NEET UG Biology: Std.

12th Curriculum
Written according to final syllabus of NEET-UG for National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test
(NEET) for admission to MBBS Courses across the country

Prof. Mamta R. Solanki Prof. Lalita Ghotikar

(M.Sc., B.Ed., Nagpur) (M. Sc. M.Ed.)
Ex. R. J. Jhunjhunwala College, Ghatkopar Ramniranjan Jhunjunwala College

Dr. M. D. Gangakhedkar Miss. Sonali Phanase

(M.Sc., PhD., D.H.E.) (M.Sc., B.Ed.)
Vivekanand College, Aurangabad Mumbai University

Miss. Amita Morvekar

(M.Sc., B.Ed.)
Mumbai University

Salient Features:
9 Exhaustive coverage of MCQs subtopic wise
9 Precise theory for every topic
9 Neat, Labelled and authentic diagrams
9 In all 5555 MCQs including questions from
various competitive exams
9 Hints provided wherever relevant
9 Additional information relevant to the concepts
9 Simple and lucid language
9 Self evaluative in nature

Target PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

Mumbai, Maharashtra
Tel: 022 6551 6551
Website : www.targetpublications.in
www.targetpublications.org
email : mail@targetpublications.in

Target Publications Pvt Ltd.

First Edition : December 2012

Price : ` 460/-

Printed at:
India Printing Works
42, G.D. Ambekar Marg,
Wadala,
Mumbai 400 031

Published by
Target PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.
Shiv Mandir Sabhagriha,
Mhatre Nagar, Near LIC Colony,
Mithagar Road,
Mulund (E),
Mumbai - 400 081
Off.Tel: 022 6551 6551
email: mail@targetpublications.in
 PREFACE

Biology is the study of living beings. Life abounds all around us and the progress in this subject as directly
resulted in a better, healthier lifestyle for us. We should study and understand Biology to understand and
appreciate the mystery called Life at a philosophical level and to score good marks at a rather practical
level.

Targets NEET Biology (Vol. I) has been compiled according to the notified syllabus for NEET-UG,
which in turn has been framed after reviewing various state syllabi as well as the ones prepared by CBSE,
NCERT and COBSE. In the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET), 50% weightage is given to
Biology, as there are 90 questions based upon Biology (Botany and Zoology) out of the total 180 questions.
Targets NEET Biology (Vol. I) comprises of exhaustive notes as well as a wide range of Multiple
Choice Questions. The MCQs in each chapter are adequately filled with distracters to assess the students
conceptual understanding of the subject. The level of difficulty associated with these MCQs is on lines with
that of various competitive examinations like CBSE, AIIMS, CPMT, PMT, AFMC, JIPMER, etc. This
would help the students to test their knowledge on a broader perspective.
Each chapter is provided with an all exhaustive relevant theory presented in a simple and lucid manner
thatd help the students to grasp the subject in full measure.
Weve included every chapter in the book after a thorough analysis and the amount of weightage given to
every topic is according to the NEET syllabus. This enhances the practical value of this book to aspiring
students.

This edition of Targets NEET Biology (Vol. I) is created with an absolute focus on theory as well as
important tricks and fundamentals to solve tricky questions. A number of new and useful questions have
been added.

Lastly, we would like to be grateful to the publishers of this book for their care and persistent efforts in
bringing out this book. Without their faith and support this book would have never reached the students in
time.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully
Publisher
 Contents
No. Topic Name Page No.
1 Diversity of Living Organisms 1

2 Five Kingdom Classification 18

3 Kingdom Plantae 51

4 Kingdom Animalia 92

5 Morphology and Modification in Plants 143

6 Animal Tissues and Study of an Insect 219

7 Cell Structure and Functions 277

8 Chemical Constituents of Cell 314

9 Cell Division 343

10 Transport in Plants 363

11 Mineral Nutrition 418

12 Photosynthesis 445

13 Respiration 490

14 Plant Growth and Development 517

15 Digestion and Absorption 550

16 Breathing and Respiration 595

17 Body Fluids and Circulation 632

18 Excretory Products and their Elimination 681

19 Locomotion and Movement 721

20 Neural Control and Co-ordination 768

21 Chemical Co-ordination and Regulation 830

22 Mnemonics 872

23 Scientists names and discoveries 874

 TARGET Publications NEET: Biology (Vol. I)

09
9.0 Introduction
Cell division

Cell division
Prevost and Dumans (1824) first to study cell division during the cleavage of zygote of frog.
Nagelli (1846) first to propose that new cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells.
Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
There are two types of cell division:Mitosis and Meiosis.
Cell cycle
Howard and Pelc (1953) first time described it.
A series of changes or sequential events which occur
regularly in a dividing cell is called cell cycle.
The cell cycle includes the period from the beginning
of one cell division to the beginning of the next cell
divison.
The time interval between two successive divisions
is called generation time.
The cell cycle consists of two main phases i.e.
i. Interphase or I phase includes G1, S, G2 stages.
Cell Cycle
ii. Mitosis or M phase represents only a small part of
life cycle of a cell i.e. about an hour in most cells.
i. Interphase or I-phase
Resting phase.
Preparatory and synthetic phase of cell division.
During this phase, the cell is metabolically active.
An active phase for replication of DNA and synthesis of histone proteins.
This phase also involves synthesis of energy-rich compounds to supply energy.
The interphase is further divided into three subphases:
a. G1 phase
b. S phase
c. G2 phase
G1 phase:
First phase.
Also called the postmitotic gap phase.
The cell grows in size due to synthesis of RNA, nucleotides, amino acids and proteins.
In some cases cell may not divide and it enters a quiescent stage called G0 phase. It is also called as
restriction point.
S phase: Centriole
It is synthetic phase.
Nucleolus
It occurs between G1 phase and G2 phase.
Replication of DNA takes place during this Chromatin
stage. Centriole
DNA content doubles and a duplicate set of Cytoplasm
chromosomes is formed. Mitochondria
G2 phase:
Second phase also called the pre-mitotic gap phase. Endoplasmic
Synthesis of spindle proteins and RNA. Reticulum
The cell prepares to enter mitotic phase. Cell of Interphase
Duplication of cell organelles also takes place.
343
Cell division
 NEET: Biology (Vol. I) TARGET Publications

ii. Mitosis or M-phase

Shortest phase in the cell cycle.
A cell divides to form two daughter cells, identical to each other and also to the mother cell.
The division of nucleus and cytoplasm occurs only once.
During mitosis the number of chromosomes remains the same.
Mitosis can take place in both haploid and diploid cells.
Also called;
Somatic cell division: Cell division results in the formation of somatic body cells.
Equational division: Mitosis maintains chromosome number in daughter cells equal to that of the
mother cell.

9.1 Mitosis
The term Mitosis was coined by Walther Flemming, a German biologist who for the first time observed
dividing cell in 1878.
Mitosis takes place in two stages: Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis
Two phases of mitosis

i. Karyokinesis ii. Cytokinesis

a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase In animal cell by cleavage In plant cell by cell
d. Telophase of cytoplasm plate formation

i. Karyokinesis (Nuclear division):

Nucleus undergoes a series of changes to form two daughter nuclei.
Various stages of Karyokinesis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
a. Prophase (pro=first; phasis=stage):
Longest phase of mitosis.
During early prophase, chromosomes become short and thick due to condensation and coiling.
It appears as single-stranded (monad chromosome), but by the end of prophase, it appears
double-stranded (dyad chromosome).
It consists of two identical chromatids joined by a centromere.
In late prophase the nuclear membrane and nucleolus begin to disappear.
The centrioles (in animal cells) start moving in opposite direction, till they occupy polar
position.
Cell membrane Centriole
Centriole
Centromere
Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane
Nucleus
Chromosomes Chromosomes
Nucleolus (with two chromatids)
Cytoplasm
Nucleolus
(A) Early Prophase (B) Late Prophase
344
Cell division
 TARGET Publications NEET: Biology (Vol. I)
b. Metaphase (meta = middle; phase = stage): Centriole
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus
completely disappear.
Spindle fibres
The short and thick chromosomes get
organised along the equatorial plane of Chromosomes
the cell. at the equator
Formation of spindle fibres takes place. Centromere
Spindle fibres are fine thread like
structures formed by the proteins called
tubulin. Metaphase
Tubulin is organized into protein units called microtubules.
Spindle fibres are made up of microtubules.
The spindle fibres are of two types.
Continuous fibres or nonchromosomal fibres: Fibres extend from pole to pole.
Discontinuous or chromosomal fibres: Fibres extend from pole to centromere.
Metaphase is the best stage to count the number of chromosomes during mitosis.
c. Anaphase (ana = up; phasis = stage):
It is the shortest phase of karyokinesis in
which the centromere divides into two, Chromosomal fibre
resulting in the separation of Continuous fibre
chromatids.
Each separated chromatid is now called Chromatids move apart
(Now called daughter
the daughter chromosome.
chromosomes)
The sister chromatids repel each other. Interzonal fibre
The chromosomal spindle fibres
undergo contraction and pull the
daughter chromosomes to the respective Anaphase
poles to form two groups of
chromosomes.
d. Telophase (telo = end; phasis = stage):
The separated daughter chromosomes undergo uncoiling to form long thin chromosomes which
become indistinct to form chromatin network.
The nuclear membrane begins to reappear around each group of chromosomes to form a
daughter nucleus.
The spindle fibres disappear while nucleolus reappears in each newly formed nucleus.

Centriole

Nuclear membrane

Constriction in cell
membrane

Chromosomes

Nucleolus

Telophase
345
Cell division
 NEET: Biology (Vol. I) TARGET Publications

ii. Cytokinesis:
Cytokinesis:Division of cytoplasm of the mother cell.
Cytokinesis starts at the end of telophase.
In animal cells: Cytokinesis occurs by furrowing of plasma membrane (cleavage).
In animal cell, cytokinesis takes place by cleavage constriction of cell cytoplasm. It begins
peripherally and centripetally.
In plant cells: Cytokinesis takes place by formation of cell plate
Cell plate is first laid down in centre and then proceeds towards periphery.
Vesicles provided by Golgi apparatus join to form phragmoplasts, which further join to form cell
plate.
Cytokinesis results in formation of two daughter cells.
Cell plate

Furrow in cell
Cell
Membrane Cell wall
membrane
(Middle lamella)

Two daughter cells

Animal cell Plant cell
Cytokinesis in an animal cell and a plant

Significance of Mitosis:
Growth and development of multicellular organisms takes place by forming new somatic cells.
It maintains surface: volume ratio of the cell.
It maintains chromosome number of parent cell in the daughter cells.
It plays a significant role in the reproduction of unicellular organisms.
It plays an important role in healing and repairs by producing new cells.
Mitosis distributes and carries hereditary materials or genes to the next generation.

Additional Information
Amitosis: Nucleus
Discovered by Remark.
No synthesis of spindle fibres.
No condensation of chromatin fibres.
No disappearing of nuclear membrane.
Occurrence:
In prokaryotes,in yeast cells, in eukaryotes like Amoeba, Plasma Daughter
meganucleus of Paramoecium, endosperm cells, foetal membrane Cells
membrane cells, etc. Amitosis division
Mechanism: Two steps;
Karyokinesis (karyon = nucleus; kinesis = movement): Nucleus divides into two.
Cytokinesis (kytos=cell; kinesis= movement):Cytoplasm divides and two cells are formed.
Unequal distribution of chromatin in the daughter cells, leads to structural and functional
irregularities.
346
Cell division
 TARGET Publications NEET: Biology (Vol. I)
Astral Mitosis / Centric mitosis
It is seen in cells of most higher animals and lower plants.
The mitosis in which asters are formed from the centrioles is called astral mitosis.
Centrioles present in them move towards the poles and radiate fibers in the form of asters.
Anastral Mitosis
It is seen in cells of most higher plants and some invertebrate animals. No asters are formed.
Amphiastral mitosis
The mitosis in which asters are formed at the poles of spindle body is called amphiastral mitosis.
The most suitable plant material to study mitosis is root tip.

9.2 Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division which involves reduction from the diploid number of chromosomes (2n) to
a haploid number (n).
Meiosis is associated with formation of spores (in plants and fungi) or formation of gametes (in plants and
animals).
In meiosis, chromosomes duplicate only once but the cell divides twice.
It results in formation of four haploid cells (e.g. in plants, diploid pollen mother cell undergoes meiosis to
form four haploid pollen grains). Hence it is also called reduction division.
First demonstrated by Van Benden.
Described by Winiwarter.
Term meiosis was given by Farmer and Moore.
Term meiosis derived from Greek word meioum=to reduce.
The meiotic division involves two divisions of cell.
A. Meiosis-I or reduction division B. Meiosis-II or equational division

Various stages in Meiosis

i. Meiosis I Leptotene
Zygotene
Prophase I
Metaphase I Pachytene
Anaphase I Diplotene
Telophase I
Diakinesis
ii. Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
i. Meiosis-I or reduction division
MeiosisI is completed through two stages i.e. interphase and karyokinesis.
Interphase:
It is similar to that seen in mitosis.
Karyokinesis:
It shows the following phases:
a. Prophase-I:
Most complicated and longest phase of meiotic division.
Further divided into five sub-phases viz: Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and
Diakinesis.
347
Cell division
 NEET: Biology (Vol. I) TARGET Publications

1. Leptotene or leptonema or thin-thread stage:

Leptonema (lepto = thin, nema = thread).
Nucleus enlarges and the nuclear membrane and nucleolus start disintegrating.
The chromosomes become prominent, long and appear as thin filamentous structures
called chromonemata.

Centriole

Chromosomes

Centromere

Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Leptotene
2. Zygotene or zygonema or yolked threaded stage:
Zygonema (Zygo = paired, nema = thread)
Homologous chromosomes coming from two parents begin to pair lengthwise(It is called
synapsis).
The pair is now referred to as bivalents.
Each bivalent is formed of one paternal and one maternal chromosome.
Under electron microscope, a filamentous ladder like nucleoproteinous complex, called
synaptonemal are seen.
Synaptonemal complex is seen between the homologous chromosomes.
The centriole divides into two daughter centrioles, which migrate to the opposite poles of
the cell.
Homologous pair
of chromosomes

Centromere
Nucleolus

Bivalent
(Synaptonemal complex)
Zygotene
3. Pachytene or thick-thread stage:
Pachynema (pachy = thick, nema = thread).
Chromosomes start lengthwise contraction and become short and thick.
Each of the homologous chromosomes divides longitudinally into two chromatids.
The bivalent is now composed of four chromatids and is known as tetrad.
Non-sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes cross each other.
It occurs at one or more points called chiasmata.
(Chiasmata: X-shaped point formed due to crossing of two non-sister chromatids)
The exchange of equal segments of non-sister chromatids takes place. This is known as
crossing over.

Crossing over in
homologous
chromosomes

Disappearing
nucleolus
Pachytene
348
Cell division
 TARGET Publications NEET: Biology (Vol. I)

Two homologous chromosomes before meiosis

Chromosome doubling as it forms chromatids

Exchange of portion of homologous chromosome

Two chromosomes pull apart at anaphase

Four spermatids

Diagrammatic representation of crossing over

4. Diplotene or diplonema or double-thread stage:

Diplonema (Diplo = two, nema = thread).
The chromatids start repelling each other and begin to separate (repulsion).
However, the chromatids remain attached at the point called chiasma.

Chiasmata
Chromosome with two
chromatids

Diplotene
5. Diakinesis:
Chromosomes shorten due to coiling.
Followed by terminalisation.
(Terminalisation: Movement of chiasma towards the ends of the chromosomes).
The nucleolus and nuclear membrane completely disappear and spindle fibres begin to
appear.

Nuclear membrane

Diakinesis
349
Cell division
 NEET: Biology (Vol. I) TARGET Publications

b. Metaphase I: Homologous pair

The spindle formation is completed
Now the bivalents move and Centromere
arrange themselves on the Centriole
equatorial plane.
Each chromosome pair is attached
by spindle fibres at the centromere. Spindle Fibers
Cell membrane
Metaphase I
c. Anaphase I:
Two homologous chromosomes
start moving towards the opposite
poles due to the contraction of the One chromosome
spindle fibres. of homologous pair
However, the centromere does not
divide so that chromatids remain
together.
At the end of Anaphase-I, each
pole of the cell possesses half the
number of chromosomes.
This phenomenon is called Anaphase I
disjunction.
d. Telophase I:
The chromosomes become
elongated and indistinct.
The spindle fibres disappear.
The nucleolus and nuclear Centriole
membrane reappear forming two
daughter nuclei.
Cytokinesis - I: Nuclear
The plasma membrane constricts membrane
in the middle in animal cell while
a cell plate is formed in plant cell Nucleolus
to form two haploid daughter Telophase I
cells.
Each daughter cell contains a
single nucleus with a single set of
chromosomes.
ii. Meiosis II or homotypic division:
Interkinesis: A short resting period between
Meiosis-I and Meiosis-II.
Meiosis-II is divided into two sub-stages i.e.
karyokinesis and cytokinesis.
Meiosis-II is similar to mitosis
The karyokinesis involves prophase-II,
metaphase-II, anaphase-II and telophase-II.
a. Prophase II:
During this phase chromosomes with
chromatids become very distinct. Prophase -II
The nucleolus and nuclear
membrane disappear.
350
Cell division
 TARGET Publications NEET: Biology (Vol. I)
b. Metaphase II:
Chromosomes get arranged on the equatorial plane.
Spindle fibres appear between poles and centromeres.

Spindle fibres

Equatorial plate

Metaphase - II
c. Anaphase II:
The centromere of each chromosome divides and chromatids are separated.
Each chromatid is now called daughter chromosome.
They move towards opposite poles by shortening of the spindle fibres attached to the centromere.

Chromatids
move apart

Centromere

Anaphase II

d. Telophase II:
The daughter chromosomes at each poles become indistinct.
The nucleolus reappears.
The daughter chromosomes form chromatin network.
Nuclear membrane is formed around each group of chromosomes forming two daughter nuclei.
Centriole
Chromosome of daughter
cell

Nuclear membrane

Nucleolus

Telophase II and Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis - II:
Telophase-II is followed by division of cytoplasm of each cell to form two daughter cells.
At the end of Meiosis-II four haploid daughter cells are produced.
351
Cell division
 NEET: Biology (Vol. I) TARGET Publications

Diploid cell (2n)

Paternal chromosome Maternal chromosome

Duplication of chromosomes

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Gametes (haploid)

(n) (n) (n) (n)

Diagrammatic representation of Meiosis

Types of meiosis:
The cells in which meiosis takes place are called meiocytes.
In animals meiocytes are of two types microsporocytes and macrosporocytes. Depending upon the stage
when meiosis occurs, there are three types;
i. Gametic meiosis:
It takes place in most of animals during formation of gametes (results in diplontic life cycle).
ii. Zygotic meiosis:
In some lower plants meiosis takes place in zygote and the resulting organism is haploid (results in
haplontic life cycle).
It takes place in algae, fungi, bryophytes, protozoans.
iii. Sporogenetic meiosis:
In plants meiosis takes place at the time of spore formation (Microspores and megaspores).
Spores produce a new gametophyte.
Gametes are produced by gametophytes.
Two distinct multicellular phases- haploid and diploid, are present in these organisms. This is
diplohaplontic life cycle.
It takes place in pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms.

Significance of meiosis:
i. Most significant role of meiosis is that it maintains haploid phase.
ii. Produces haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
iii. Produces new combination of genes due to crossing over producing genetic variability. This helps in
evolution and improvement of the races.
iv. Failure of meiosis leads to formation of diploid gametes which on fusion form tetraploids and in
successive generation 8n,16n conditions (polyploidy).
352
Cell division
 TARGET Publications NEET: Biology (Vol. I)
Additional Information
i. Main dividing zones in adults are : Germ cells of gonads,stratum germinativum of epidermis and
bone marrow of animals; meristem and cambial cells of plants.
ii. Some cells of adult animal do not divide at all e.g. heart cells,nerve cells, muscle fibre cells,etc.
iii. In some organisms (e.g.liquid endosperm in coconut),karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis,thus
producing a multinucleated syncitium.
iv. Duration of cell cycle varies from organism to organism and also with cell type.
v. In mitosis, time taken in different phases of karyokinesis:
vi. For prophase: 2-3% of total time (It is the longest period)
For Metaphase 1% of total time
For anaphase Less than 0.5 % of total time (It is shortest period)
For Telophase 1-1.5 % of total time.
vii. Cell cycle duration 20 minutes in bacteria, 20 hours in root tip of onion, 23 hrs in yeast, 24 hrs
man.
viii. Mitotic index: Ratio of dividing and non-dividing cells.
ix. Mitotic poison (The agents which inhibit cell division)
e.g. Colchicine
It is an alkaloid used in plant breeding for doubling the chromosome number. It is extracted from the
corms of Colchicum autumnale. The alkaloid does not allow the formation of spindle because it
prevents the assemble of microtubules. It is therefore called as mitotic posion. It does not inhibit the
replication of chromosome so the number of chromosomes increase and it is called polyploidy.
Azides and cyanides: Inhibit prophase.
Mustard gas: Agglutinates the chromosomes.
Granosan: Another mitotic poison like colchicine.

5. A cell cycle consists of

Multiple Choice Questions (A) mitosis and meiosis
(B) prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
9.0 Introduction telophase
(C) G1, S and G2 phase
1. Cell cycle was discovered by (D) interphase and mitosis
(A) Van Benden
(B) Robert Brown 6. During G1 phase, the cell synthesises
(C) Howard and Pelc (A) proteins
(D) Strasburger (B) DNA
(C) both (A) and (B)
2. Cell cycle includes
(D) spindle proteins
(A) Cell growth (B) DNA synthesis
(C) Mitosis (D) All of these 7. Out of the following, which is called quiescent
stage?
3 Regarding the sequence of cell cycle, which
one is correct? (A) G1 phase (B) G0 phase
[MP PMT 1998; AIIMS 1999; CPMT 2002] (C) G2 phase (D) Mitotic phase
(A) G1, G2, S and M
8. G0 state of cells in eukaryotic cell cycle
(B) S, G1, G2, and M denotes [AIEEE 2003]
(C) G1, S, G2 and M
(A) check point before entering the next
(D) G2, S, G1, and M phase
4. The stage between two successive mitotic (B) pausing in the middle of a cycle to cope
divisions is called as with a temporary delay
(A) prophase (B) telophase (C) death of a cell
(C) metaphase (D) interphase (D) exit of cells from cell cycle
353
Cell division
 NEET: Biology (Vol. I) TARGET Publications

9. At G1 stage which phenomenon takes place? 18. The shortest phase in the cell cycle is
[AFMC 1995] (A) G1 phase (B) G2 phase
(A) DNA synthesis (C) S phase (D) mitosis
(B) RNA synthesis
19. Which statement is true about mitosis?
(C) Reverse transcription
(A) During mitosis the number of
(D) All of the above
chromosomes remains the same.
10. The decision for cell division occurs at (B) Mitosis can take place only in haploid
(A) S phase (B) G1 phase cells.
(C) G2 phase (D) M phase (C) Mitosis can take place in both haploid
and diploid cells.
11. G0 phase occurs
(D) Both (A) and (C)
(A) after G2 phase (B) after S phase
(C) before G2 phase (D) before S phase 20. Mitosis involves
(A) reduction of chromosome number to
12. DNA replication takes place in or DNA
half in daughter cells
molecule of each chromosome become double
in (B) reduction of chromosome number of
half during metaphase
[CPMT 1991, 2001; BHU 1981;
CBSE PMT 1996, 2001; RPMT 1997; (C) same number of chromosomes in
daughter cells
Bihar MDAT 1992;Pb. PMT 1999;
(D) doubling of chromosome number at the
MP PMT 1999, 2001, 02]
end
(A) G1 phase (B) G2 phase
(C) S phase (D) Mitotic phase 21. Diploid somatic cells divide by
(A) mitosis (B) meiosis
13. DNA and histone proteins are synthesized
during the following phase of cell cycle (C) amitosis (D) both (A) and (B)
[DPMT 2004; CBSE PMT 2005] 22. Mitosis is the process by which eukaryotic
(A) S phase (B) G2 phase cells
(C) G1 phase (D) None of these [Pune CET 1998; CBSE PMT 2000;
14. During which phase are proteins for spindle BHU 2000]
fibres synthesized? (A) expose the genes for protein synthesis
(A) G1 phase (B) G2 phase (B) become specialized in structure and
(C) Metaphase (D) Anaphase function
(C) multiply
15. G2 phase is also called (D) grow
(A) post-mitotic gap phase
(B) synthetic phase 9.1 Mitosis
(C) pre mitotic gap phase
(D) only division 23. The term mitosis was introduced by
(A) Watson and Crick
16. In the somatic cell cycle, [CBSE PMT 2004] (B) Walther Flemming
(A) a short interphase is followed by a long (C) Strasburger
mitotic phase (D) Van Benden
(B) G2 phase follows mitotic phase
(C) in G1 phase DNA content is double the 24. Mitosis occurs in
amount of DNA present in the original (A) prokaryotes (B) eukaryotes
cell (C) all organisms (D) none
(D) DNA replication takes place in S-phase
25. During cell division chromosome attaches
17. Mitosis is also called as with spindles by [Manipal 2005]
(A) somatic cell division (A) Kinetochore
(B) equational division (B) Centrosome
(C) binary division (C) Centriole
(D) both (A) and (B) (D) Secondary constriction
354
Cell division
 TARGET Publications NEET: Biology (Vol. I)
26. At the end of which stage, do cells under 36. Chromosomes move to the respective poles
microscope do not show Golgi bodies, due to the contraction of
nucleolus and nuclear membrane? (A) inter-zonal fibres
(A) Prophase (B) chromosomal fibres
(B) Metaphase (C) inter-polar fibres
(C) Anaphase (D) astral rays
(D) Telophase
37. The best stage to count the number of
27. Karyokinesis is the division of
chromosomes during mitosis is or structure of
(A) nucleus (B) cytoplasm
chromosomes can be best seen at
(C) cell wall (D) pollengrain
[BHU 2001; CPMT 2000; CBSE PMT 2004]
28. Nuclear membrane begins to disappear during (A) prophase (B) metaphase
(A) metaphase (B) early prophase (C) anaphase (D) telophase
(C) late prophase (D) mid prophase
38. In mitosis the movement of chromosomes
29. During prophase
requires [CPMT 1993]
(A) condensation of cell plate is completed
(A) presence of centromere
(B) chromatin network condenses
(C) chromatin network is organized along (B) plasmalemma
equatorial plane of the cell (C) spindle fibres
(D) chromosome uncoil to form chromatin (D) nucleotides
network
39. The shortest phase in mitosis is
30. Chromosome undergo dehydration and coiling (A) prophase (B) metaphase
during (C) anaphase (D) telophase
(A) cytokinesis (B) prophase
(C) metaphase (D) telophase 40. Which is NOT TRUE for anaphase of mitosis?
(A) Centromere divides.
31. Duplicated centriole move to opposite poles of
(B) Spindle fibres contract.
a dividing _______ cell during _______ of the
cell cycle. (C) Nucleolus reappears.
(A) plant, metaphase (D) Chromosomes move to opposite poles.
(B) plant, interphase 41. The stage of mitosis in which chromosomes
(C) prokaryotic, interphase begin to separate and move to the two poles of
(D) animal, prophase the dividing cell is called
32. The spindle fibres arise from (A) prophase (B) metaphase
(A) centrioles (B) nucleolus (C) anaphase (D) telophase
(C) mitochondria (D) centromere
42. ______ is also called migratory phase.
33. Spindle fibres are formed of (A) Prophase (B) Metaphase
(A) microfilaments (C) Anaphase (D) Telophase
(B) microtubules
(C) intermediate filaments 43. Two poles have identical collection of
(D) microvilli chromosomes during
34. Microtubules are involved in (A) anaphase (B) metaphase
(A) cell division (C) prophase (D) telophase
(B) muscle contraction 44. Movement of chromosomes during anaphase
(C) DNA formation is
(D) formation of cell plate
(A) dependent on association of spindle
35. During metaphase, chromosomes fibres with kinetochore
(A) become short and thick (B) independent of spindle fibres
(B) get arranged at the equator (C) due to excess of ATP formed in
(C) duplicate and divide mitochondria
(D) move to the respective poles (D) due to cytoplasmic streaming
355
Cell division
 NEET: Biology (Vol. I) TARGET Publications

45. Reappearance of nuclear membrane, 54. The most suitable plant material to study
disappearance of spindle fibres, formation of mitosis is
chromatin network are the characters of (A) root tip (B) anther
(A) prophase (B) telophase (C) stem cells (D) cork
(C) metaphase (D) anaphase
55. Anastral mitosis is common in
46. In mitosis, telophase indicates (A) invertebrates
(A) first stage of mitosis (B) vertebrates
(B) middle stage of mitosis (C) both (A) and (B)
(C) up stage of mitosis (D) higher plants
(D) end stage of mitosis
56. In higher animals, _____ type of mitosis is
47. In animal cell, cytokinesis takes place by seen.
(A) formation of cell plate (A) astral (B) amphiastral
(B) furrowing of plasma membrane (C) anastral (D) acentric
(C) either (A) or (B)
(D) both (A) and (B) 57. In the meristematic cell of shoot apex, division
will take place by
48. Cytokinesis in plant cell takes place by (A) mitosis (B) meiosis
(A) furrowing (C) amitosis (D) any of these.
(B) cell plate formation
(C) any one of (A) or (B) 58. How many mitotic divisions are needed for a
(D) none of these single cell to make 128 cells
[CBSE PMT 1997; AFMC 1999]
49. Which of the following position is the base to (A) 7 (B) 14
define the formation place of cell plate at the (C) 28 (D) 32
end of nuclear division? [AMU 2005]
(A) Microtubules 59. In which type of cell division does the nuclear
(B) Vesicles membrane remain throughout the division?
(C) Endoplasmic reticulum (A) Amitosis (B) Mitosis
(D) Golgi body (C) Meiosis (D) Binary fission
50. Phragmoplast is precursor of 9.2 Meiosis
[MP PMT 1994; MHCET 2001;
Orissa JEE 2004] 60. Term meiosis was coined by
(A) cell plate (A) Leeuwenhoek
(B) chloroplast (B) J. B. Farmer and J.E. Moore
(C) chromoplast (C) Beadle and Tatum
(D) colourless plastid (D) Hooke and Brown
51. Old and worn out tissues are replaced due to 61. Meiosis involves _______ nuclear division but
(A) mitosis (B) meiosis _________ chromosomal division.
(C) both (A) and (B) (D) none of these (A) one, one (B) one, two
(C) two, two (D) two, one
52. The diploid somatic cell divides by
(A) mitosis and meiosis 62. Meiosis is also known as
(B) meiosis only (A) equational division
(C) mitosis only (B) direct cell division
(D) amitosis (C) reductional division
53. The main significance of mitosis is that (D) only division
(A) it causes genetic variation 63. Meiosis can be observed in
(B) it causes evolution [CPMT 1994; MP PMT 1996]
(C) it reduces the number of chromosomes (A) root tips
(D) it helps in growth and multiplication in (B) cambium
organisms (C) anther (PMC)
(D) pollen grains
356
Cell division
 TARGET Publications NEET: Biology (Vol. I)
64. Chromosome number is restored by 74. Chromonemata start associating into bivalent
(A) mitosis (B) meiosis chromosomes during
(C) crossing over (D) interphase [MP PMT 1997; J&K CET 2002]
65. Meiosis is associated with (A) Zygotene (B) Leptotene
(A) formation of spores (C) Pachytene (D) Diplotene
(B) formation of gametes 75. The crossing over takes place in the ___ stage.
(C) both (A) and (B)
(A) leptotene
(D) neither (A) nor (B)
(B) zygotene
66. Meiosis is found at [MP PMT 2005] (C) pachytene
(A) shoot apex (D) diplotene
(B) reproductive part
(C) leaves bud 76. Genetic crossing over usually takes place
(D) vegetative during
(A) meiosis I
67. ________ is the first stage of prophase I
(B) mitosis
(A) Pachytene
(B) Leptotene (C) meiosis II
(C) Diplotene (D) mitosis and meiosis I
(D) Zygotene 77. Points at which crossing over has taken place
68. The cytogenetic event/s which occurs during between homologous chromosomes are called
prophase I is (A) chiasmata
(A) synapsis (B) synaptonemal complexes
(B) crossing-over (C) centromeres
(C) chiasma formation (D) telomere
(D) all of these
78. The chromosome continue to shorten and
69. Synapsis occurs in thicken during
(A) leptotene (B) pachytene (A) leptotene
(C) zygotene (D) diplotene
(B) zygotene
70. Bivalents are formed during (C) pachytene
(A) leptotene (B) pachytene (D) diplotene
(C) zygotene (D) diplotene
79. Advantage of crossing over is that it causes
71. Bivalents in meiosis are [RPMT 2001] (A) linkage (B) stability
(A) tetrad
(C) inbreeding (D) variations
(B) pairs of non-homologous chromosomes
(C) pairs of several chromatids 80. Variations appear during meiosis due to
(D) pairs of homozygous chromosomes (A) chiasmata formation
72. Crossing over that results in genetic (B) crossing over
recombination in higher organisms occurs (C) both (A) and (B)
between (D) linkages
(A) two daughter nuclei
(B) two different bivalents 81. Pachytene means
(C) sister chromatids of a bivalent (A) thick thread (B) crossing
(D) non-sister chromatids of a bivalent (C) breaking (D) coiling

73. When, during the meiotic division, do the 82. Which of the following events take place
homologous chromosomes pair with each during diplotene stage of prophase I of
other? [MP PMT 1996] meiosis?
(A) Leptotene (A) Compaction of chromosomes
(B) Pachytene (B) Formation of synapsis
(C) Zygotene (C) Process of crossing over
(D) MetaphaseI (D) Process of repulsion
357
Cell division
 NEET: Biology (Vol. I) TARGET Publications

83. Correct sequence of various stage of prophase, 91. Terminalization occurs in which stage?
I are [AFMC 1995]
(A) leptotene, pachytene, zygotene, (A) Pachytene (B) Diplotene
diakinesis, diplotene (C) Zygotene (D) Diakinesis
(B) pachytene, leptotene, diakinesis,
zygotene, diplotene 92. The number of chromosomes after Ist phase of
(C) leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, meiotic division [CPMT 1992, 94]
diplotene, diakinesis (A) remain unchanged
(D) zygotene, pachytene, leptotene, (B) become doubled
diakinesis, diplotene (C) become halved
(D) none of the above
84. Movement of chiasma towards ends of
chromosomes is called 93. Which of the following is present between
(A) synapsis (B) disjunction meiosis I and meiosis II?
(C) crossing over (D) terminalization (A) Cytokinesis (B) Prophase II
(C) Interkinesis (D) Telophase II
85. During cell division, sometimes there will be
failure of separation of sister chromatids. This 94. Meiosis II is similar to
event is called [Kerala PMT 2004] (A) amitosis (B) mitosis
(A) Interference (C) meiosis I (D) karyokinesis
(B) Complementation
95. Meiosis- II is also called
(C) Coincidence
(A) equational division
(D) Non-disjunction
(B) unequal division
86. At the end of anaphase I each pole of cell has (C) reduction division
(A) doubled the number of chromosome (D) partial division
(B) half the number of chromosomes
(C) same number of chromosomes 96. In meiosis, the centromere divides during
(D) tripled the number of chromosomes [MP PMT 1997; 2001; BVP 2002]
(A) Prophase-I
87. In meiosis haploid condition is maintained by (B) Metaphase-I
which stage? (C) Anaphase-I
(A) Anaphase I (B) Anaphase II (D) Anaphase-II
(C) Metaphase I (D) Metaphase II
97. How many meiotic divisions are required to
88. Disjunction is produce 200 pollen grains?
(A) separation of homologous chromosomes (A) 50 (B) 100
at anaphase I (C) 200 (D) 400
(B) incompatibility of genes
(C) modification of gene action by non- 98. How many meiotic division would be required
allelic genes to produce 101 female gametophytes in an
(D) crossing over between two homologous angiosperm? [Pb. PMT 1997]
chromosomes (A) 101 (B) 26
(C) 127 (D) None of these
89. Poleward movement of dyads occurs in
(A) anaphase of mitosis 99. How many reduction divisions are necessary
(B) anaphase I for the formation of 200 grains of wheat ?
(C) anaphase II [MHCET 2002]
(D) all of these (A) 250 (B) 150
(C) 200 (D) 360
90. In meiosis I, the centromere
(A) divides between metaphase and anaphase 100. Out of the following which is NOT a correct
(B) divides between anaphase and pair?
interphase (A) Amitosis Germ cells
(C) divides but daughter chromosomes do (B) Mitosis Equational division
not separate (C) Meiosis Recombination
(D) does not divide at all (D) Centriole Animal cell
358
Cell division
 TARGET Publications NEET: Biology (Vol. I)
101. The role of meiosis is [AFMC 2002] 109. In which type of cell division spindle
(A) formation of gametes formation does not occur?
(B) bringing haplophase (A) Mitosis (B) Meiosis
(C) bringing diplophase (C) Endomitosis (D) None of the above
(D) completing life cycle
110. Mitosis and meiosis take place respectively in
102. Four daughter cells formed after meiosis are [AMU 1991]
[MP PMT 2001] (A) meristem and gametangia
(A) genetically similar (B) gametangia and meristem
(B) genetically different (C) permanent tissues and secretory tissues
(C) anucleate (D) secretory tissues and permanent tissues
(D) multinucleate
111. The number of chromatids in a chromosome at
103. The significance of meiosis lies in anaphase is
[MP PMT 1995, 98; BVP 2003] [CBSE PMT 1992; BHU 1994; AFMC 1995]
(A) reduction of the diploid number of (A) 2 in mitosis and 1 in meiosis
chromosomes to haploid (B) 1 in mitosis and 2 in meiosis
(B) maintaining constancy in the number of (C) 2 each in mitosis and meiosis
diploid chromosomes during sexual (D) 2 in mitosis and 4 in meiosis
reproduction
(C) production of genetic variability in the 112. Cell division in blue-green algae is more or
population of a species less similar to that in [MP PMT 1994]
(D) all the above (A) Red algae (B) Green algae
(C) Brown algae (D) Bacteria
104. Meiosis is significant because
(A) it produces identical cells 113. Constancy of the chromosome number in
(B) it restores the original number of successive generations is brought by the
chromosomes (after fertilization) process of [AMU 1990; MP PMT 2003]
(C) there is doubling of DNA contents in the (A) mitosis (B) meiosis
cell (C) conjugation (D) none of these
(D) it occurs only in vegetative cells 114. In cells, centrioles occur
105. How many divisions are required to produce (A) singly (B) in pairs
128 gametes? (C) as triplets (D) in groups
(A) 64 (B) 16
115. Cyclin is associated with which one of the
(C) 32 (D) 12
following? [BHU 2000]
106. Meiosis of a diploid cell produces (A) Glycolysis (B) Cyclosis
(A) 2 haploids (B) 4 haploids (C) Haemolysis (D) Mitosis
(C) one haploids (D) 1 diploid
116. If A is the amount of DNA present in a cell
107. Meiosis and mitosis differ from each other after mitosis, the amount of DNA per cell in
because in meiosis G2 phase will be
[AMU 1991; CPMT 1993] (A) A (B) 2A
(A) the four nuclei formed are not similar to A
parental ones (C) 4A (D)
2
(B) homologous chromosomes pair are
exchange parts 117. The ratio between the volume of nucleus and
(C) number of chromosomes gets halved volume of cytoplasm of a cell is called
(D) all the above (A) nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio
(B) kernplasma
Miscellaneous (C) karyoplasmic ratio
(D) all of these
108. Synaptonemal complex is formed during
[CBSE PMT 2001] 118. Equational division is
(A) meiosis (B) amitosis (A) mitosis (B) meiosis
(C) mitosis (D) cytokinesis (C) both (A) and (B) (D) cell cycle
359
Cell division
 NEET: Biology (Vol. I) TARGET Publications

119. Two daughter cells formed during mitosis 125. Mitotic index means
contain (A) rate of mitotic division
(A) the same amount of DNA, but a set of (B) ratio of mitotic and meiotic division
chromosomes different from those of the (C) ratio of dividing and non-dividing cells
parent cell (D) none of the above
(B) the same amount of DNA, and the same 126. In cancer cells [DPMT 1974]
set of chromosomes as those of the (A) meiosis takes place
parent cell (B) mitosis takes place
(C) Half the amount of DNA and the same (C) sometimes meiosis and sometimes
set of chromosomes as those of the mitosis take place
parent cell (D) cell division stops
(D) Double the amount of DNA and a set of
chromosomes different from those of the 127. When a unicellular zygote forms multicellular
parent cell organism, _________ division takes place
(A) mitotic
120. Which of the following stage is affected by (B) meiotic
colchicine? (C) amitotic
[BVP 2001; AFMC 2002; Pb. PMT 2004] (D) both (A) and (B)
(A) Metaphase 128. For viewing diakinesis which one of the
(B) Prophase following would be a suitable material?
(C) Interphase [MP PMT 2002]
(D) Anaphase (A) Onion root tip
(B) Leaf of Dichanthium
121. Which effect is imparted by colchicine? (C) Rat tail
(A) Duplication of DNA (D) Flower bud
(B) Duplication in number of chromosomes 129. Pachytene occurs during [MP PMT 1994]
(C) Formation of spindle fibres (A) meiosis
(D) Inhibits cell plate formation (B) mitosis
(C) growth of a cell
122. Which is not the character of mitosis? (D) formation of endosperm
[MP PMT 2000]
130. When paternal and maternal chromosomes
(A) Leptotene
change their materials with each other in cell
(B) Zygotene division, this event is called
(C) Pachytene (A) bivalent forming
(D) All of the above (B) dyad forming
(C) synapsis
123. Which out of the following is not a divisional (D) crossing over
stage? [DPMT 1991]
(A) Telophase 131. Which type of cell division occurs in the
gonads? [RPMT 2001]
(B) Interphase
(A) Mitosis
(C) Metaphase (B) Meiosis
(D) Prophase (C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) Amitosis and meiosis
124. The process of mitosis can be studied in
[CPMT 1998; MHCET 2001; 132. A repeated cycle of DNA replication without
CBSE PMT 2002] separation of daughter chromatids leads to the
formation of
(A) onion root tip
(A) Pachytene chromosome
(B) garlic root tip (B) Leptotene chromosomes
(C) tendril tip (C) Polytene chromosome
(D) all of the above (D) Zygotene chromosomes
360
Cell division
 TARGET Publications NEET: Biology (Vol. I)

9 Answers to Multiple choice Questions

1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (B)
11. (D) 12. (C) 13. (A) 14. (B) 15. (C) 16. (D) 17. (D) 18. (D) 19. (D) 20. (C)
21. (A) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (B) 25. (A) 26. (A) 27. (A) 28. (C) 29. (B) 30. (B)
31. (D) 32. (A) 33. (B) 34. (A) 35. (B) 36. (B) 37. (B) 38. (C) 39. (C) 40. (C)
41. (C) 42. (C) 43. (A) 44. (A) 45. (B) 46. (D) 47. (B) 48. (B) 49. (B) 50. (A)
51. (A) 52. (C) 53. (D) 54. (A) 55. (D) 56. (A) 57. (A) 58. (A) 59. (A) 60. (B)
61. (D) 62. (C) 63. (C) 64. (B) 65. (C) 66. (B) 67. (B) 68. (D) 69. (C) 70. (C)
71. (A) 72. (D) 73. (C) 74. (A) 75. (C) 76. (A) 77. (A) 78. (C) 79. (D) 80. (C)
81. (A) 82. (D) 83. (C) 84. (D) 85. (D) 86. (B) 87. (A) 88. (A) 89. (B) 90. (D)
91. (D) 92. (C) 93. (C) 94. (B) 95. (A) 96. (D) 97. (A) 98. (A) 99. (A) 100. (A)
101. (B) 102. (B) 103. (D) 104. (B) 105. (C) 106. (B) 107. (D) 108. (A) 109. (C) 110. (A)
111. (B) 112. (D) 113. (B) 114. (A) 115. (D) 116. (B) 117. (D) 118. (A) 119. (B) 120. (A)
121. (B) 122. (D) 123. (B) 124. (D) 125. (C) 126. (B) 127. (A) 128. (D) 129. (A) 130. (D)
131. (C) 132. (C)
" Hints to Multiple choice Questions
7. Quiescent means being at rest or inactive. 38. Because they are thread like structures, which
During G0 phase, cell withdraws from cell contract to pull the chromosome towards pole.
cycle. Hence G0 phase is called quiescent
stage. In G0 phase, cells do not grow or divide. 40. In mitosis, nucleolus reappears during
8. When cells are not to divide after G1 phase telophase.
and start undergoing differentiation into
specific types of cells such cells are said to be 49. Vesicles provided by Golgi apparatus unite to
in G0 phase/G0 state. form phragmoplasts, which join to form cell
plate. Cell plate is, first laid down in centre
16. In the somatic cell cycle, S-phase is a stage of and then proceeds towards periphery.
replication of each chromosome by synthesis
of a new DNA molecule on the template of 58. A single mitotic division results in the
existing DNA.
production of two cells from a single one.
17. Mitotic cell division results in the formation of It takes 2n division where n represents
somatic cells and it maintains chromosome number of division. 27=128
number in daughter cells equal to that of
mother cells. Hence, it is called somatic as 63. As a result of meiosis pollen grains formed.
well as equational division.
25. Due to attachment of spindle fibres at the 69. Pairing of homologous chromosomes is called
centromeres (kinetochore) of chromosomes, as synapsis
the chromosomes are arranged in the centre or
at equator or equatorial plate or metaphase due 71. Bivalent formation occurs in pachytene of
to their active movements. meiosis, In this stage, two chromatids of
homologous chromosome (Bivalent) later on
33. Spindle fibres are made up of microtubules.
forms a cross and now showing a tetravalent
Microtubules are made up of the protein
tubulin. or tetrad stage.

34. Microtubules are the proteins helping in the
formation of spindle fibres in cell division.
37. Because in metaphase, chromosomes are
present in bivalent form on equator.
Chromosomes are much condence and well
visible.
Cell division
73. During meiosis prophaseI in leptotene stage,
chromosomes appear as beaded thread like
structure and in next stage zygotene,
homologous chromosomes pair up and
become shortened. It is the initial stage of
crossing over.
361
 NEET: Biology (Vol. I) TARGET Publications

74. Pairing between the homologous 109. Because it is irregular nuclear division of
chromosomes takes place in zygotene stage of nucleus.
prophase-I
115. Cyclin is a protein, which participates in cell
91. Diakinesis is the last process of prophase-I in division.
which cross over separates called
116. After mitosis, the cell will enter the interphase
terminalization.
stage, where in S phase, DNA replication
92. Because first phase of meiosis includes occurs. Hence, the amount of DNA per cell in
reduction division while second phase exhibits
G2 phase will be 2A.
mitotic divisions.
120. Colchicine is obtained from colchicum
96. In meiosis II division is equational division;
autumnale plant, which inhibits the formation
thus centromere divides and chromatid move
of spindle fibers in metaphase.
towards the pole during anaphase-II.
122. Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and
99. For the formation of 200 grains of wheat 200
diakinesis all are successive stages of meiosis.
pollen grains and 200 megaspores are required.
Each microspore mother cell produces 4 126. Due to rapid mitotic divisions hypertrophy
microspores (pollen grains) as a result of takes place in cancerous cells.
reduction division. Hence for the formation of
128. Diakinesis is the stage of meiosis. For the
200 study of meiosis young flower bud is the best
200 pollen grains, = 50 pollen mother cells
4 material.
are needed and each will undergo one reduction
division. Each megaspore mother cell will 129. Pachytene is the 3rd stage of cell division in
produce 4 megaspores in which one become prophaseI of meiosis in which each
functional and other three degenerate. Thus chromosome splits in two halves (bivalent).
each Megaspore mother cells produces one 131. Mitosis and meiosis both type of cell division
megaspore. So 200 Megaspore mother cells are occurs in gonads. Mitosis during growth and
required to produce 200 megaspores. development and meiosis during
Total number of reduction divisions to gametogenesis.
produce 200 grains is 200 + 50 = 250.
100. Germ cells are the gametes which multiply by
meiosis.
101. The most important role of meiosis is to
maintain haploid phase.
102. During meiosis, daughter cells has the half
number of chromosomes with respect to
parent cells. Therefore daughter cell will be
genetically different.
107. All the above; four nuclei formed are not
similar to parent ones because they are haploid
in nature. Homologous chromosome pairs are
exchange parts because in crossing over
exchange of chromatid arms takes place and
number of chromosomes gets halved.
108. Synaptonemal complex is formed during
meiotic prophase I.
362
Cell division