA1 + SA2 = 60%
Total = 100%
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CHEMISTRY: Class X
Chapter 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
I. CHEMICAL REACTIONS
DEFINITION: Chemical reactions are the processes in which new substances with new
properties are formed
CONSTITUENTS
Reactants Products
[Substances that take part in a chemical [New substances formed as a
reaction] result of chemical reaction]
CHARACTERISTICS:
II CHEMICAL EQUATION
DEFINITION: Method of representing a chemical reaction with the help of symbols and
formulae of the substances involved in it.
E.g.
aqueous-(aq) liquid - l
solid -(s) precipitate-ppt
Balanced Unbalanced
[Chemical equation having an equal [Chemical equation having unequal
no. of atoms of different elements in no. of atoms of one or more elements
the reactants & products] in the reactants & products]
E.g. Zn H 2So 4 ZnSO4 H 2 E.g. H 2 O 2 H 2 O
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Step II: Consider the second element
Element No. of atoms on L.H.S No. of atoms on R.H.S
0 2 1
No. of Oxygen atoms are not balanced.
Step IV : Since there are 4 hydrogen atoms on the R.H.S Therefore to have 4 hydrogen atoms on
the L.H.S , we multiply H2 by 2 and write 2H2 .The final equation becomes:
2H 2 O O 2 2H 2 O
3. DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS: Reactions wherein one element takes the place of another
element in a compound.
Example:
CuSO 4 (aq) Zn(s) ZnSo4 (aq) Cu(s)
Copper sulphate Zinc Zinc sulphate Copper
(Blue solution) (colourless solution)
H 2S Cl 2 S 2HCl
Addition of hydrogen:Reduction
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(i) Substance oxidized : H 2S
(ii) Substance reduced : Cl 2
(iii) Oxidising agent: Cl 2
(iv) Reducing agent: H 2S
(i) CORROSION: Process in which metals are eaten up gradually by the action of air, moisture or
a chemical (like acid ) on their surface.
E.g Rusting of iron.
(ii) RANCIDITY: Condition produced by adding anti-oxidants to foods containing fats & oils.
Anti oxidants are reducing agents & prevents oxidation.
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CHEMISTRY: Class X
Chapter 2: ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
I ACIDS
II. BASES
[Chemical substances having bitter taste]
III. INDICATORS
[Dye that changes colour when put into acid/base]
pH of SALT SOLUTIONS
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VI IMPORTANT REACTIONS:
1. Acid Metal
forms
Salt Hydrogen gas
Zn(s) H 2SO 4 (aq) ZnSO 4 (aq) H 2 (g)
Metal Acid(dil) Salt Hydrogen
2. Neutralisation Reaction:
3. Hydrolysis
4. Hydrolysis:
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CHEMISTRY: Class X
Chapter 3: METALS AND NONMETALS
I. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
4. Reaction with Solutions of other metal salts: More reactive metal displaces less
reactive metal from its salt solution.
E.g. Metal A being more reactive than Metal B, Then.
Metal A + Salt Solution of Metal B Salt solution of Metal A + Metal B
2. Non Metals do not react with water and dilute acids to evolve hydrogen gas.
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VI. REFINING OF METALS IS DONE BY ELECTROLYTIC REFINING
Impure metal is made the anode & pure metal strip is made the cathode.
VII. CORROSION:
Metal
Exposed for
a longtime
Air oxygen Moisture H 2 O
leads
to
Corrosion
Metals affected: Fe, Ag, Al, Cu etc.
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CHEMISTRY: Class X
Chapter 4: CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND
I. ABOUT CARBON
Symbol: C
Atomic No: 6
% age composition: In earths crust (mineral form) = 0.02%
In atmosphere (CO2 gas) = 0.03%
Carbon Compounds: Called Organic compounds [Found in living beings]
Properties:
(i) Valency: tetravalent (4)
(ii) Bonding: Forms Covalent Bonds [Sharing of electrons]
(iii) Catenation: Self combination
Allotropes:
(i). Diamond
(ii). Graphite
(iii).Buckminster fullerene [ C60]
II
Saturated Unsaturated
Alkanes
[Single Bonded] Alkenes Alkynes
CnH2n+2 [Double Bonded] [Triple Bonded]
CnH2n CnH2n-2
Homologous Series
A series of carbon compounds having same functional group with a difference of CH2 unit is
called homologous series.
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
1. Ethanol: C2H5OH
2Na 2C 2 H 5 OH 2C 2 H 5 ONa H2
sodium Ethanol sodium ethoxide
C2 H 5 OH
Hot conc
H 2 SO 4
CH 2 CH 2 H 2 O
Ethanol Ethene
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CHEMISTRY: Class X
Chapter 5: PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
I CHRONOLOGY OF THE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION
Out of these Dobereiners triads & Newlands octaves were not of much significance. However
Mendeleevs periodic table was significant in a way that lead to the development of Modern
Periodic Table(or long form of Periodic Table)
II MENDELEEVS CLASSFICATION
MERITS:
1. Predicted the existence of some elements that had not been discovered at that time.
2. It could predict the properties of several elements on the basis of their positions in the periodic
table.
3. It could accommodate noble gases when they were discovred.
LIMITATIONS:
1. Position of isotopes not explained
2. Wrong order of atomic masses of some elements.
3. Correct position of hydrogen not assigned
2. Number of
(i). Periods = 7 [ Contains fixed number of elements]
(ii). Groups = 18
4. Periodicity was shown regarding the properties like valency, atomic size, metallic & non-metallic
charater.
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PHYSICS: Class X
Chapter 1: LIGHT REFLECTION AND REFRACTION
I LAWS OF REFLECTION OF LIGHT
1. i r
2. The incident ray, the reflected ray & the normal to the mirror, all lie in the same plane.
1. Object always placed to the left of the mirror inplaying that the light on the mirror falls from the
left hand side
2.
3. All distance parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
1. Mirror Formula
1 1 1
Where u = Distance of the object from its pole
v u f
v=Distance of the image from its pole
f = focal length
2. Radius of curvature R = 2f
3. Magnification Formula
h' v
m Where, h ' = Height of the image
h u
h = Height of the object.
m = Magnification produced by a
spherical mirror.
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v1
5. n 21 Where, n 21 refractive index of medium 2 w.r.t 1
v2
v1 speed of light in medium 1
v2
n12 v 2 speed of light in medium 2
v1
1 1 1
6. Lens formula:
f v u
1
7. Power (P) = Where, P = Power of the lens
f
S.I unit of power is Dioptre f = focal length
3. If the radius of curvature of a concave mirror is 20cm, what is its focal length?
[ Ans : 10cm]
4. If the distance between an object and its image in a plane mirror is 5.6 cm. How far is the object
from the mirror?
[ Ans : 2.8cm]
5. The speed of light in water is 2.25 108 m/s . If the speed of light in vacuum be 3108 m/s,
Calculate the refractive index of water. [ Ans: 1.33]
8. What will be the focal length of a lens whose power is given as + 2.0D? [Ans : 0.5 m]
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PHYSICS: Class X
Chapter 2: THE HUMAN EYE AND THE COLOURFUL WORLD
I DEFECTS OF VISION
1. MYOPIA: Also called near sightedness. Person can see nearby objects but can not see distant
objects distinctly.
2. HYPERMETROPIA: Or far-sightedness. Person can see distant objects clearly but not the
nearby objects.
3. PRESBYOPIA: The eye losing its power of accommodation due to old age.
1. D: the least distinct vision of human eye for a normal eye, D = 25cm
D=fm where f = focal length of the lens
or m = magnification
D
f
m
2. Accommodation of the eye: The ability of the eye to focus both near and distant objects by
adjusting its focal length.
Scattering of light
Dispersion of white light Atmospheric Refraction
e.g. (1) Tyndall effect
by a glass prism e.g. (1) Twinkling of stars
(2) Blue colour of
e.g. Formation of the (2) Advanced sunrise and
the sky.
rainbow colours delayed sunset
(3) Colour of sun at
sunrise & sunset.
IV NUMERICALS SECTION
Solved Examples
1. A person with a defective eye-vision is unable to see the objects nearer than 1.5m. He wants to
read books at a distance of 30cm. Find the nature, focal length and power of the lens he needs in
his spectacles.
Solution:
This person is hypermetropic
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his 30cm , 1.5m 150cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
f 150 30 150 30 150
150
f 37.5cm
4
+ve sign shows that he needs a convex lens of focal length 37.5cm.
100
Now, power of lens(P) = 2.67D
97.5
2. A myopic power has been using spectacles of power 1.00D for clear vision. During old age he
also needs to use separate reading glasses of power +2.00D. Explain what may have happened to
his eye-sight?
Solution:
According to the use of lenses,
near point (normal) = 25cm
for point = 100cm
Power of accommodation = normal
Unsolved Examples
1. For point of a myopic person is 40cm. What type of lens should he wear so as to see the distant
objects clearly? Calculate the focal length and the power of the lens he should use.
1
[Hint : take & 0 ] [Ans: f = 0.4 m , P = 2.5D]
2. Calculate the focal length of the lens, which is used as a simple magnifying & it gives
magnification of 6.
[Ans: 4.16cm]
3. The far point of a Myopic person is 80cm in front of the eye. What is the power of the lens
required to enable him to see every distant object clearly?
[Ans: 1.25D]
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PHYSICS: Class X
Chapter 3: ELECTRICITY
I FEW IMPORTANT TERMS
1. What is electricity?
A stream of electrons moving through a conductor is known as electric current or electricity.
Denoted by I and S.I unit is Ampere (A).
Q Where , Q is net charge flowing.
I ,
t t is the time in seconds (s).
S.I unit of Q is coloumbs [C]
2. Potential Difference (V) between two points = Work done (W)/Charge (Q).
W 1Joule( j)
V Where , 1 volt(v) =
Q 1Coulomb(c)
S.I unit V is volt (v) 1v = 1 JC 1
According to the law: The potential difference across the ends of a resistor is directly
Proportional to the current through it, provided its temperature remains the same.
1 volt (v)
i.e. V I or V = IR (constant) Where, 1 ohm( ) =
1 ampere(A)
V
or R
I
S.I unit of R is ohm( )
1. Resistors in Series:
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Total Current,
I I1 I 2 I3
By applying ohms law,
V V V
I1 , I2 , I3
R1 R2 R3
V V V V
R p R1 R 2 R 3
1 1 1 1
R p R1 R 2 R 3
1. For the heating effect of electric current, Where, P is the power input
Q v = Potential difference
P V P VI
t Q = Charge
Also, for a steady current I, the amount of heat (H) s = time in seconds
produced in time (t) is ,
H = VIt
or, H = I2Rt(By applying Ohms law)
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PHYSICS: Class X
Chapter 4: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
The lines drawn in a magnetic field along which north magnetic pole would move.
Properties:
1. Start from the north pole of a magnet & end at the south
2. Closer near the poles.
3. Never intersect each other
4. A magnetic compass, when placed at any of the points on a magnetic line, aligns itself along the
tangent to the line of force at that point.
It says If the current carrying conductor wire is gripped with the right hand in such a way that the
thumb gives the direction of the current, the direction of the fingers give the direction of the
magnetic field produced around the conductor wire.
III A SOLENOID
A coil of many circular turns of insulted copper wire wrapped closely in the shape of a cylinder is
called a solenoid.
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Working of a Solenoid
1. When force experienced by a straight conductor carrying current placed in a magnetic field
perpendicular to it.
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2. Current induced in a circuit by changing magnetic flux due to the motion of a magnet.
3. Fuse : Most important safety device, used for protecting circuits due to
short-circuiting/ overloading of currents.
4. Earth wire: Also called green-insulator converted to a metallic body deep inside earth.
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PHYSICS: Class X
Chapter 5: SOURCES OF ENERGY
Sources of Energy
Conventional Non-conventional
Fossil fuels Thermal Hydral Wind Solar Energy Geothermal Sea Energy Nuclear
Of all these resources , fossil fuels, thermal energy sources and nuclear energy resources are
exhaustible resources. While , hydral, wind, solar and sea-energy resources are in exhaustible
resources but each has its own limitations. Geothermal energy resources are restricted to very
limited places due to less availability of hot-spots
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2. Working of a Wind-mill:
Though this power plant has its own serious limitations but none the less it is highly useful &
efficient resource.
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3. Working of a Solar-Water heater:
Solar water heaters are an excellent source for heating purposes, they are low-cost,efficient
sources.
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SAMPLE PAPER CLASS X
PHYSICS CHEMISTRY (SECTION A)
I) The question paper comprises of two sections A and B. You are to attempt both the sections.
ii) The candidates are advised to attempt all the questions of Section A separately and Section B
separately.
iii) All questions are compulsory.
iv) There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has been provided in two questions of five
marks category in Section A and one question of 2 marks category and one question of 3 marks
category in Section B. You are to attempt only one option in such questions.
v) Marks allocated to each question are indicated against it.
vi) Questions 1 to 6 in Section A and 17 to19 in Section B are very short answer questions. These are
to be answered in one word or one sentence only.
vii) Questions 7 to 10 in Section A and 20 to24 in Section B are short answer questions. These are to
be answered in about 30 - 40 words each.
viii) Questions 11 to 14 in Section A and 25 to 26 in Section B are also short answer questions. These
are to be answered in about 40 - 50 words each.
ix) Questions 15, 16 in Section A and 27 in Section B are long answer questions. These are to be
answered in about 70 words each.
Section- A
1. Write the product formed when Ferrous Sulphate is heated?
2. What is the relationship between angle of Incidence & angle of Reflection?
3. What will happen if the solution Hydrogen Carbonate is heated? Give the equation of the reaction
involved?
4. How can Presbyopia be corrected?
5. What is the Composition of Aqua regia?
6. Why are copper wire used as connecting wire?
7. An element X on burring in air form an oxide Xo2 which when dissolved in water turns blue litmus
red. Identify if X is a metal or non metal Justify your answer?
8. What is the cause of resistance offered by a conductor?
9. How is graphite used in lead Pencils
10. What are the two methods of producing magnetic field? Which of these is better and why?
11. Classify the element of third period into metal & non metal of the modern periodic table?
12. Briefly explain the mechanism of nuclear fission process?
13. A metal X acquires a green coating on its surface an exposure to air
(a) Identify the metal X and name the process responsible for this change
(b) Name the green coating formed on the metal?
14. A potential difference V across a conductor of length L & cross section area A how is the
resistance R of conductor affected when only V is halved only L is halved and only A is halved?
15. Describe an experiment in detail to study refraction of light through a prism Draw with a ray
diagram too. What do you mean by angle of deviation?
OR
Describe an experiment to study refraction of a light ray through a rectangular glass slab what are
the important result obtained from the experiment?
16. The reaction metal X and Fe2 O3 is highly exothermic and is used to join railway
(a) Identify metal X and name the reaction
(b) Write the chemical equation of its reaction with fe2 O3
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SAMPLE PAPER CLASS X
PHYSICS CHEMISTRY SOLUTIONS (SECTION A)
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