ankte, brain, eye, heart, kidneys, '"- -5

\.u_*1
<nee, liver, l.ungs, muscte, ribs, skin,
spine, stomach. wrist

.ffi

How many hours per night do you sleep?

'Y.{%
a) under 6 hours b) about 7 or 8 hours
c) more than t hours

How often do you clean your teeth?

a) once a day b) twice a day c) after every meal
How often do you do physical exercise, enough
to make you out of breath?
a) never b) once a week c) two or three times a
week

How often do you eat sweets or chocolate?

a) never b) occasionally c) quite a lot

How many pieces of fresh fruit do you eat

per day?
a) one or two b) more than two c) none

63
f:

 2l Life Sqvers
Before you slart

1 took at the Key Words. For which of the

diseases is there a vaccine to prevent the
i[[ness?

KEY WORDS
Aids, bronchitis, cancer, diarrhoea,
'ftu (= influenza), heart disease, mataria,
meastes, pneumonia, po[io, tetanus,
TB (= tu6.t.r1.t't,

2 Wort< in pairs. Do you think these

statements are true (T) or fatse (F)? A
H,iTl:,"inTiiil*'l::i'
ord - b oY'
j'L
two -Ye ar
1I MeasLes, diarrhoea and pneumonia kitt an iffi :i:i;^"iJtt
estimated seven mittion chitdren a year.
2[ Each year 600,000 babies pick up tetanus bacteria
and die - even though there is a vaccine. For the first time, doctors had used their knowledge of
3I Many children stitl suffer from polio; every year the genes involved in a fatal disease to cure it. After
years of experiments. gene therapy's promise to correct
the disease disables 140,000 children.
nature's flaws was being realised. Now that our genetic
4I Over two mittion peopte a year get mataria and
code has been cracked, more and more of those flaws
die, mostty in Africa. will come within reach of repair.
S I NearLy one-third of the wortd's population is
infected with tuberculosis, which kitls atmost
, three mitlion peopte per year. G Dr Cavazzana-Calvo agrees that there
has not been
O I By the year 2000, more than 20 miLtion people enough time to claim that it's a definitive
treatment.
"Nevertheless, the importance
had contracted and died of AIDS since the of this work is that it has
proved this strategy can work. It
. outbreak of the epidemic.
fresh air for gene therapy.,,
has been a breath of

Check your answers on page 135.

ll In every person's bone marrow is a group of

Reoding celts known as 'stem' cells. When they receive
the right chemical signals, they multiply to
become red and white blood celts.
3 ReaA the strategies.

Reading Strategiesi Texts with paragraph gaps

. Read the text with gaps to get the general idea and
see how it
develops, e.g. The X-factor on page 65.
. Read the sentences before and after the gaps to
give you an idea of what the beginning or end of il+',H$ini:'ffi
:*ii'ffi
the missing paragraph might refer to, e.g. paragraph ''ritifrHff
iuu. better'"
got
2 might begin with a reference to a history-making
event or end with a reference to the ,littLe boy,.
o Read the missing paragraphs and look for these
Meahwhile. doctors Atain Fischer, Marina
references. Cavazzana_Calvo
o and Salima Hacein-Bey took out a few
Ifa paragraph doesn't seem to fit, you may have million of his bone
maow cells and managed to insert a heatthy
made a mistake or it may be 'the extra paragraph,. gene in them.
Then they put them back - a single,
simple inirsion of 20 to
30 mitlilitres of fluid. It took half an
hour to give the boy
Now use the Strategies to match five out of six what they hope will be a lifetime of normal
irimunity.
paragraphs (A-F) with gaps 2, 4, 6,8 and 11 in the
text. There is one extra paragraph.
 g ?WTKMNUV
,r

4 Gomptete these sentences about the text in your

own words.
I The baby had to be kept in an airtight bubbte
because...
2
The ffi-factor 3
The parents were atlowed to take the boy home
because...
Adrian Thrasher betieved gene therapy coutd work
Gene therapy has been used successfully for the first because...
tirne. James Meek looks at how this was achieved. 4 Doctors are careful not to be too optimistic about
the operations because ...
last February, there was an of euphoria in the corridors 5 Doctors shoutd be able to cure more itlnesses in
of the Necker Hospital for Sick Chitdren in Paris. An the future because ...
incredible transformation was happening to an 1l-month-old
baby boy in an aidight bubbte. In fact, history was being 5 ttow did you feel after reading the article?
made there. Tet[ the ctass.
2
3 When the tittte boy was admitted to hospitat, he was facing
death from a rare inherited disorder catted T-linked SCID, a
Vocobulory: Synonyms
disease that causes children to be bom without a working
immune qlstem. The slightest infection can be deadly. For 15i.
several da1n, the boy tay in his bubble and his only direct E, Lexcon, page

contact with his mother, father and nurse was through

plastic gtoves.
6 Uat.tr the words from the first four paragraphs
(1-10) with their meanings (a-j).
4
5 Within 15 da1n, doctors knew ftom tests that the new gene 1 euphoria a treatment
was working. But the marvel for the parents was watching 2 transformation b uncommon
the change in their sickly, underweight boy. Before their 3 fatal c great happiness
eyes, he began to get better. The ugty red blotches on his It 4 therapy d put in
skin faded away, his diarrhoea disappeed, he put on T 5 flaw e weakness
weight and his breathing became easier. i 6 rare f deadLy
6
, 7 disorder g Liquid
7 "Afterwards, we lived through three months of euphoria," f
t 8 insert h disease
said Camzzana-Catvo. "Everyone was so happy then." Since ;{ 9 fl.uid i protection
then, treatment of three other children in the Necker 10 immunity j change
{f
Hospital has also tumed out well. A fifth boy has done tess
,
well, because the disease had already caused serious T
7 fina idiomatic words or expressions in the text
complications, but the Necker is pressing ahead with further
which mean the same as these.
trials later this ye, and similar gene tlerapy is to be
carried out in London.
1 feeling of happiness (paragraph 1)
I 2 deciphered (paragraph 2)
I n.rpit the initiat optimism, this fust achierrement of gene
3 be in our capacity (paragraph 2)
terapy will have to be further proved over time, as it might
4 nearly dying (paragraph 3)
not be so successful in treating other genetic diseases. 5 very quickLy (paragraph 5)
Nevertheless, it is a major step forward in gene therapy. 6 continuing (paragraph 7)
7 important advance (paragraph 9)
t0 Dr Jennifer Puck, a leading genedcs researcher, underlines 8 a great encouragement (paragraph 11)
the irnportance of this breakthrough. 'Although these
chitdren had no immunity when they were bom, now thqy're
exactly good as any babies oftheir age. However, the Speoking
immune rystem is not totally matue until thdre three or
four years of age. So the question is, is this going to last a I Wort in pairs. Which of these things do you
lifetime?" think witl happen within the next 25 years?
1 Genetic therapy wit[ cure cancer.
2 New drugs wi[[ help people to live for 150 years.
3 Mataria witl disappear in the developing wortd.
4 Manipulating genes wit[ cause new iltnesses.

*
 w
"k
e9*.+
-q-
&.---.#
LlSuper AlhleTes
t :.L
.*{ ,,

What champion athtetes can you name?

What were their achievements?

Kenenisa Bekele * world record in 10,000 m

Read the articte and answer the questions.
1 What reasons are given for improved
performance?
2 How did drugs distort wortd records in
the 1980s?
3 What would the effect of 'gene-doping'
be?
4 What was the origina[ '0tympic spirit'?
Match the conditional sentences in
itatics in the text with the fottowing
types:
ony contemporory omoteur othletes ond swimmers would
hove broken world records if they hod token port in the first
Olympic Gomes. Since then, records have tumbled in track,
field and swimming events as performance has improved dramatically.
lf records foll, rt is usuolly due to better equipment, troining ond diet
but recently improvements have begun to slow down. ln recent
Olympics, there have been fewer wodd records. Some exPerts predict
a ceiling for many events, such as 9.5 seconds for the 100 metres -
Asafa Powell's current record is 9.77 seconds.
However, past predictions are nearly always wrong. All the levels of
performance predicted in the l93Os had been reached by the 1970s.
Ron Maughan, from Aberdeen University, believes that if more people
around the world took part in organised sPort, more records would
have fallen.
One factor is the use of performance enhancing drugs, or'doping'. :

. . Ben Johnson would still be the IOO metres world record holder if he
zero conditiona[ 1st conditionaI
. 2nd conditionaI r 3rd conditionaI had not been caught taking drugs. Other records remain dubious, like
Florence Criffith's IOO metres record back in l9BB. Did she take
Which of the sentences in ftalfcs tatk drugs? lf the current Olympic champion took such drugs, she wor-rld
about the past, the present and the probably have broken that world record more than once.
future? t,lnless we ore coreful, 'gene-doping'will be the next big threoi. For
medical purposes, scientists have already found ways to build rnuscle
and increase stamina through gene therapy. If gene theropy were
used now, it would be olmost impossrble to detect.ln the future,
genetically-modified athletes might be able to run the 100 metres in
Listen to the sentences
B seconds or the marathon in under two hours. However, if o
and write down the contractions you hear. generotion of genetic monsters were creoted, it would show thot the
Then listen again and repeat the sentences.
whole point of sport hos been /osf. lt would be much better to forget
1. 'd've (would have) / 'd (had) the records and return to the original Olympic spirit - taking part is
more important than winning.
Make conditional sentences about these
situations (1-6). Yulio Nesterenko from Belorus - the first
1. If he hadn't taken drugs, he non-Americon to win the women's 100 m.
wouldn't have been banned.
1 Ben Johnson took drugs he was

2
3
banned from sporL
athletes earn a lot of money
+ they train hard
someone witl run 100 metres in 9.3
seconds ; nobody witl betieve it
.
ffi# __4,.

ry
4 Hai[e Gebrsetassie is very fit + it's easy
for him to run [ong distances.
5 an athlete wi[[ win four gotci medats in
athletics ) they wiLl be a record breaker
6 in 1980 the Olympic Games were organised
t
in Moscow the USA didn't take part gF=3l*'f
r --:1 '*

65 +::'ii"
rirS:r::ll::::F
 ht{f f,tlLne

lr:rentotion: Mixed Conditionols Prortire

6 aa the sentences (1-a). Do they describe situations
frre:
I :r.ie or could possibLy happen?
I inrlnaginary, unreaI or contrary to facts?
I If the current Otympic champion took such drugs, she
rcutd probabty have broken that wortd record more than
once.
2 If Peter was a more skilful player, he would have scored
nnore points.
Ben Johnson woutd stilt be the 100 metres world record
hotder, if he had not been caught taking drugs.
Ifhe had broken that record, he would be a wortd-famous
runner now.
7 Wt attime does each condition (underlined) in
tc sentences in Exercise 6 refer to: past or present?
tlst tense is used? Complete the table.
Coromot Trns ngrgntlcg Vrns ronil
I the present Past Simpte
2
3 1
4
tThat time does the result in the sentences in Exercise
refer to: past or present? What verb form is used?
Comptete the tabte.
8 Write answers to the questions.
I What woutd the situation be now:
a if performance-enhancing drugs hadn't been
developed?
b if penicil.l.in hadn't been discovered?
C if the computer hadn't been invented?
d if the Second World War had never broken out?
2 What woutd or woutd not have happened in the
past:
a if footbatt was a tess poputar sport?
b if the Americas and Europe were one continent?
c if peopl.e didn't Like traveLLing?
d if the sun was closer to the Earth?
Compare your answers with your partner's.
9 Ut" the cues to write mixed conditional
sentences.
Example
t If John weren't so tall, he wouldn't have had to
have the doors in his house chonged.
John is seven foot tatl + he had to have
the doors in his house changed
+ hejoined a basketbalt team at school
+ he had probtems finding a date for a school
disco
2 Jessica has been a world-ctass gymnast
since she was 11
she suffers from
spine problem5 she is a famous person now
she is able to support her family financiatly
10 Ctroose one adjective from each pair that
reftects your personality.
a lazy/hardworking
b sociabte/shy
c wett organised/disorganised
Write three conditional sentences about some
events in your tife that these personality traits
contributed to.
Exampte
If Iwos more hardworking, I would have studied
harder and passed the lost chemistry test.

'1 1 Write about three things that you did or

didnt do, or that happened or didn't happen
to you in the past and what the present
consequences are. Use mixed conditional
sentences.

Exampte
If I had storted to ploy tennis when I was ten,
I could be a champion now.

Tetl the ctass.

 23 Brqin Power

O 3 urt"n to a ence lesson. Use the Strategies to complete

the gaps in this summary.

The brain consists of grey andl matter.

It weighs 2 uses 3 of
the body's energy.lt contains over 4
which make up neurons.These neurons are
-
connected by electrical impulses.There are more possible
-.lt -
connections in one brain than there are 5
t_ Neuroscientists have mapped different areas of the brain which
E
are responsible for 6
?
Theareasofthebrainrelatedtocontrolling7-could
-.
be compared to miniature film studios. Our eyes and ears send
Belore you stort signals8-,anditisourbrainthatinterpretsthese
-.
signals and builds up a picture of the outside world. Scientists
1 uatch the Key Words with have also identified areas responsible for different emotions,
the definitions (1-5).
such as 9 and laughter.There are also
KEY WORDS: different areas for different types of thinking, such as learning
atom, bi[[ion, cet[, neuron, organ your own language and learning u 10 language.

-,love
7 one thousand miltion
2 a part of the body that has a
particutar purpose, e.g. the heart, -
the liver
the smattest piece of a substance
that can exist atone
4 a nerve cetl
5 a unit of structure of living matter

Listening ) t, Listen to the lesson again and answer these questions.

1 How do you think the teacher feels about his subject?
2 nead the Strategies. 2 What exampte does he use to exptain the way the brain
controts different parts of the body?
Listening Strategies: 3 What does he compare to a film studio?
Compteting a text

o Before you listen, read the text

O S Listen to a student phone-in programme about revising for
and exams. Who said these things (1-6): Dan (D), Charlie (C) or
predict what kind of information you Mohammed (M)?
need, e.g. the first gap in Exercise 3 is
probabLy a colour. Remember, you may
t I You need to get some exercise in the fresh air
need more than one word. to keep your brain working we[t.
. Undertine some important words in the
text before each gap, e.g. consists of, 2 I Keep yourself motivated by rewarding yoursetf.
weighs. g I Cet organised with a revision timetabte.
o White you are listening, listen for these
important words- the information you 4 I Prioritise - study the important things first.
need shoutd fottow them. 5 I Leave some time to relax.
o You can complete the gaps using
abbreviations at first - this saves time. 6 I Don't drink Lots of coffee.
Then write them in fult.
Which piece of advice do you think is the most useful? Why?

Ir
r
Voesbuiory: i\liiiii *r i i
t -'sten again and complete the Function Fite with
: se

::
words.
mustn't, ought to, shoutd, shouldn't, advise, need to, :
@

- ,,,ere you, have got to, Could, There's no point in,

-portant to, What tips, can be counter-productive, What I uatctr the words and expressions belo'
with the verbs in the text (1-11).

,'t l:.! * [<{:l 't'l; f .S'dVi t:e Exampi.e 7 postpone

: .:l
1 have you got for me and our listeners? appear, discover, learn from, look at in
I think 2 plan your revision. detaiL (x2), make a note of, mention, pass,
I think you 3 make a list of at[ the things postpone, start, understand
-
you've got to study.
You 4 -
work out what the priorities are. lr
Last month, I had an important Engtish
5
_ do you think I should do? I
exam. I decided not to 1 put off studying
6 , I'd make sure that I got some exercise. tf
(as I normatty do!) and got up early every
You 7 get out of the house and get some lf
morning to 2 get down to work straight
fresh air.
away. I'm a 'morning person' and I 3 got
-
I think spending hours and hours in the library ffi
a lot out of my revision sessions. I always
without a break 8
began by 4 going over a practice test I had tI
You 9 drink [ots and lots of coffee.
10 done - checking my answers and 5 finding
you give me some advice?
11 give yoursetf rewards. out what things I'd got wrong. I atso tried
You
to 6 work out why I'd made mistakes. If I
And you 72 give yourself a break.
didn't understand something, I'd 7 write it
You- 13 just think about the exam a[[ the
down and then 8 bring it up in class with
time.
my teacher. She was very hetpfu[ and she
t4 -doing that. 9 went through al.t of the things that
I',d ls people to watch a good fitm.
woutd probably 10 come up in the exam.
In the end, the exam wasn't so bad after a[[
and I think 1 11 got through it. Mind you,
5 peaking I still' haven't had my resutts yet! t
lr
ti!t
7 Work in pairs. Take turns to exptain each situation to
your partner and ask for advice. Use expressions from
the Function File. I Wort in pairs. Discuss these questions.
r Situation 2 1 What new information have you found out
Situation 1 about brains?
You find it hard to study , l9r. friends have invited Which schoo[ subject do you get most out
for exams at home
(why?). You think you are IP
:"i lJiii;:"ii:iaav i n ofr
Do you try to work out your Engtish
going to faiI but don't tg go. They
I1T are very
mistakes yoursetf before you ask the
want to speak to your :poly.types anj witt wait
to do.tok of actiuities
teacher (why not?).You teacher?
fiuar
write down vocabutary [ists or just
don't know what to do. * ::it: You.are not verlr Do you
try to remember everything?

Situation 3
fr
$.fjfiJ**li,ir" Do you put off studying for an exam or
test untiI the night before?
a

You,r parents are going Have you ever got through an exam or a
on hotiday soon * test you thought you'd fail"ed?
(where?) but you don,t
3 situation +
want to go with them
(why not?). your parents
I i;h*:;:ii:",','JlJ
are worried about
leaving you at home.
*.ittvs*;,f.llt
il;;?t ilt Your
rriend BUoTf,.... UNpUoTr,
'The brain is a vonderft l or{an; it starts worL.in4
What shoutd you do?
the yr,ornent you det rrp in the rnornin{ and Joesn't
stop until you {et into the office.'
io v from Your friend
Dobert Frost, rnerican poet (l+-nlt,)
ind not the other.way
i';;:utut shouLd You do?

i
I
I
24 Comm u nicotion fVorksh,ipt
VriIing
Before you slart
I Rewrite the information betow
using each word or expression to join
the two sentences.
atthough, despite, even though,
however, in spite of,
on the other hand, whereas
Some people find the idea of ctoning a
whote person reputsive.
They don't mind the cloning of human
organs for transplant operations.
Exarnple
Although some people find the ideo of
cloning a whole person repukive, they
don't mind the idea of cloning humon
orgons for tronspLant operations.
2 Read the article. Match these
headings with the paragraphs A-D.
. conclusion (your opinion)
o arguments against cloning
'o introduction of the topic
o arguments for cloning
3 Complete the text with these
tinking words.
atthough, despite, even though,
however, in spite of,
on the other hand, whereas
it
'lIL -r"
Every week we invite a well-known personality to speak
about an issue in the news. This week, Sophie Maclean
looks at cloning and asks ...
Does Mother Nature
know best?
Cloning - using genetic engineering to make exact copies of living
plants and animals - has been in science fiction for years. Since
1997, with the cloning of a sheep, Dolly, it has become part of real
life and the subject of public debate.
For some people, human cloning is acceptable in medicine
the criticism that it is unnatural. For example, human
tissue can be cloned for use r organ replacement or gene therapy.
Also, organs provided by human clones could be 100% donor
compatible 2 provided in other ways might not be
as successful. Moreover, couples who can't have children might be
3
able to clone a child from themselves. F inally, endangered animals
could be cloned-organs
to increase their numbers.
3
there are many argrxnents against cloning. 4 N
many people saw the cloning of Dolly as a major breakthrough, .f
now they have to face the fact that the sheep is no longer alive.
-, 5
Thus, what some say, scientists have no idea of the long-
term effects of genetic engineering. A growing number of
genetically created creatures might be acceptable to society;
6 creating'perfect'plants and animals could eliminate the
great variety of natural species on our planet. I'urthermore,
7 organs from cloned animals could be transplanted into
-,
humans, the risks to health are enormous, and some people find
the idea repulsive.
-
Atl things considered, I am against cloning. It is clear to me that we
need to regulate genetic engineering and stop experiments now,
before it is too late!
 Dscursive Es say
ry
(I)
t_
v wn',1'

Listening
TUY( l-Lqtrc[ftV

Write an essay with the titte: 'Should Belore you ttort

Smoking Be Banned?'Fotlow the stages.
1 took at the picture. What kind of programme do you think it is?
a chat shory a documentary, a pane[ discussion, a game show

Example
b
d
For Against *:
!:

Qou*nnznt otrot'ild, ouetn*uznt wouh' {

sah rl,t^rle)L/ ottll,oSe' naorcU frow
miral#enw"ew. tax on afi'arettu.

Stage 2
Wor[ individualty. Decide what your l'
opinion is. Write notes for four paragraphs.
Q 2 Listen and check your answers to Exercise 1. Then put these
topics in the order they are mentioned.

Stage 3
e freezing dead bodies o genetic engineering . long tife
Use your notes to write the essay.
A TV Programne
Stage 4 Listen to a doctor taking part in a TV programme.
Check your essay. Answer the questions.

falkback
O 3 lirt.n again. Comptete each statement from Dr Cartwright with
a few words.
Work in pairs. Read each othe/s essays and
assess them: 1 Our knowledge of the human genome wi[[ radicatly change
' medicine .
a a good argument but I don't agree
2 There's no doubt that it witl. heLp us _ .
b totaLLy convincing!
3 We have already identified a lot of genes that
c not a very convincing argument
4 We know that many common diseases, like certain kinds of
5 -
We can maniputate processes but .
6Wemaybeab[etofreezecertainbodypartswhich-.
7Bytheyear2020,over20percentofthepopu[ation-.

Pronunciotion -
O + Listen to three sentences. Choose the correct meaning,
a, b or c, according to the way each sentence is stressed.
1 The man at the back in the btue jacket.
a not the woman b not the front c not the green jacket
2 There is no doubt that it wil.t hetp us to cure atl sorts of itlnesses.
a not some doubt b not identifu c not diseases
3 By the year 2020, over 20 percent of the population witt be
over eighty.
a not the year 2010 b not 30 percent c not over ninety
Work in pairs. Practise saying the same sentences but with a
different stress to show the other meanings.

3"r
k*"v* ,*&y
 Com m u nicolion Workshops
Speuking

Before you stort

I f) 1 listen to two peopte discussing

I genetic engineering. How woutd you A Dscussion
describe Tom's and Jan's opinions on the
,

subject: Discuss issues retated to

i
i . strongty in favour? heatth and medicat
. strongtV against? advances. Fotlow the stages.
I r in favour but with reservations?
Stage I
Read the Strategies.

ire}ffi *h*frwn
lpgl4g flqtegles! 4yoidits problems

Cottoquial Expressions . Try to avoid difficult subjects with vocabulary you don't know.
o Don't pretend you know about topics when you don't!
O 2 tisten again and match the . If you don't have a clear opinion about something, be
words below with the cotloquiat honest, e.g. To be honest, I haven't really thought obout thot.
expressions (1-6).
are not at a[[ interested, I disagree,
Which of these subjects below would you avoid?
am sure, not in any circumstances,
comptetely unacceptable or absurd, 1 Shoutd we geneticatty modify plants and animats?
from the beginning 2 What probtems would occur if people lived to be over 100?
3 Shoutd the government ban smoking?
1 From the word go 4 Shoutd women over fifty be attowed to take fertiLity drugs to help
2 They don't care two hoots about ... them have a baby?
3 I bet you would ... 5 Do you think teenagers in your country are becoming more unhealthy?
4 I wouldnt touch it with a bargepote!
5 lfs totalty off the map! Stoge 2
6 Come off it! Write a few notes about the topics above that you can talk about.
Use the photos above and the headlines to hetp you.
@. Lexicon, page 164.
l'
I

Formal and Informal Expressions Genetic cure the only hope for eating disorders t
'

I
3 match the format expressions
(1-5) from the TV programme in the
[rlr All fruit may soon look
I

Listening Workshop with the informal I dcsilncr

too good to be true
ll
I
expressions (a-e) from Tom and Jan's m uoilrm!
discussion.

I 1 The first thing I'd like to say is ...

2 The important thing is to ...
Genetie engineering to eradicate fiereditarT illness
3 I'd like to point out that ...
it 4 There's no doubt that ...
5 In my opinion ... Stage 3
Look at the expressions in the Chatroom and in the Function File on
a We've got to ...
page 45 (Lesson 15). Practise saying your opinions to yourself.
b Let's face it ...
c For starters, I think ... Stoge 4
d I reckon ... Work in groups. Discuss some of the issues above.
' -- -^t, -!

Tolkhock
Te[[ the ctass some of the opinions of the peopte in your group.

\t
1 nead the article about
Lance Armstrong. What
have been his two major
achievements?
2 ttow do you think
Armstrong must have felt
at these times?
. before he went to the
doctor
r when he received the
diagnosis
a during chemotherapy
a when he was training
for the Tour de France
when he won the Tour
de France the first
time
l-,"r%*'
! ,.
Modolity
Grammar Summary, poge 154.
3 t-oot at the sentences with must in
the text. When does rnusf express:
a obligation? b speculation?
c prohibition?
4 f.l*\
t-oot at the expressions
in red. Which of them say
that someone:
a did something atthough it
necessary?
b didn't do something because
it wasn't necessary?
The Courage of a Winner
Many people will know about Lance Armstrong's seven wins in the Tour de France,
but fewer people will have heard of his battle with cancer.
'l996, everything must have been going perfectly for the twenty-five-
ln the summer of
year-old Texan cyclist. He had just won a major race and was ranked 7'h in the world. He had
been offered contracts by big sporting companies, such as Nike, and ded mCIt s'teee! to t,ooi'r;';
about money. His future looked bright.
Then, in September 1996, Armstrong went to the doctor with a pain. He should have gone
earlier but he had ignored the pain so that he could continue racing. When he went to the
doctor that day, he could not have known what was about to happen to him. Within two hours,
he had been diagnosed as having cancer which had spread to his lungs. There was a 600/o
chance he would survive and a 400/o chance he might die.
Lance put his head on the doctor's desk in despair. However, when he looked up he said
with determination. 'Let's get started. Let's kill this stuff.' ln the next few months, he had to have
two operations and to undergo chemotherapy treatment. He lost weight and felt so tired that he
had to sleep twelve hours a day. But throughout his battle with cance Armstrong was
determlned not to let it beat him.
^
ai
After months of suffering, Armstrong recovered enough to start his next battle: to win the co
Tour de France. During periods when he did not have to have chemotherapy, he rode his bike
CJ
3O to 50 miles a day. By the summer of 1999, he dld not neecl o taNee any o
-a
more medication and, according to his doctors, was 980/o 'home' in his battle
:
against cancer.
Many people doubted Armstrong's ability to become a top cyclist again but-
they need not hve worred. This young man must have a special kind of drive.
.q
-q
Between 1999 and 2005, Armstrong became the first rider ever to win the Tour )
de France an amazing seven times! ao
Lance Armstrong is now a sporting superstar. He does not have to worry o
b
about proving himself any more. However, we must not forget that he is O
different from other stars. Lance Armstrong is, of course, now more than a sports
s
.star he is a symbol in the fight against cancer. The Lance Armstrong Foundation
-
has sold nearly 50 million wristbands to raise money for cancer sufferers. b)
o
p.f4ry@,t ln his autobiography, Armstrong gives advice to young men between the ages
20-34 who should be aware of the disease he suffered.'l neverthought I'd get cance'he {o
says. 'But young, strong men must realise that this can happen to them, too.'
!
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5 Read these sentences from the text. Does mll
express:
a future? b speculation? c obtigation?
1 Many people wilt know about Lance Armstrong's
"t three wins in the Tour de France.
2 Fewer people witl have heard of his battle with cancer.
u@f'
qeffi.
What time does each sentence talk about?
wtrictt of the modat verbs and expressions in blue
6
express:
a obligation? b Lack of obtigation?
wasn't c speculation? d prediction? e possibitity/abitity?
Which of them talk about:
a present? b past? c future? d future in the past?
* More practice, Language Powerbook, page 86.
73
h
 Review
Grmmmur 4 look at some of the ideas
from NASA. Write predictions about
them.
3" Comptete the conditional sentences using a
suitabte form of the verbs in brackets. Exampte
Personally, I don't think that in fiftY
1 If Fl.eming (not I'eave) bacteria in a dish'
yeors' ti me we' ll h ave OrYkH*!,..'.'
he woutdn't have discovered penicittin'
2 Have you seen your horoscope? I (not qo)
NIAC: the Nasa lnstitute for Advanced
out this afternoon if I were You!
3 If you (not go out) in the rain, You
Concepts
. a lift to take us into space
woutdn't have caught a co[d. - if . 'astrotels'- space rockets like hotels
4 Many athtetes (not break) records
going between the Earth, the moon
they hadn't used drugs.
and Mars
5 Un[Lss we controt'doping', the original spirit of
. the perfect telescope to observe the
the 0tympics (disaPPear).
universe
6 If you Laid out f[at the grey matter of a human
. plants we can Program and give
brain, it (cover) an office deskl
commands to, e.g. 'start growing',
7 If you have a headache, why You -- 'produce fruit'
(not take) an asPirin?
' using plants for producing atmospheres
8 If farmers used the new types- of p[ants, they on other planets, like Venus or Mars
(have) crops that can resist disease'
. using robots to explore other planets
9 If pLants were engineered in the right way'
. using robot'fish'to explore the oceans
thy (have) the taste and consistency of
of Europa, JuPiter3 second moon
meat - good news for vegetarians!
10If we had not bred from the wolf, the astonishing
range of dogs (not exist). ;,;;;; n,.. what do vou
- 5 write predictions
"*"
think:
2 w.ite sentences about what life woutd be [ike now . you wi[[ be doing in five years'time?
- not been invented or discovered'
if these things had c you witt be doing in ten Years'time?
Use mixed conditional sentences. . you wil.L have achieved by the time you are thirty-five?
electric Lightbutbs, a vaccine for chotera, printing,
penicil.Lin, the atomic bomb, computers, guns, the wheel' 6 Comptete the second sentence so that it has a
ctoning, cars simitar meaning to the first one. Use the word given
and up to four more words.
xarnple
If electic lightbutbs hadn't been invented, we would still 1 I doubt if winning the marathon was easy for her'
hove to use candles. must
Winning the marathon for her'
Z We shouLd give them a ring in case they think we've
3 Comptete these sentences saying what things
woutd have happened in the past if the world was had an accident.
different. Use mixed conditionats. witt
We shouLd give them a ring or had an
[xar*p[e accident.
1 If the Eorth was covered by seo, humans would not have 3 It was very kind of you to come and cottect me but
evolved. 'it wasn't necessary.
1 Ifthe Earth was covered bY sea, '.. need
2 If humans had smatl brains, ... It was very kind of You but You --
3 If spaceships coul,d travel at the speed of l"ight, "' and coltected me.
4 If humans tived 200 Years, ... 4 I cut my hand but LuckiLy stitches weren't necessary'
5 If there were intelligent robots, ... need
I cut my hand but I
5 She's probabty feeting a bit depressed after getting
her exam resu[ts.
can't
She -- -. getting her exam results'
after

I'
 ho{Ylaune

Vocabulory Pronunciqlion

7 Complete the sentences with these words. O fO Listen to the sounds in these words:
0ff, out (x3), out of, over (x2), uP (x2) 7 /ut/ yort 2 /cr/ sort 3 /ea/ go
4 /o/ off. 5 /t'/ stuff,
1 I atways put tidying my room as long as possible!
2 I picked a 'ftu bug white I was away. It took me
Now match the sounds with the words below.
two weeks to get it.
3 You shouldn't-give so easity - keep trying! Example fought: 2
4 It took us a long time to carry the
fought, though, through, cough, thought, ought,
got
research, but we - a lot the project.
enough, atthough, rough, tough, bought
5 I used the Internet-to find about geneticalty
modified food but I sti[[ can't work
- exactty how
they do it. Listen and check your answers. Then listen
6 Some people think computers are taking our lives. again and repeat the words.

-
8 Complete the compound words in these sentences. O 1 1 tisten and repeat these sentences. How
many different sounds lor'o.!' can you identify?
1 The nearest star to our solar is over four
light away. 1 The young coupte bought a new house.
2 Are you sure thafs correct? Can you doub[e-- it? 2 Atthough he was wounded, the tough boxer
3 In the museum there are life-- modets of dinosaurs. fought another round.
4 Manv -thinqs are mass-- in factories nowadays. 3 You were unconscious for about four hours.
5 They showed a stow reptay of the goa[.
6 I am aqainst qenetic of plants and animals. L2 you say this proverb? Use the phonetic
Can
7 She is a record-- athlete but has been under chart on the inside back coer to help you.
suspicion of taking performance-- drugs.
8 After severat set and years of time- /crl wsft and neu pler merks dsk e dll
experiments, the scientists finatty made a
bcil
break
major in the field of artificiat
9 British-- -, fifteen--
Jon Kaspar is a software engineer.
10 Neuro have first knowtedge of
the data-- abitities of the brain through studying
its etectricaI impulses.

9 Complete the sentences with the words betow.

'f[u, mataria, measles, pneumonia, polio, tetanus, TB

1 Phit has a pain in his lungs and finds it difficutt to

breathe. He could have or .

2 Sonia has a very bad cold and a high temperature. She

mav deve[on
3 Mary has a temperature and sma[[ red spots on her skin.
- - 13 unguage Awareness Complete the sentences
She might have caught with the correct form of the verb in brackets and
4 Stewart is in the tropics and has got a very high a correct modal verb.
temperature. He cou[d be suffering from .

5 Ian contracted when he was a chitd; it affected 1 John bought the tickets in advance but he
(spend) so much money as the
the nerves in his spine and now he can't move the muscles
in one of his [egs. concert was horrib[e.
- 2 If Jutia had gone to study in France, she
6 I cut my hand recentty and now I can't move my jaw.
(speak) French now.
Do you think I may have picked uP ?
3 At this time next week they
(ctimb) up Kitimanjaro.
4 I've only got a few paragraphs to add, I
- (finish) this essay by tunchtime.
5 I suppose the man (drive) at over
1.20 kn/h when he crashed into that tree.

Lr75
I
t
'{,r,..:r'r:r,

T
t
fu$r':'""9
"ffhc f$t
' - "';il'g*gj-i
Plnt 1: Hlsronv I
t778 Boston Tea Party
Declaration of lndependence
....:a::ta.a
t775 - 1783 War of lndependence

1812 - 1814 War with Britain

Californian Gold Rush
:..:,':.:. a:.,a::,,a,,.,t Civil War between the North and South
First trans-continental railway
1876 US fumy defeated in battle by Native Americans
Native Americans msacred at Wounded Knee
1920 - 1933 'Prohibition' - alcohol banned
Wall Street Crh - eollapse of stock exchange
Tho nucleu bombs dropped on Japan
President Kennedy ssinated
Martin Luther KinB, Jr, ssinated
l'irst person on the moon
Lt US troops leave Vietnam
..
:: l

-&*

1 toot at the timetine. Can you add any of the dates? 4 nQulr. Match the people (1-4) with
what they said (a-e).
O 2 lirt"n to the history programme and complete the dates on the 1 Abraham Lincoln, 2 Chief Seattle,
time line. 3 President Kennedy, 4 Martin Luther King,
5 Neil. Armstrong
O 3 litt"n again and complete the gaps in each statement with one a 'Let us never negotiate out of fear. But
word.
let us never fear to negotiate.'
1 The Dectaration of Independence was signed by British b 'Thafs one smat[ step for a man.
cotonies. One giant leap for mankind.'
2 The Americans had to pay _ to the British government. c 'The white man's God cannot love his
3 Abraham Lincotn was against - red children or he would protect them.'
4 During the prohibition, people were not allowed to or d 'In giving freedom to the stave, we
alcoho[. assure freedom to the free.'
5 After the Wal[ Street Crash, many people were _ and e 'Our scientific power has outrun
6 The USA was about to take its ptace on the world - our spiritual power. We have guided
7 The US government realised it was to win the war in Vietnam. missites and misguided men.'
I John Kennedy was _ when he became president.
9 Who reatLy kitl.ed president Kennedy remains a .
Answers on page 135.
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-