Slab Design to BS 8110

Slab design is comparatively easy when compared with the design of other elements. First
stage of the design is finding the bending moment of the slab panels.

Depending on the boundary condition and the properties of the slabs, methods of finding
bending moment is expressed in the BS 8110 Part 01 as follows.

One way spanning slabs

following table can be referred.

There are two condition that should be satisfied to use the above table.

1. The ratio of the characteristic imposed load to characteristic dead load does not
exceed 1.25
2. Characteristic imposed load does not exceed 5 N/mm2excluding partitions

Simply supported slabs - Two way spanning

Bending moment can be found using bending moment coefficients given in the code. There
are two equations which can be used to find the bending moments.

msx= sxnlx2
msy= synlx2

Here msx and msy are the bending moment at each directions, sx and syy are the bending
moment coefficients and lx is the shorter span of the slab panel.

Following table can be referred to find the bending moment coefficients.

Restrain slabs - Two way spanning

There is a table to find the bending moment coefficients depending on the boundary
conditions and the ratio of the two spans which is large span to small span.

Using above explained methods, bending moments can be found each cases. In addition to the span moments, bending moments at supports

also can be found from above table. Notations of the bending moments at span and supports are as follows.
Design Example

Ratio of shorter longer span to shorter span = 1.3

Characteristic strength of concrete = 25 N/mm2

Cover to the reinforcement = 25 mm
Characteristic strength of reinforcement = 460 N/mm2

Shorter Span = 3m
Slab thickness = 150mm
Live Load = 2.5 kN/mm2
Finishes and partitions = 1 kN/mm2

Consider a slab panel with two adjacent edgers discontinues

From table 3.14 (see above), found bending moment coefficients are as follows.

At Short Span
Negative moment at continues edge = 0.069
Positive moment at mid span = 0.051

At Longer Span
Negative moment at continues edge = 0.045
Positive moment at mid span = 0.035

Find design Load

Dead Load = 0.15x 24

= 3.6 kN/mm2
Total dead load = 3.6 + 1

= 4.6 kN/mm2

Live load = 2.5 kN/mm2

Design Load = 1.4 Dead Load + 1.6 Live Load

= 1.4x4.6 + 1.6x2.5
= 10.44 kN/mm2

Find the bending moments

Positive moment at mid span (shorter span)

msx = 0.051x10.44x32
= 4.8 kNm

Positive moment at mid span (longer span)

msy = 0.035x10.44x32
= 3.3 kNm

Similarly, bending moments at supports also can be found from above coefficients.

Design of shorter span

Effective depth = 150-25-10/2
= 120 mm

K = M/bd2fcu
= 4.8x106/(1000x1202x25)
= 0.028

K < K' = 0.156

Hence, section is singly reinforced.

Z = d[0.5+{0.25-K/0.9}1/2]
 = 120[0.5+{0.25-0.028/0.9}1/2]
= 116.174 mm

As = M / (0.95fyZ)
= 4.8x106 / (0.95x460x116.174)
= 197 mm2

Provide T10 bars at a spacing of 200mm.

Provided reinforcement 393 mm2/m

Cantilever Slab Design

Design of cantilever slab to Eurocode 2

Span of slab 1.5m

Variable load 4kN/mm2
Slab thickness 175mm
Fck 25N/mm2 fyk 500N/mm2
Cover to the reinforcements 25mm
Office building

Slab loading
Self weight = 175x25x10-3
= 4.375kN/mm2
Ultimate load = 1.35gk+1.5qk
= 1.35x4.375+1.5x4
n = 11.91 kN/mm2

Bending moment
M = 11.91*1.5*1.5/2
= 13.4 kNm
Assume T10 bars used for the span
Effective depth
= 175-25-5
= 145 mm
Reinforcement
K =M/bd2fck
=13.4x10^6/(1000x145^2x25)
=0.0255
K = 0.60-0.182-0.21
No redistribution ,Therefore
=1
k =0.21
k>k
Compression reinforcement is not required
Z = (d/2)*(1+(1-3.53k)^0.5) 0.95d
= (145/2)*(1+(1-3.53*0.0255)^0.5) 0.95*145
= 141.66 > 137.75
Therefore
Z = 137.75
As = M/0.87fyk*Z
= 13.4*10^6/(0.87*500*137.75)
= 224 mm2/m
Provide T10 @ 200mm C/C (As pro. = 393mm2/m

Check for deflection (same method as two way slab)

Allowable span/d eff. = (l/d)*F1*F2*F3
= As req. /bd
For cantilevered slab
K = 0.4
o = (fck ^.5)/1000
= (25 ^.5)/1000
= 0.005
= 224/ (1000*145)
 = 0.00154
0 >
Then
l/d = K{11+[1.5*(fck^0.5) o/ ]+ 3.2*(fck^0.5)*[( 0/ )-1]^1.5}
= K{11+[1.5*(25^0.5)0.005/0.00154]+ 3.2*(25^0.5)*
*[(0.005/0.00154) - 1]^1.5}
= 35.69
Normal slab
F1 =1
Span is less than 7m
F2 =1
F3 = 310/s 1.5

s = (fyk/s)(As,req/As,prov)(SLS Loads / ULS loads)(1/)

= (fyd)(As,req/As,prov)(gk+ 2qk) /(G gk + Q qk)(1/)

= (500/1.15)(224/393)(4.375+0.3*4) /(1.35*4.375 + 1.5*4)(1/1)

= 116.1 N/mm2

F3 = 310/116.1

= 2.67 1.5

Hence,

F3 = 1.5

Allowable span/d eff. = 35.69*1*1*1.5

= 53.54
Actual span/ d eff. = 1500/145
= 10.34
Deflection check is ok

Wind Loads Calculations

Wind Load Calculations According to CP 3:Chapter V-2:1972
There are may code that are being used world wide to analyze strictures for wind action. CP
3: Chapter V is an old code used for calculate the wind loads on a structure. If we referred
new codes and compared them with this code, it does not show much of difference. However,
this code can not be used to analyse a structure for the dynamic actions. Wind induce
accelerations and its limitations can not be found with this code. For general purpose, this
code can be used.

Wind Pressure can be calculated from following equation.

P = CqA

Where C = Cpi -Cpe

q = Wind Pressure
A = Tributary Area

Wind Pressure is calculated considering the site wind speed.

q = kVz2

K is depends on the country. The value given in the code or other appropriate value can used.

We need to combine the wind pressure coefficients when loads are calculated. However, we
can not always combine the wind pressure coefficient obtained for windward and lever sides.
For example, when you are calculating wind pressure in a building, we have to consider the
internal pressure.

If we plan to apply loading separately for windward and leaverd sides desperately, we
calculate wind loading separately by combining each pressure coefficient with internal
pressure coefficient.

Internal pressure coefficient may vary. Generally it has fix values. It could be positive or
negative. Consider calculation of wind loading on windward side. Say external pressure
coefficient is +0.7 and internal pressure coefficient -0.3 and +0.2 (for a building with
negligible probability of occurring dominant openings in severe storm).
Then wind pressure coefficient will be as follows.
0.7 - (-0.3) = 1.0 or
0.7 - 0.2 = 0.7

Wind pressure can be calculated considering the both. Similarly for the other side pressure
coefficient can be calculated.
Say levered pressure coefficient is -0.5

-0.5 - (-0.3 = -0.2

-0.5 - 0.2 = -0.7

Now we can apply loading after calculating pressure.

Case 01
Pressure coefficient Windward 1.0
Pressure coefficient Leaved -0.2

Case 02
Pressure coefficient Windward 0.7
Pressure coefficient Leaved -0.7

So we can calculate the wind pressure on each face of the structure.

Lap and Anchorage

Lapping and Anchoring of Reinforcements

Knowing the correct lap lengths and anchorage lengths is very important when
reinforcements are detail. In adequate anchorages and lapping has led many failures of
structures in the world. This is mainly due to lack of attention to small things that many do
not considered as important facts.

According to the BS 8110 Part 01 1997, we can do our detailing in very simple manner
without making our life complicated. It has given a simplified table that can be applied to
most of the cases. However, when we do specific details, it is better to go head with the first
principles rather relay on the simplified table given in the code. Code also provides the
method to calculate the bond length requirements. We can use either method for detailing the
reinforcements.

Following table can be used to find the lap and anchorage length according to the types of
bars are used and the grade of the concrete.

This table is most commonly used by the details due to the simplicity. If we know the types
of the reinforcement is used and the grade of the concrete, we can find the lap and anchorage
lengths.

For example, assume we are used deformed type 2 bars and grade 30 concrete.
According to the table
Compression anchorage length = 32 times bar diameter
Tension anchorage length = 40 times bar diameter

Similarly, we can find the lap and anchorage lengths from grade 25 to grade 40 concrete.