Introduction to FWMC:

Faisalabad Waste Management Company [FWMC] was established on 13th July, 2013 under
Section 42 of the Companies Ordinance, 1984; it started its working under an Agreement named
as SAAMA (Services and Asset Management Agreement) which was executed on 11th
December, 2013 between different stake-holders including CDGF, TMOs and FWMC.
Before the establishment of the FWMC, the responsibility pertaining to solid waste management
was lying with SWM, a Department working under CDGF. There are four town falls under
CDGF i.e. Lyallpur Town, Madina Town, Jinnah Town & Iqbal Town which are transferred to
FWMC for all type of sanitations and waste management services.
FWMC is providing its services to four towns having approximate 34 zones overall and 113
Union Councils (UCs) in overall Faisalabad. There is TMA for every town.
The current collection rate of Faisalabad Waste Management Company [FWMC] is 60-65 % but
before FWMC the CDGF was collecting just 40% of total waste.

FWMC Operational Boundary map

Hierarchy of FWMC:
The FWMC is being managed by a Board of Directors (BODs) which include all public
representatives, Chamber of Commerce, P&D department, Finance department GoPb, Local
traders etc. However it also has full time employees, Managing Directors who reports to BODs.

manager HR
AM HR
(1)

Manager
AM Admin DEO (6)
Admin

AM
Manager Operational
Operations
Operations (2) Staff
(10)

Manager AM
BOD Assisstant Accountant
Finance (1) (2)

Manager IT AM IT

Manager
Managing Directors Officer comm.
Communcatio
(1)
n

Manager
AM Transport Technician (8)
Transport

Organogram of Faisalabad Waste Management Company

Introduction to solid waste:
Solid waste is defined as Solid or semisolid, non-soluble material (including gases
and liquids in containers) such as agriculture refuse, demolition waste, industrial waste, mining
residues, municipal garbage, and sewage sludge. The word garbage is used for this waste usually.
Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply
treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid,
liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining
and agricultural operations, and from community activities.
Solid Waste management is the precise name for the collection, transportation, disposal or
recycling and monitoring of waste. This term is assigned to the material, waste material that is
produced through human being activity. This material is managed to avoid its adverse effect over
human health and environment.
Solid Waste management is all those activities and action required to manage waste from its
inception to its final disposal. This includes amongst other things, collection, transport, treatment
and disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation.
Sources and composition:
The composition of waste is almost same all over the world but it can be vary due to climatic
conditions, income level or cultural norms. The waste producing in under developed countries is
mainly consist of organic matter as compared to industrialized countries where tinned and
processed food is used mostly. According to a study it is stated that MSW contains 30-40%
organic, 30-40% ash & fine earth, 3-6% paper and 1% plastic.
The physical composition of solid waste is given in following table:
Sr.# Waste Composition % by weight
1 Plastic & Rubber 6.60
2 Metals 1.00
3 Paper & Cardboard 7.67
4 Rags & Textile waste 6.53
5 Glass ceramics 2.43
6 Bones 2.40
7 Food waste 33.81
8 Leaf, Grass & Straw 7.36
9 Wood 1.07
10 Animal Waste 2.34
11 Dust, Dirt, Brick 28.79
FWMC has following main departments:
Operations
Landfill
Communication
Finance
HR & Admin
Operations:
Working area of this department is 4 towns (Jinnah town, Madinah town, Iqbal town, Lyallpur
town) and 113 union councils in Faisalabad city.

Hierarchy:
It include:
G.M operations (head of department who observe overall 4 towns)
Two Manager Operations(MO) (MO 1, MO 2) each MO has two towns
8 Assistant Managers(AM) (4AMs in each MO)
2AMs is assigned to each town
Under each AM there is Chief Sanitary Inspector
Under Chief Sanitary Inspector, Zonal Officers are working
Each UC has Supervisor who work under Zonal Officers
Then comes workers who are the important persons of department
Average 25-26 workers are working in each UC.
 GM

MO (1) MO (2)

AM (4) AM (4)

Cheif Sanitory Inspector Cheif Sanitory Inspector

Zonal Officers Zonal Officer

Supervisors Supervisors

Workers Workers

Chart: Organogram of operational department of FWMC

Domain of Operations:
Collection
Transport
Disposal

Collection:
FWMC is doing two types of collection:
1. Primary( manually)
2. Secondary(mechanically)
Operations start at 5am, at 5am attendance of workers is taken by supervisor but at the end time
of working time which is 1pm again attendance is taken.
First of all sweeping of streets and main roads is done by workers. For the sweeping of main
roads special wing is working who are on daily wages and have supervisor who is directly
observe by AM. But workers who are doing other sweeping are permanent.
 Fig: Manual sweeping

Mechanically sweeping is done by mechanical sweepers, washers. And they clean main roads,
bus stops mainly.

Fig: Mechanical sweepers

After sweeping, collection is done. Door to door collection of waste is done by mini donkey
carts which are carried by either company workers or by private workers known as scavengers.
And from open heaps in streets or roads waste is collected by hand carts & scrappers.
Then this collection is thrown into containers which are placed at some points called
collection points. In Faisalabad containers of capacity 5m3 is placed and almost 175 in numbers.

Fig:Collection by hand carts

Fig:Collection by hand carts

 Fig:Containers

Transport:
From these collection points waste is transferred to disposal point by mechanical way through
arm rollers, dumpers (10m3, 13m3), mini-dumpers (1m3), tractor blade, bulldozers and
excavators. When waste is put in dumpers it is covered by net to avoid its falling on roads during
transportation.
 Fig: Mini-dumpers are used to collect C&D waste (construction and demolition) and
municipal waste usually.

Disposal:
Disposal of waste which is collected from different sources is done at disposal site of FWMC.
Dumpers & mini-dumpers transport the collected solid waste to disposal site at Muhammad
wala where surface dumping of solid waste is done. This site is constructed since 1992 and its
area is 50 acre. And this site is at distance of 36.6km approximate from Faisalabad.
At special events like eid-ul-fitar, eid-ul-izha, charismas or other events sweeping and
washing of places like main roads, masjids, parks, graveyards, bus stops, churches and places
like that is done. And after washing, lime is split on land to kill bacteria or pathogens.
Existing Vehicle Data:

Vehicles Amount Capacity

Dumpers 8 20m3/tons
Dumpers 8 10m3/tons, 5m3
Arm Rollers 24 5m3
Trolleys 6 -
Containers 150 5m3
Name Total Machinery
No.
Mini 8
Dumper
Dumper 24

Arm roll 28
Mechanical 4
Sweeper

Compactor 2
Tractor 6
Trolley

Water 10
Sprinkler
Mechanical 3
Washer

Tractor 6
Blade
Mechanical 11
Loader

Excavator 1
Shovel 2

Container 187

Complaint cell:
To listen and solving the complaints of citizen FWMC made a complaint cell where citizens call
and register their problems about sweeping and cleanliness of their area. Helpline number is
1139 where citizens call and tell the concerning person about the problem. They can also directly
contact with supervisor or Assistant Managers who immediately sought out the problem within
48 hours after getting complain. And also record of all the complaints is made to check the
progress of working.
As fwmc is doing surface dumping which is not very much environmental friendly
method so to avoid any more adverse effect of dumping on environment they are working on
landfill which is a good way to dispose off the solid waste collected from all over the city.

Landfill:
A landfill site (also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump or dumping ground and
historically as a midden) is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest
form of waste treatment (although the burial part is modern; historically, refuse was just left in
piles or thrown into pits).
Some landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage,
consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling).

Components of landfill:
Main components of landfill are as follows:

This cross-section drawing shows the structure of a municipal solid waste landfill. The
arrows indicate the flow of leachate.
 Bottom line system: separates trash and subsequent leachate from groundwater.
The bottom liner prevents the trash from coming in contact with the outside soil,
particularly the groundwater. In MSW landfills, the liner is usually some type of
durable, puncture-resistant synthetic plastic (polyethylene, high-density polyethylene,
polyvinylchloride). It is usually 30-100 mils thick. The plastic liner may be also be
combined with compacted clay soils as an additional liner. The plastic liner may also be
surrounded on either side by a fabric mat (geo textile mat) that will help to keep the
plastic liner from tearing or puncturing from the nearby rock and gravel layers.

Cells (old and new):

Where the trash is stored within the landfill. Perhaps, the most precious commodity and
overriding problem in a landfill is air space. The amount of space is directly related to the
capacity and usable life of the landfill. If you can increase the air space, then you can
extend the usable life of the landfill. To do this, trash is compacted into areas,
called cells, which contain only one day's trash. The amount of trash within the cell is
2,500 tons and is compressed at 1,500 pounds per cubic yard! This compression is done
by heavy equipment (tractors, bulldozers, rollers and graders) that go over the mound of
trash several times). Once the cell is made, it is covered with six inches of soil and
compacted further. Cells are arranged in rows and layers of adjoining cells (lifts).

Storm water drainage system: collects rain water that falls on the landfill. It
is important to keep the landfill as dry as possible to reduce the amount of leachate. This
can be done in two ways:
Exclude liquids from the solid waste. Solid waste must be tested for
liquids before entering the landfill. This is done by passing samples of the waste
through standard paint filters. If no liquid comes through the sample after 10 minutes,
then the trash is accepted into the landfill.
 Keep rainwater out of the landfill. To exclude rainwater, the landfill
has a storm drainage system. Plastic drainage pipes and storm liners collect water
from areas of the landfill and channel it to drainage ditches surrounding the landfill's
base.

The ditches are either concrete or gravel-lined and carry water to collection ponds to the
side of the landfill. In the collection ponds, suspended soil particles are allowed to settle
and the water is tested for leachate chemicals. Once settling has occurred and the water
has passed tests, it is then pumped or allowed to flow off-site.

Leachate collection system: It collects water that has percolated through the
landfill itself and contains contaminating substances (leachate).

No system to exclude water from the landfill is perfect and water does get into the landfill.
The water percolates through the cells and soil in the landfill. As the water percolates through
the trash, it picks up contaminants (organic and inorganic chemicals, metals, biological waste
products of decomposition). This water with the dissolved contaminants is
called leachate and is typically acidic.

For collection of leachate, perforated pipes are used which carry it to leachate pond and this
is done by mainly due to gravity.

The leachate in the pond is tested for acceptable levels of various chemicals (biological and
chemical oxygen demands, organic chemicals, pH, calcium, magnesium, iron, sulfate and
chloride) and allowed to settle. After testing, the leachate must be treated like any other
sewage/wastewater; the treatment may occur on-site or off-site.

Methane collection system: collects methane gas that is formed during the
breakdown of trash.

Bacteria in the landfill break down the trash in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) because
the landfill is airtight. A byproduct of this anaerobic breakdown is landfill gas, which
contains approximately 50 percent methane and 50 percent carbon dioxide with small
amounts of nitrogen and oxygen. This presents a hazard because the methane can explode
and/or burn. So, the landfill gas must be removed. To do this, a series of pipes are embedded
within the landfill to collect the gas. In some landfills, this gas is vented or burned.

More recently, it has been recognized that this landfill gas represents a usable energy source.
The methane can be extracted from the gas and used as fuel.

Covering or cap: seals off the top of the landfill. Each cell is covered daily with
six inches of compacted soil. This covering seals the compacted trash from the air and
prevents pests (birds, rats, mice, flying insects, etc.) from getting into the trash. This soil
takes up quite a bit of space. Because space is a precious commodity, many landfills are
experimenting with tarps or spray coverings of paper or cement/paper emulsions. These
emulsions can effectively cover the trash, but take up only a quarter of an inch instead of
6 inches.

When a section of the landfill is finished, it is covered permanently with a polyethylene cap
(40 mil). The cap is then covered with a 2-foot layer of compacted soil. The soil is then
planted with vegetation to prevent erosion of the soil by rainfall and wind. The vegetation
consists of grass and kudzu. No trees, shrubs or plants with deep penetrating roots are used so
that the plant roots do not contact the underlying trash and allow leachate out of the landfill.

Groundwater Monitoring:
At many points surrounding the landfill are groundwater monitoring stations. These are pipes
that are sunk into the groundwater so water can be sampled and tested for the presence of
leachate chemicals. The temperature of the groundwater is measured. Because the temperature
rises when solid waste decomposes, an increase in groundwater temperature could indicate that
leachate is seeping into the groundwater. Also, if the pH of the groundwater becomes acidic, that
could indicate seeping leachate

Trash put in a landfill will stay there for a very long time. Inside a landfill, there is little
oxygen and little moisture. Under these conditions, trash does not break down very rapidly.
In fact, when old landfills have been excavated or sampled, 40-year-old newspapers have
been found with easily readable print. Landfills are not designed to break down trash, merely
to bury it. When a landfill closes, the site, especially the groundwater, must be monitored and
maintained for up to 30 years.
The landfill site of FWMC is near makuana area and is of 150 acre area. Out of 150 acre
area, 80 acre area is used to build cells for landfill purpose and the remaining area is used
for weigh bridge, administration block, parking area, ponds, pumping station etc. number of
cells is depend on waste generation rate and it may be 6 or 8. But this site is not in working
condition yet. Its EIA report is approved and hopefully after 1 year it will be in operational
condition and solid waste will be managed in a good way.