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8. CONCLUSIONS
The investigated conveyance pipeline area is rarely covered by Fluvio-Eolian deposits, overlying
strata of the, Holocene Calcareous Crust, Qasr Al Haj Formation, Nalut Formation, Sidi as Sid
Formations and Kiklah Formation.

Properties of the rock layers of RQD, TCR and SCR values recovered during drilling along main
conveyance pipeline are summarized in Table 3.

TABLE 3
AVERAGE RQD, TCR, SCR VALUES OF ROCK

Boring
Rock TCR S.D. Min. Max. RQD S.D. Min. Max. SCR S.D. Min. Max. n
No.
BH00 CALICHE 90 na 90 90 29 na 29 29 44 na 44 44 1
CLAYEY
BH04 67 23 51 83 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
CALCILUTITE
CLAYEY
BH06 64 na 64 64 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 1
CALCILUTITE
DETRITAL
BH07 90 14 80 100 57 12 48 65 79 12 70 87 2
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH08 94 9 87 100 5 6 0 9 39 37 13 65 2
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH09 100 na 100 100 49 13 37 63 76 16 65 94 3
LIMESTONE
CLAYEY
BH10 72 13 57 82 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 3
CALCILUTITE
DETRITAL
BH11 99 3 94 100 39 44 0 95 70 26 46 97 4
LIMESTONE
CLAYEY
82 16 70 100 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 3
CALCILUTITE
BH12
DETRITAL
100 na 100 100 33 na 33 33 69 na 69 69 1
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH13 100 na 100 100 63 5 57 67 91 3 88 93 3
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
100 na 100 100 59 na 59 59 75 na 75 75 1
LIMESTONE
BH14
DETRITAL
96 8 87 100 68 10 57 75 87 7 82 95 3
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH15 94 11 74 100 61 36 0 85 67 40 0 97 5
LIMESTONE
ARGILLACEOUS
BH19 62 12 46 74 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 5
LIMESTONE
ARGILLACEOUS
60 21 36 72 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 3
LIMESTONE
BH20
CLAYEY
77 13 68 86 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
CALCILUTITE
ARGILLACEOUS
BH21 23 32 0 45 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH22 94 13 70 100 18 25 0 47 36 33 0 78 5
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH23 80 16 60 95 32 36 0 76 39 43 0 83 6
LIMESTONE
BH24 DETRITAL 85 13 76 96 5 9 0 18 19 16 0 38 4
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LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH25 100 na 100 100 46 41 0 80 78 9 68 85 3
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH26 98 3 92 100 39 26 0 64 61 23 16 79 6
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH27 96 9 80 100 53 35 0 97 72 21 48 97 5
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH28 73 20 48 100 22 26 0 55 32 31 0 71 6
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH29 96 7 88 100 27 25 0 50 52 31 17 76 3
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
35 17 23 47 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
LIMESTONE
BH31
CALCAREOUS
57 na 57 57 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 1
CLAYSTONE
CALCAREOUS
BH32 87 12 78 95 0 na 0 0 3 4 0 5 2
SANDSTONE
DETRITAL
64 30 43 85 0 na 0 0 38 53 0 75 2
LIMESTONE
BH33
CLAYEY
0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
CALCILUTITE
DETRITAL
60 16 45 77 0 na 0 0 7 8 0 15 3
LIMESTONE
BH34
CLAYEY
86 1 85 86 25 6 20 29 48 11 40 55 2
CALCILUTITE
CALICHE 50 na 50 50 0 na 0 0 17 na 17 17 1
BH35 DETRITAL
94 9 80 100 47 17 33 72 54 27 16 76 4
LIMESTONE
DETRITAL
BH36 74 24 37 100 27 19 0 92 39 44 0 97 6
LIMESTONE
CLAYEY
BH37 64 4 60 67 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 3
CALCILUTITE
ARGILLACEOUS
73 na 73 73 0 na 0 0 5 na 5 5 1
LIMESTONE
BH38
DETRITAL
79 2 77 80 4 5 0 7 14 13 4 23 2
LIMESTONE
CALICHE 80 na 80 80 0 na 0 0 10 na 10 10 1
CLAYEY
BH39 37 9 30 43 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
CALCILUTITE
ARGILLACEOUS
38 40 0 80 8 13 0 23 13 23 0 39 3
LIMESTONE
CALICHE 68 6 63 72 0 na 0 0 8 11 0 16 2
BH40 CLAYEY
75 21 50 95 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 5
CALCILUTITE
CALICHE 72 26 53 90 14 20 0 28 19 21 4 33 2
BH41 CALCAREOUS
72 18 56 92 0 na 0 0 8 9 0 18 3
SANDSTONE
CALICHE 68 8 60 76 8 7 0 14 25 22 0 42 3
BH42 DETRITAL
69 13 60 78 0 na 0 0 6 8 0 11 2
LIMESTONE
CALICHE 48 18 30 69 0 na 0 0 9 11 0 24 4
BH43 CALCAREOUS
52 na 52 52 0 na 0 0 2 3 0 4 2
SANDSTONE
CALICHE 80 8 69 87 0 na 0 0 17 14 0 29 4
BH44 CALCAREOUS
82 25 64 100 0 na 0 0 2 3 0 4 2
SANDSTONE
CLAYEY
BH45 80 16 62 100 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 4
CALCILUTITE
CALICHE 70 7 65 75 0 na 0 0 15 6 10 19 2
BH46 CLAYEY
82 12 73 90 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
CALCILUTITE
BH47 CLAYEY 85 20 50 98 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 5
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CALCILUTITE
CALICHE 60 15 38 72 0 na 0 0 3 4 0 8 4
BH48 CLAYEY
59 8 53 64 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
CALCILUTITE
CLAYEY
73 34 35 98 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 3
CALCILUTITE
BH49
CLAYEY
73 19 59 86 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
CALCILUTITE
CALICHE 70 14 60 80 5 7 0 10 26 20 12 40 2
BH50 CALCAREOUS
61 9 50 72 0 na 0 0 8 16 0 32 4
SANDSTONE
CALCAREOUS
BH51 65 24 32 96 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 5
SANDSTONE
CALICHE 68 4 65 70 10 14 0 20 28 11 20 36 2
BH52 CALCAREOUS
49 13 36 62 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 3
CLAYSTONE
CALICHE 70 na 70 70 40 na 40 40 40 na 40 40 1
BH53 CALCAREOUS
82 15 65 96 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 4
SANDSTONE
CALICHE 91 na 91 91 0 na 0 0 33 na 33 33 1
BH54 CLAYEY
84 23 67 100 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
CALCILUTITE
CONGLOMERATIC
BH55 56 12 38 70 0 na 0 0 8 8 0 22 7
LIMESTONE
BH56 CALICHE 59 4 55 64 13 10 0 25 24 12 7 34 4
BH57 CALICHE 68 21 47 89 8 14 0 25 20 34 0 59 3
CALICHE 64 15 42 82 0 na 0 0 20 26 0 56 5
BH58 CLAYEY
63 6 58 67 0 na 0 0 0 na 0 0 2
CALCILUTITE

Excavability is generally, characterized into three categories, which are;

x Digging : This category relates to the removal of fragmented or weakly bonded earth
materials, such as soils, that can be routinely excavated using equipment such as
earth augers, tractor mounted backhoes and scrapers.

x Rip ( and Remove) : This category is for moderately coherant earth masses such as
weathered and decomposed rock, that require some additional to seperate the mass
into pieces small eneough to be removed inthe subsequent digging process. The
ripping category involves such equipment as rock augers, roadheaders, rippers and
trenchers.

x Break (or Blast) (and Remove) : This category relates to strong, coherent earth
masses, such as sound, unweathered rocks, that require strong forces to break the
mass into pieces of a size managable by a removal system Equipment / processes
used to accomplish these breakings tasks are blasting, disk cutters on TBMs, and
down-the-hole hammers.
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The thicknesses of layers recovered in each borehole, and excavability characteristics of soil and
rocks are presented as a summary of rock/soil thickness & Rock Classifications (Rock Mass
Rating RMR) are given in Table 4.

TABLE 4
ROCK CLASSIFICATION (Rock Mass Rating RMR) Geomechanics System
(Bieniawski, 1984, 1989)

DEPTH OF
ROCK
BOREHOLE DEPTH UCS ROCK MASS CLASS - SOIL/
RQD MASS EXCAVATABILITY
NO. (m.) (Mpa) Rock or Soil name ROCK
RATING
(m.)
BH00 0.00 3.15 na na na Clayey Sand Digging 3.15
3.15 4.20 29 - 49 III Caliche Ripping 1.05
4.20 5.25 Na na na Gravelly Lean Clay Digging 1.05
BH01 0.00 5.00 Na na na Clay,Gravel,Sand, Clay Digging 5.00
BH02 0.00 5.05 Na na na Sand,Clay Digging 5.05
BH03 0.00 5.05 na na na Silt,Gravel,Sand Digging 5.05
BH04 0.00 3.00 na na na Silt, Sand Digging 3.00
3.00 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 2.00
BH05 0.00 5.00 na na na Sand,Silt, Gravel,Clay Digging 5.00
BH06 0.00 4.65 na na na Silt, Sand, Gravel Digging 4.65
4.65 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 0.35
BH07 0.00 2.35 na na na Sand, Silt Digging 2.35
2.35 5.00 57 89.53 65 II Detrital Limestone Ripping/Blasting 2.65
BH08 0.00 3.70 na na na Silt Digging 3.70
3.70 5.00 5 - 42 III Detrital Limestone Ripping 1.30
BH09 0.00 1.15 na na na Silt Digging 1.15
1.15 5.00 49 - 60 II/III - Detrital Limestone Ripping 3.85
BH10 0.00 2.65 na na na Sand,Gravel Digging 2.65
2.65 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 2.35
BH11 0.00 5.00 39 92.19 64 II Detrital Limestone Ripping/Blasting 5.00
BH12 0.00 2.00 na na na Gravel Digging 2.00
2.00 3.85 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 1.85
3.85 5.00 33 106.28 63 II - Detrital Limestone Ripping/Blasting 1.15
BH13 0.00 1.35 na na na Gravel Digging 1.35
1.35 5.00 63 10.03 55 III - Detrital Limestone Ripping 3.65
BH14 0.00 1.60 59 - 55 III - Detrital Limestone Ripping 1.60
1.60 5.00 68 53.59 62 II- Detrital Limestone Ripping 3.40
BH15 0.00 5.00 61 24.28 59 III- Detrital Limestone Ripping/Blasting 5.00
BH16 0.00 5.00 na na na Sand,Gravel Digging 5.00
BH17 0.00 5.00 na na na Sand,Clay,Gravel Digging 5.00
BH18 0.00 5.00 na na na Sand,Gravel Digging 5.00
BH19 0.00 0.70 na na na Sand Digging 0.70
0.70 5.00 0 - 34 IV-Argillaceous Limestone Ripping 4.30
BH20 0.00 1.80 na na na Gravel Digging 1.80
1.80 3.60 0 - 29 IV-Argillaceous Limestone Ripping 1.80
3.60 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 1.40
BH21 0.00 4.00 na na na Gravel,Silt,Clay Digging 4.00
4.00 5.00 0 - 29 IV-Argillaceous Limestone Ripping 1.00
BH22 0.00 5.00 18 - 41 III Detrital Limestone Ripping 5.00
BH23 0.00 5.00 32 19.36 43 III Detrital Limestone Ripping 5.00
BH24 0.00 2.10 na Na na Gravel Digging 2.10
2.10 5.00 5 56.30 54 III Detrital Limestone Ripping 2.90
BH25 0.00 1.50 na na na Gravel Digging 1.50
1.50 5.00 46 83.70 62 II Detrital Limestone Ripping/Blasting 3.50
BH26 0.00 5.00 39 83.35 61 II Detrital Limestone Ripping/Blasting 5.00
BH27 0.00 0.50 na na na Gravel Digging 0.50
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0.50 5.00 53 64.11 68 II Detrital Limestone Ripping/Blasting 4.50

BH28 0.00 1.00 na na na Silt Digging 1.00
1.00 5.00 22 - 63 II Detrital Limestone Ripping/Blasting 4.00
BH29 0.00 1.90 na na na Clay, Gravel Digging 1.90
1.90 5.00 27 - 48 III Detrital Limestone Ripping 3.10
BH30 0.00 5.00 na na na Silt,Sand Digging 5.00
BH31 0.00 2.60 na na na Sand,Silt Digging 2.60
2.60 4.00 0 - 35 IV Detrital Limestone Ripping 1.40
4.00 5.00 0 - 34 IV Calcareous Claystone Ripping 1.00
BH32 0.00 2.50 na na na Silt Digging 2.50
2.50 5.05 0 - 30 IV Calcareous Sandstone Ripping 2.55
BH33 0.00 2.90 na na na Sand,Gravel Digging 2.90
2.90 3.70 0 - 35 IV- Detrital Limestone Ripping 0.80
3.70 5.00 0 - 28 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 1.30
BH34 0.00 3.30 0 - 36 IV- Detrital Limestone Ripping 3.30
3.30 5.00 25 - 28 IV Sil.Detrital Limestone Ripping 1.70
BH35 0.00 1.00 0 - 36 IV - Caliche Ripping 1.00
1.00 5.00 47 98.05 64 II Detrital Limestone Ripping/Blasting 4.00
BH36 0.00 -5.00 27 45.21 59 III Detrital Limestone Ripping 5.00
BH37 0.00 3.00 na na na Gravel,Clay Digging 3.00
3.00 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 2.00
BH38 0.00 2.00 na na na Caliche Gravels Digging 2.00
2.00 3.00 0 - 34 IV-Argillaceous Limestone Ripping 1.00
3.00 5.00 4 - 34 IV Detrital Limestone Ripping 2.00
BH39 0.00 0.50 0 - 36 IV - Caliche Ripping 0.50
0.50 2.25 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 1.75
2.25 5.00 8 114.61 61 II- Argillaceous Limestone Ripping/Blasting 2.75
BH40 0.00 1.50 0 - 36 IV - Caliche Ripping 1.50
1.50 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 3.50
BH41 0.00 1.50 14 60.06 55 III - Caliche Ripping 1.50
1.50 5.00 0 - 30 IV Calcareous Sandstone Ripping 3.50
BH42 0.00 3.30 8 - 45 III - Caliche Ripping 3.30
3.30 5.00 0 - 36 IV Detrital Limestone Ripping 1.70
BH43 0.00 3.50 0 - 35 IV - Caliche Ripping 3.50
3.50 5.00 0 - 35 IV Calcareous Sandstone Ripping 1.50
BH44 0.00 3.70 0 - 35 IV - Caliche Ripping 3.70
3.70 5.00 0 - 35 IV Calcareous Sandstone Ripping 1.30
BH45 0.00 2.00 na na na Sand Digging 2.00
2.00 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 3.00
BH46 0.00 0.30 na na na Sand Digging 0.30
0.30 2.70 0 - 49 III - Caliche Ripping 2.40
2.70 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 3.00
BH47 0.00 -0.70 na na na Gravel Digging 0.70
0.70 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 4.30
BH48 0.00 2.80 0 - 35 IV - Caliche Ripping 2.80
2.80 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 2.20
BH49 0.00 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 5.00
BH50 0.00 1.50 5 - 35 IV - Caliche Ripping 1.50
1.50 5.00 0 - 30 IV Calcareous Sandstone Ripping 3.50
BH51 0.00 1.00 na na na Sand Digging 1.00
1.00 5.00 0 - 30 IV Calcareous Sandstone Ripping 4.00
BH52 0.00 1.50 10 - 35 IV - Caliche Ripping 1.50
1.50 5.00 0 - 29 IV Calcareous Claystone Ripping 3.50
BH53 0.00 0.80 40 8.34 36 IV - Caliche Ripping 0.80
0.80 5.00 0 - 30 IV Calcareous Sandstone Ripping 4.20
BH54 0.00 1.00 na na na Sand Digging 1.00
1.00 1.50 0 - 35 IV - Caliche Ripping 0.50
1.50 3.50 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 2.00
3.50 5.00 na na na Gravel Digging 1.50
BH55 0.00 0.50 na na na Gravel Digging 0.50
IV Conglomeratic
0.50 5.00 0 - 36 Ripping 4.50
Limestone
BH56 0.00 0.50 na na na Gravel Digging 0.50
0.50 5.00 13 8.84 40 III/IV Caliche Ripping 4.50
BH57 0.00 2.00 8 - 45 III - Caliche Ripping 2.00
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2.00 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 3.00

BH58 0.00 3.00 0 - 35 IV - Caliche Ripping 3.00
3.00 5.00 0 - 29 IV Clayey Calcilutite Ripping 2.00
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REFERENCES

ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL TYPE (ET), (1981) : Bulletin of International Association of

Engineering geology, No.24

GRAY, C. (1970) : Symposium on the Geology of Libya, Faculty of Science, University of Libya,
Libyan Arab Republic.

Louis C. Conant and Gus H. Goudarzi (1977) Geological Map of Libya, scale of 1: 2,000,000

NOVOVIC, T. (1977): Geological Map of Libya, 1:250 000 Sheet Nalut, NH 32-4, Explanatory
Booklet, I.R.C., Tripoli.

SALEM, M.J. and BUSREWIL, M.T. (1991) : The Geology of Libya, Volume I-VII, London.

Bieniawski, 1984-1989, Rock Classification (Rock Mass Rating RMR) Geomechanics

System
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STANDARDS

ANNUAL BOOK OF ASTM STANDARDS 2000

BS 5930 (1999) :Code of Practice for Site Investigation,

British Standards Institution.

BS 7430 (1991) :Code of Practise For Earthing

ASTM D 422-92 :Particle Size Analysis of Soil (Sieve And

Hydrometer Analysis)

ASTM D 2216-92 :Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture)

Content of Soil and Rock.

ASTM D 2487-92 :Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes

(Unified Soil Classification System).

ASTM D 2488-90 :Description and Identification of Soils

(Visual -Manual Procedure)

ASTM D 4220-89 :Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples.

ASTM D 4318-84 :Liquid limit, Plastic limit and Plasticity Index of Soils

ASTM D 854 :Specific Gravity Test

ASTM D 3080 : Direct Shear Test (UU)

ASTM D 2938 95 :Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact

Rock Core Specimens

ASTM D 5731 -95 :Point Load Index of Core Specimens

BS 1377 (1990 ) :Total Soluble Sulphate, Chloride,pH Tests

Part : 3

BS 1377 (1990) :British Standard Methods of Test for Soil for

Civil Engineering Purposes, British StandardsInstitution.

ISRM :International Standards for Rock Mechanics

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FIGURE 1 SYMBOLS USED IN THE BOREHOLE LOGS

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FIGURE 2 LEGEND KEY SHEET

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FIGURE 3- CLASSIFICATION CHART USED FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF THE MIDDLE

EASTERN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ACCORDING TO CLARK,A.R.& WALKER,B.F.(1977)