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MOJIJIOICTHBIU IO pa6OTy (HTPHHO II0 POASM H HP.). Our fam ily
0urfam ily consistsofseven m em bersaltogether:
father and mother,threeboys(sons)and two girls
(daughters). M y brother Sam is the eldest of us
boys: he is exactly eight years older than 1. M y
sister Nora is two years younger than m y brother
Snm ,and six yearsolder than 1.M y youngerbrother
Robert is twelve years o1d and m y younger sister
A nn is only seven.
M y father and m other, who are husband and
wife,celebrated theirsilverwedding (thetwenty-
fifth anniversary oftheir marriage)a few weeks
aFO.
M y full nam e is H enry John Sm ith.Sm ith is
m y surnam e (fam ily nam e):Henry John are my
Christian nam es,the nam esl received atbaptism
(christening). At hom e 1 am generally called
H arry. I am nearly fourteen years of age.N ext
Friday is m y birthday. W e'11 have a birthday
payty,and lam ' very eagerto know whatpresents newly m arried couple w ill hasten aw ay on their
lstIlallreceive. honeym oon, w hich they will spend in beautiful
I
y younger brother Robert and ray younger D evonshire.
si 1 er Jknn both go to school. A;y elder brother There willbe m any guests present at the m eal,
Sain is an engineer and spends m ost of his tim e for, besides m y own fam ily, there will be m any
wozt king for a big firm in Birm ingham .H e com es
;
relatives, n!y o1d grandfather,m y uncles, aunts,
hom e for week-ends.M y eldersister Nora hasbeen and cousins.
for two years engaged to a young architect nm ed M y favourite uncle is U ncle Jerem y, w ho,
M r.Thom as Brow n. M r.B row n is her young m an strange to say,has never got m arried.H e has re-
and, after the wedding, he'll be m y brother-in- m ained single,he isan old bachelor.Butheis very
law . W e are al1looking forw ard to the m arriage fond of us children,his nephews and nieces.
cerem ony,w hich w illtake place next Easter at our A1l m y aunts, of whom I have four,have got
parish church. m arried. N ot one of them has rem ained an old
M r.Brown,the bridegroom ,w illwear a black m aid.But A unt Sarah hasbeen for m any years a
suit.The bride,m y sister N ora,willbe dressed in widow :her husband died in India,where he held
w hite silk.M y seven-year-old sister A nn w illbe a governm ent post.
one of the bridesm aids,together w ith her cousin U ntil a short tim e ago l had two grand-fathers.
Fiona,who is ofaboutthe sam e age.They also will One ofthem died and wmsburied lastyear.Hisbody
be dressed in w hite. was laid to rest with his ancestors in the church
W e are already beginning to m ake preparations yard notfarfrom our hom e.M y other grandfather,
for the wedding breakfast, the festive m eal at although he isover seventy yearsof age,isstillvery
which a11thewedding-guestsarejoyfully received. active.H e spends m uch tim e in garderling..
A rrangem ents have been m ade in regard to the 1. W hatisyourage?(How old areyou'
?)Areyour
w edding-cake,which willbe eaten at this m ealas grandparents or great-grandparents still liv-
a dessert.Thiscake willbe large.It willbe nearly ing? H ave you any brothers and sisters? A re
tw o feet in height. A l1 those present at the cere- they older or younger than you? W hatis your
m ony, as w ell as all relations and friends, will surnam e? H ave you m ore than one Christian
receive a piece of this cake. nam e?
A fter the wedding breakfastand the speeches, 2. Give the fem inine form s of:husband,uncle,
w hich, I hope, will not be too long, the happy boy,brother,bridegroom .
8
G ive the m asculine form s of:daughter,niece, Board.They want nearly 10 $.1don'tknow how
grandm other,old m ald. I shallpay al1m y debts.The electricity account's
3. W hatdo you callyourfather'sbrother?W hat high com pared w ith the quarter before.
do you callyour m other'ssister? Youruncle's M rd.Stone:That'semsily explained.W e always
son? Y our aunt's daughter? Y our sister's use m ore current in the last quarter of the year.
husband?Y ourbrother'swife?Yourbrother's lt gets dary early and we need the lightson by
son? Y our sister's daughter? Y our father's tea-tim e.A nd w e've been using the electric fires
father? in the bedroom s.
4. Give expressionsfor:the anniversary of one's M r.S tone:W ell,1,11have to w rite outcheques
birth; the tw enty-fifth anniversary of one's for everybody except m y tailor.H e'llhave to w ait
m arriage;a w om an who has losther husband; till next m onth.
a m an who has lost his wife;a child w ho has
lostits parents;the cerem ony atwhich a child 2
receives its Christian nam e; an unm arried A :l'm very proud of m y daughter.She has quite
m an;an unm arried w om an. a good m em ory.She doesher best to rem em ber a1l
5. W hich relative did you like best as a child; she reads.A nd she's only nine years old.
and why? B:That's very good.W hom does she take after?
You or your wife?
4.-.*
.
-
.
-. ZaXRHHP 2.ZpOqHTaRTe M BblyqHTe IHaAOrH. A : M y w ife. As a child Julia learned a 1ot of
poem s by heart. She still know s quite a few of
1
them .
M rs. S tone..A re those a11bills? B :1 never could m em orize poetry.On the other
M r. S tone: Y es, they are. H ere's a Dem and hand,I rem em ber num bers.I never forget an ad-
N ote from the Collector of Taxes.H e wantsnearly
dress or a date.
50 $. W hat greedy people these tax collectors A :N ot even your w ife's birthday?
are! B:N ever!A lice w ould take a dim view of that!
M rs. S tone.
.A nd how cruelof them to dem and
paym enta week after Christm as,when people have 3
been spending so m uch m oney on presents! - ls your fam ily big,M r.M organ?
M r. Stone..H ere's a billfrom m y tailor.I see - N ot very. To be exact, very sm all. I'm
1owehim 25 $.And another from theElectricity alone.
10
You have never m arried,have you?
- D ivorce
N o.In fact 1'm a bachelor.
-
Their m arriage ended in divorce.W hy? There
I hope you don't m ind m y asking but aren't
-
can be m any reasons.Divorceis usually very pain-
you thinking of m arrying som e day? fulforboth sides.Divorce is the officialending of
That's a11right.W ell,one can never tell.
- a m arriage,declared by a court of law .
Divorce ks legal in m any countries:in R ussia,
.-..'.--.
- 3aaaxxe 3. H pounva/Te n nepecKa- nTe European countries.lt's legal in Britain,though
TOI<CTbI. not in Ireland,and can be given for an irretriev-
able breakdown of a m arriage.This can be caused
Children and parents by adultery,cruelty,or desertion and in Britain
Being a parent is probably the m ost difficult by two years separation.
and demanding job people ever do.It can also be In the USA divorce is also legal,though differ-
quite a disappointing tim e for som e parents espe- entstatesm ay have different laws aboutit.In m ost
cially ifthey expected parenthood tobe enjoyable states one m ay get a divorce for the sam e remsons
a11the tim e,or had unrealistic ideasabouthaving as in B ritain,usually after at lemst one year's sepa-
the perfect child. But for m ost parents it is one ration, and in som e states one can get a no-fault
of the happiest and m ost satisfying experiences divorce,when a person doesn'tblnm e eitherperson.
of their lives. In both Britain and A m erica the co . # decides
There are som e problem s that can m ake being which parentshould have custody of the children,
how the property isto be divided,and w hetherone
a parent even m ore difficult - such as lack of
partner,usually the husband,should pay m oney to-
m oney,cram ped housing conditions,problem s in
w ards the living costs of the other and children.
your relationship.
The m ost im portant thing to rem em ber is that
there is no one correctw ay ofbringing up a child. O'rsequ e Ha Bonpocsz.
Provided their need are m et, children from all W hy is divorce usually very painfulfor both
different kinds of social, religious or cultural sides?
backgrounds can stillgrow up to be happy,w ell- 2. W here is divorce legal?
adjusted adults.You are the only experts w hen it 3. D o you know a couple that is divorced? Say
com es to bringing up your children. som e words about these people.
12
Bwzr x o6paa n aax. 1. M oney is the root of al1evil.
n paam x a,o av - x , 2. M oney m akes m oney.
> A> > @> . 3. M oney talks.
n aa eaawe FX AAA eea x. 4. Take care of the pence and the pounds will
A oxoo x.M @Aa.aA@p@>we. take care of them selves.
Bxax- ,npxe- rl- / 5. A penny saved is a penny galned.
6. In for a penny,in for a pound.
7. W aste not,want not.
-'
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re aalaHne, ncxoas na 7:--
-'
-faala= e3.l'
Ipounva/ve xxnepese/mve Tescv.
gaaz4razx cpzTyar
w /.
M y bank account
1) You have decided you are going to spend After Stephen Leacock
a year abroad.Y ou have som e savings in the
W hen 1 get into a bank I get frightened. The
bank butyou would liketoborrow 500 $ from clerks frighten m e;the desks frighten m e;every-
your parents.Try to persuade your parents
thing frightens m e. The m om ent I pass through
to lend you the m oney.D ecide how and w hen
the doors of a bank and attem pt to do business
you intend to pay them back.
there,Ibecom e a fool.
2) Your daughter/son wants to borrow 500 $ Iknew thisbefore,butm y salary had been raised
so she/he can spend a year abroad.You are to fifty dollars a m onth and I felt that the bank
not too keen on the idea.You want to know
w as the only place for it.
where she/he isgoing,where she/he isgoing So 1 walked in and looked round at the clerks
to live and what she/he is going to do.You w ith fear. 1 had an idea that a person who w as
also w ant to know how and when you willget
aboutto open an account m ustnecessarily consult
your m oney back.
the m anager.
- '- I went up to a place m arked <iAccountant''.The
---g3aaanxe 2.HpoqMTa/'re M HepeBeim'
re nocxo-
accountant was a tallcoolm an.H e frightened m e.
Buqlal. l'Ioa6epu're I H14M pyccxue aI4BnBaaeHTbl.
<<can I see the m anager?'' I said, and added,
H arznm nq'e coqHHeHHe-paccye genHe Ha TeMy JIaHHbIX
E<alone-''1 don'tknow why Isaid Ralone-''dxcertain-
nocnoBxm .
ly,''said the accountant,and brought him .
14 15
The m anager wms a calm ,serious m an. K<A re you The m anager got up and opened the door. He
the m anager?''I said.God knows I didn't doubt it. called to the accountant.
<tY es#''he said. <tM r.M ontgom ery,''hesaid,unkindly loud,sthis
<<can I see you,''I asked,d'alone''.1didn'tw ant gentlem an isopening an account.H ewillplacefifty-
to say d<alone''again, but without this word the six dollars in it.Good m orning.''1 stood up.
question seem ed useless. A big iron door stood open at the side of the
t
The m anager looked at m e with som e anxiety. room .SsGood m orning,''Isaid and w alked into the
H e felt that l had a terrible secret to tell. safe. ''Com e out,'' said the m anager coldly, and
Kdcom e in here,'' he said, and led the way to showed m e the other way.
a privateroom .H e turned the key in the lock.<<W e I went up to the accountant's position and
can talk here,''he said, <tsit dow n.''W e both sat pushed the ballofm oney athim w ith a quick,sud-
down and looked at each other.I found no voice den m ovem ent as if I were doing a sort of a trick.
to speak. M y face was terribly pale.<tl-lerey''I said,dput it
d<You are one of Pinkerton's detectives, 1 sup- in m y account.''H e took the m oney and gave itto
Pose,''he said. another clerk.H e m ade m e w rite the sum on a bit
M y m ysteriousm anner had m ade him think that of paper and sign m y nam e in a book.I no longer
I was a detective.l knew w hat he w as thinking, knew w hat Iw as doing.The bank seem ed to swim
and itm ade m e worse.<dN o,notfrom Pinkerton'sy'' before m y eyes.d<ls it in the account?''I asked in
l said,seem ing to m ean that I was from another a shaking voice.Rltis,''paid the accountant,'4rrhen
agency. lwant to draw a cheque.''M y idea was to draw out
d<To tell the truthy''1 went on, <<I am not a de- of itsix dollarsfor the present use.Som eone gave
tective at all.I have com e to open an account.I'd m e a cheque-book and som eone else told m e how to
like to keep allm y m oney in this bank.'' write itout.1wrote som ething on the cheque and
The m anagerlooked relieved butstillserious,he pushed it tow ard the clerk.H e looked at it.
felt sure now that I was a very rich m an,perhaps <'W hat!A re you draw ing it all out again?''he
a son of Baron Rothschild. asked in surprise.Then Irealized that.I had writ-
RA large account,I supposey''he said. <<liaairly ten fifty-six dollars instead of six.I had a feeling
large,''Iw hispered.<tIintend to place in this bank that it w as im possible to explain the thing. A 1l
the sum of fifty-six dollars now and fifty dollars the clerkshad stopped writing to look atm e.Then
a m onth regularly.'' I m ade a decision.
16 17
GYes,the w hole thing.'' Bu6epMq'e Ilpasllawnx,l/ BapHaxl'
r.
fdY ou w ish to draw your m oney out of the
1. W hen I enter a bank...
bank?''
a) Ifeelathom e;
REvery cent of it.''
b) lbecom e a fool;
<<A .
re you not going to put any m ore in the ac-
c) Igo straight to the manager.
count?''said the clerk.
d<N ever.'' 2. Iw ent to the bank...
The clerk prepared to pay the m oney.RH ow will a) to consultthe m anager;
you have it?'' b) because Ineeded money;
1 answered without even trying lo think, <iln c) to open an account.
fifty-dollar notes.'' 3. The m anager thought that...
H e gave m e a fifty-dollar note.RAnd the six?''
a) Iwasa detective;
he asked coldly.<<ln six-dollar notes,''I said. H e
b) Iwas making fun ofhim ;
gave m e six dollars and I rushed out.A s the big c) Iwasgoing totakeal1my money from this
door closed behind m e 1heard the sound of laugh- bank.
ter that w ent up to the roof of the bank.
Since then 1usea bank no m ore.1keep m y m oney 4. The accountant asked, ...
and m y savings in silver dollars in a sock. a) Gl'
low m uch money areyou going to putin
the account?''
COCTaBBTP HPPASOM eHHS CO CIPAFD W HMH CIOBO- b) RDo you wish to draw your money out of
COH PTaHH S M H H 3 TeE CTa:
the bank?''
c) <fW hy are you going to open an ac-
to get frightened; count?''
to raise one's salary;
to open an account; OTseTbTe Ha Bonpocu .
to look relieved;
to draw a cheque. 1. W hat conclusion do you draw about the m ain
character?
2. W hy is the story funny?
18 19
.- .*.- .
3aaaaxe 4.Bsl6epnq'e Izpaslu bublR Bapuan'
r. 7. A rule of thum b is...
D etergent is... a) a principle or method based on practical
a) a chem icalproductwithoutsoap in it,used sense and experience rather than exact
for cleaning clothing,dishes etc.; rules or calculations;
b) any instrumentfor finding things. b) a rule which describes how to wear
gloves.
2. Tissue is...
'
.- .-
a) m aterial; 1--*aaqaxxe 5.Hpounva/Te u uepeseanTe Texcv.
b) a detergent.
To sm oke
3. Labelis... or not to sm oke?
a) a check; The problem of sm oking is m uch under discus-
b) apieceofpaperorothermaterial,fixed to sion.Som e people sm oke,som e don't.A t present
som ething,w hich gives inform ation about
little isknown for certain about the tobacco effect
what it is, where it is to go,w ho owns it on the hum an organism . The am ount of nicotine
etc. absorbed by a heavy sm oker per day is capable of
4. Shoe-tree is... killing a horse.Y et it does no visible harm to the
a) a kind ofa treewhich grows in the South; sm oker.A t least no im m ediate harm .
b) a piece of wood or plastic and m etalput A s to long-range effects m uch of w hat is attri-
inside a shoe to keep it in the right shape buted to tobacco can be caused by differentfactors.
when it is not being worn. Quite a numberofstudiesare carried on in order
to establish cause-effectrelationship betw een sm o-
5. A knockoutjacketis... king and som e dangerous diseases. Tlle num ber
a) a worn-outjacket; of theories advanced is increasing,but the m any
b) a very beautifuljacket. papers dealing with the problem have to adm it
that m ost evidence is am biguous and that there
6. A lam e m iniskirt is... is a little confusion and a 1ot of controversy con-
a) a skirt containing gold or silver threads; cerning the results obtained. H owever, the little
b) a new skirt. evidence that is conclusive m akes a11 doctors say
that the practice is harm ful.
20
M ost ofthose sm oking wish to give itup,and it 3. In half an hour the doctor cam e and took
is a m atter ofrecord thata great-m any heavy sm o- David to hospital.Jane sent her daughter to
kers often m ake severalattem pts before they give play next door. A s she went into the house
up...eithersm oking or theattem pts.Itrequires not she sm elt som ething burning. <<Oh, no!The
a littlewillpow er and a greatdealofdeterm ination. cakel''she cried.It was burnt black.She sat
So only few succeed. And those few say that they dow n tq have a rest.
have felt so m uch better ever since. 4. Then she w ent upstairs to m ake the beds.
W hen she was upstairs she suddenly heard
.- - za7m M e 6. BM IIM HHTP ynpac HeHHs IIO ;IaH- a branch break. She looked out quickly and
HOMY TeECTy. saw David on the ground. H is arm was in a
M onday m orning funny position and she thoughthe had broken
M onday m orning is the worst tim e of the week it. H er neighbour cam e to help. Jane asked
for a 1ot of people, because it is the end of the her to phone the doctor.
weekend and the beginning of another week of 5. <dTe11 m e the w orst,''he said. d<W e1l, 1'11 tell
w ork.M ore things seem to go wrong on M onday you the good new s first,''Jane replied.<<l've
m orning than on other days. m ade your favourite cake this m orning,the
house isn't on fire and our daughter hasn't
PaccTaBbTe cAelym m He HaCTH paccKaaa B nOPS4Ee broken her arm s.''
cIeq0BaHHS c06MTHR. 6. W hen John cam e hom e for lunch he saw his
1. One M onday m orning w as worse than usual. w ife sitting there and felt that som ething
She w anted to do som e baking,so she sentthe w as wrong. H e also sm elt som ething burn-
children into the garden to play. She m ade ing.
her husband's favourite cake and put it in
the oven.W hen she had finished she looked BM6epHTe IIPaBHJIBHBIR M PHaHT.
out into the garden and saw David clim bing
a tree. She was not w orried because he had 1. M onday m orning isthe worsttim e ofthew eek
never fallen before. because...
2. Jane,a friend ofm ine,has two children,a boy a) znany people are tired after Sunday;
and a girl,who often m ake her life very diffi- b) it'sthe beginning ofanother week;
cult,especially on M onday m orning. c) people have to go to work.
22 23
2. Jane has tw o children,a boy and a girlwho... Look at this handw ritten letter.W hat things
a) help her,especially on M onday; can you find wrong with it? H ow could these faults
b) go to schoolon M onday; be im proved?
c) m ake her life difficult on M onday. M r.J.Green M s.P.Stone
17 M organ S treet
, 4 Q ueen Rd
3. One M onday m orning... Barford W inton
a) was worse than usual; 15 M ay 1999
b) she wanted to have a rest;
D ear Joltn,
c) she had a lotof thingsto do.
M y new flatisnice.It/ztzs4 rooms.Thereiscentral
4. D avid clim bed a tree... heatingand alargewindow.Ihaven'tgotenoughJur-
a) and broke itsbranch; niture yet.T#c flatison tke ground floor.Itisnear
b) felland broke hisarm ; the shops.Com e and visitm e.I can skow you tlte town
c) butdid notfall. while you are here.Bo can cfso go into the country.
P lease w rite soon.
5. Jane m ade her husband's favourite cake... Love, Pam .
a) and itburnt;
b) and hewas pleased; 2. Com pare the handwritten letter with the type
c) and it wasvery tasty. w ritten one below .H ow is the second one bet-
ter? W hat details of the second one m ake it
OTBeTsTe Ha sonpocsz.
seem better? A re there any things about the
1. W hat m akes Jane's life so difficult on M on- second version you stilldon't like?
day? 4 Queen Road
2. W hich day of the w eek do you like? W inton
3. H ow do you spend M onday? 15 M ay 1999
4-
.-.'
.-- 3agamte7.BNIIM HHTP YIIPaMHPHHS. Dear John,
1. You havejustm oved into anew houseorflat. M y new flat is really lovely!It's got four big
W rite a letter to a friend describing it and room s - a spacious lounge with a dining area,
inviting him or her to stay. tw o bedroom s and a very large kitchen w hich
24 25
looks out onto tlle garden.There's another large 3. lkeep a1lm y clothes upstairs in the bedroom
window in the lounge w ith a super view of the in an o1d w ...........
park opposite,which letsin lots ofsunshine in the 4. W e both hate w ashing up so m uch thatw e've
afternoon.lt'sfully equipped with centralheating decided to bti.y a d.................
but so far l haven't bought any furniture!There W e love our house so m uch thatw e never re-
are no carpets down yet and allI've got is a bed a1ly want to m ..................
and a table and som e chairs.Still, it'llbe fun to 6. M any old houseshaveabasem entroom called
getsom e (second-handl)furniture to go in it.Oh, a C..........
and I forgot to say that it's on the ground floor Father likes sitting and sm oking his pipe in
and quite near the shops,w hich isvery convenient his favourite a...............
for m e because I've gota m em ory like a sieve and 8. The place in the house where you have your
I'm alw ays forgetting to buy som ething! desk is called a s..........
Do com e and visit m e!I'm sure you won't m ind
.
sleeping on the floor if I haven't got another bed .-
- -jI
'
-
laan% e9.Tlpoqn'rauTex uepasamuvevexc'
r.
by the tim e you com e.I can show you the town BBIHOJIHHTe ynpaa HeHHe.
and we can go into the country too w hile you're
here.Iknow you'd enjoy it here! V isiting friends
Please write soon, W hen 1 wish to visit one of m y intim ate
Love, Pam . friends,I do not trouble to inform him before-
hand,but Igo w ithout m ore ado to hishouse,and
3. W rite a letter to a friend inviting him or her
ring the bell.Som eone com es to the door: it is
to stay with you.M akeyour hom e and the area
the m aid.<ils M r.Johnson at hom e?''1 ask.d<Y es,
you live in sound as attractive as possible.
sir,''the m aid replies,<<com e inside.M r.Johnson
1- - aaaaaxe 8. aauoauuTe npouycux B upeaxo- is in the garden.He isjust planting some rose-
bushes.''
M PHHSX IIOAXOJW W HM H IIO CM bICJIF CJIOBaM H. If I am a very intim ate friend of his,Im ay say
1. W e w ere al1athom e lastnightsitting watch- to the m aid,S<M ay 1 go out to him ,then?''#<Yes,
ixtg teleArisiollilltle 1.............. certainly,''she willsay,<igo straightthrough.''M y
2. A s it w as a cold evening w e had a fire going friend catches sight of m e as I am walking along
ill tlle f................. the garden path.<<H el1o,Bob!l'm so pleased to see
26 27
you,o1d fellow ,what have you been doing a11this I 1 aaiewwe10.rlpou va/ve u nepecsaauveana-
tim e?''W e then sit down together on the law n, JlOrH .
and have a long chat. 1
Perhaps m y friend is not in,but has gone out
som ewhere.<dN o,sir,''the m aid willthen answ er, (Pete goeson a visitto his friend Henry)
<<I am sorry he is not in.H e went out about half H enry:H ello,Pete,is ityou? I'm delighted to
an hour ago.''- <<Do you know when he w ill be SOe ytm .
back?''- <dI see.W ell,would you please tellhim P ete.
.W ell, I thought it w as tim e I paid a
I called? Brow n is m y nam e.''- RW illyou leave visit.It seem s such a long tim e since I saw you
any m essage,M r.Brow n?''- <<N o, it is nothing last.
im portant.Iwillcallatthistim e tom orrow evening, H enry:Yes,tim e flies.By the way,Ihave two
or perhaps a little earlier.''- Gvery good,I w ill books of yours.I should like to return them .
tellhim .Good evening,sirl''- <'G ood eveningl'' P ete.
'H ave you finished reading them ?
H enry.
.Yes,and enjoyed them very much,too,
especially the one about dogs.
CoraacnTecs HaH onpoBeprHnTe aaHHble yTBep- -
P ete: Yes, that book is a m asterpiece. W ould
geHns.
you care to com e with m e to the theatre next
1. W hen I wish to visit one of m y intim ate W ednesday?
friends,I inform him beforehand. H enry:W hat's on?
2. If I am a very intim ate friend of his,I m ay P ete:<<rl'he Caretaker''
say to the m aid, <fM ay I go out to him , H enry: By H arold Pinter? They say it is his
then?'' best w ork.It's really splendid.
3. W e then call our m utual friends and go to P ete: Thanks very m uch, H enry. 1'11 com e.
a pub. W here shallw e m eet?
4. If m y friend isn't at hom e I usually don't H enry:In tow n,at Lyons Corner H ouse,near
speak to the m aid and go aw ay im m ediate- Leicester Square.A t seven o'clock sharp.
ly. P eter:A t seven o'clock sharp.Very good.
5. d<W ill you leave any m essage, M r. Brow n?'' H enry: W ell, I m ust be off now . Good-bye,
the m aid asks. Peter.
6. RFind him !It is very im portantl''I shout. P eter:Good-bye,H enry.
28 29
'
boys from m y group. I had to invite m y cousin ilt term s of dim ension, longevity and financial
Philip. He is such a bore,but m y m other insists im pact.
on it. The native Germ an began her m odeling career
P aul.D on't w orry.I'm sure w e're going to have i,1 1987 when she was discovered in a Germ an
a good tim e.l have som e new pop records.W e'll discotheque while stilla student.It was not long
listen to the m usic and dance. ilefore she landed the coveted Guess? cam paigns
M ichae1. 'OK . which m ade her the m ost sought after m odel in
the w orld.
ln addition to her editorialw ork for m agazines
q-..
- 3aaazxzxe11.HpoqnTa/q'ez4nepeseanq'eTexc'
r.
throughout the w orld,Claudia Schiffer has strut-
OTBeTBTe Ha Bonpocu .
ted the runways for a11the top designers and has
Claudia Schiffer been featured in cam paings for Chanel,V ersace,
A t only 27 years of age, Claudia Schiffer has Valentino and R alph Lauren am ong others.She is
taken the term super m odelto a new dim ension. the first and only m odelto have her wax likeness
An international superstar, the native G erm an in the Grevin M useum in Paris.
has graced the covers of m ore than 500 m aga- ln 1995,Claudia hosted the W orld M usicA wards
zines including Elle,H arper's Bazaar,Vogue and w ith actor Luke Perry in M onte Carlo.The success
Cosm opolitan.Vanity Fair,whose editorial policy of her 1990 swim suit calendar has been repeated
refuses any m odelon its cover,found itperfectly every year,as m ost surely willher 1997 edition
appropriate to feature a <<princess Claudia''cover for w hich her royalties w ill go to the Pediatric
and a seven page story as w ell as prestigious se- A IDS Foundation.She is also an honorary board
cond cover. m em ber for Dishes A IDS.
Claudia has also been featured on the cover of Claudia has also published tw o books - a pic-
Tim e M agazine and was the first m odelever to be torial entitled 4tM em ories''and a black and white
30
.'. '
cousin of his Juliet,but Tybalt attacked M ercutio (rine from a little bottle which the friar gave her.
and killed him .That m ade Rom eo vel'y angry and ' lurrhis m edicine willputyou to sleep for forty- tw o
he fought with Tybalt.Soon Tybaltwas killed too. jtoursy''said the friar.
The fight in the m iddle of the day in the street Juliet w ent hom e and did as the friar told
w as seen by m any people. O1d Capulet and 0ld jler. '
M ontague ran there w ith their wives.The prince w hen her m other cam e into the room , Juliet
of Verona also cam e there. H e asked the people jay on her bed. She w as unconscious.The m other
about the fight and decided that Rom eo m ust get t,hought that Juliet w as dead.The parents cried
som e punishm ent.R om eo had to live V erona and r very m uch, then they put Juliet into the fam ily
go to som e other tow n . tom b .
This w as a terrible thing for Rom eo and Juliet. Rom eo did not get Friar Law rence's letter but
They w ere very unhappy and did not know what j1e heard that Juliet w as dead and he w as very
to d0. unhappy. H e bought som e poison and cam e back !
Rom eo wentfor help to Friar Law rence who told t,o verona. H e went to the tomb of the Capulets
him to leave Verona.Friar Lawrence prom ised to where Juliet lay and found Paris there.
send Rom eo a letter when the quarrelbetween the Rom eo fought w ith him and killed the young
fam ilies ended. m an. Then he looked at Juliet for a long tim e, i
48 49
kissed her on the lips and drank his poison. H e gave som e m edicine;
felldown at Juliet's feet. to sleep for forfg-fu)o kours;
A tthis m om entJulietwokeup and saw R om eo. thought dAe was dccd;
Buttheyoung m an was dead.Juliettook a dagger put into the family tomb;
that w as on the floor and killed herself. drank Afs poison;
1 killed henself.
l'
Ioa6epn'
re B nepBoR qac'
rH Tescr
ra 2-3 npelw oa eHns --- '.- .
Full,thick,rosy,painted,parched,parted.
20
11 Double, pointed, protruding, round, m assive.
Chubby (plump), hollow (sunken), pale, pink, 21
rouged,ruddy,stubby (unshaven),wrinkled,dim -
ples in one's cheeks. Curving, straight, thick.
12 ' . -..'.--.
.
Firm , large or big, snaall, stern, toothless, l.- aaaaxxe 10. Hpounva/ve n uepecxa-nve
strong,vivid. /(HaJIOr.
13 (Twoyoungpeople,GeorgeandAnn,m eetafter
Dim inutive,tall,short,m iddle-sized. tllapseof som eci#',fyears.)
14 G eorge.Did you receive m y letter,A nn?
Calloused,hairy,large,sm all,puffy,soft. A n n:Yes,I did.
G..'Iwished to see you very m uch,Ann.l hope
15 you willnot be displeased w ith m e.
Long,short,slender,shapely. A .;N o, I'm very glad to m eet you. lt's a long
tim e since w e have m et last.
16
G..'It is,indeed.I think it's about eight years,
A rched,bushy,pencilled,penthouse,shaggy.
isn't it?
17 A.:It m ust be eight,I think.
Broad,doomed,high (ta1l),large (open),low , G.;Y ou have changed,A nn.
narrow , retreating. A .: H ave 1?
66 6p
G.:Yes,a great deal. G.:W ell,how did you fancy m e?
A..'Am 1 like w hat you expected m e to be? A..'I w on't tellyou.A t least,not now .
G..'N o,A nn.You are m uch m ore beautifulthan
f,t.
'W hen?
I thought you would be. A .; Som etim e later.
A .:A m 1?
G.:Yes.Butdo you know ,last night I was try- .---,',---
- (
-
tlc.
:
. g letters,butwhom one has probably never m et. Kathryn Ivy Gann, born April8, 1987.
Students learning a foreign language are often stephen Joseph G ann , born January 30,1989.
encouraged to find a pen-friend, and this can be Jessica M arie Gann , born October 14,1991.
done through organizations established for this R ebekah Rose Gann, born Septem ber 4, 1993. ,
purpose. N owadays m any people use lnternet to Gleason John Gann, born Septem ber 24, 1996.
m ake friends and to com m unicatethrough com pu- . I
ter. lt,s very interesting and exciting.People usu- W e are cui-rently living in the Federated States p
ally have their electronic m ail addresses and use t)fM icronesia,a developing island country located :
E
them to send and receive their m essages.lt'sa very in the W esotern
, Pacific.Our
15island is Pohnpeilo- ;
trated at 6 58 N Latitude, ro jz,s sougjjutle. j
quick w ay to exchange the inform ation. Som e
people open their ow n sites or hom e pages w here W e arein tim e zone UT +11 (i.e.,18 hoursahead
they give the inform ation about their interests, f)fthe U .S.westcoast (PST)). :
.
l
'lobbies, fam ilies etc. M any people m ake friends Ponape is the old nam e for Pohnpei.KA stands
through Tnternet. for Caroline Islands, tlle island chain w e are t
/1part o:2 !
r'Q t3 13 Read the information aboutthe . j
'
1
y..
V..
,=. aqaIE>e . i
j
Ganns.Imagine that you've come across their home John's work informatlon i
page while browsing in Internet.Y ou've becom e inte- l
i
rested in m aking friends with them .
Job title i
Chaiz',D ivision.of N .
aturalScience and M athem a-
1.
, W rite your answ er to the G anns. Tell them gics. 1
4
about yourself, about your farnily, your in- !
terests, hobbies,dream s etc. Currentprojects .
1
:
2. H ow w ould you organize your hom e page in . Upgrading M ath Curriculum /l-liring New Staff
;
Internet? W ould you publish your pictures. ? . Teaching Developm ental and Com puter-Basetl
'
W ith w hom would you like to m ake friends M ath CoursesCom puterLab lntranetDeveloplnent :
;
through lnternet? Staff Training on Com puter Lab R esources and
l
fnternetA ccess. j
Fam ily inform ation
vork Afl/or?g
TTTe are John and Lucy G aun ,W e w ere m arried curriculum V itae, (current as oL
M arch 1.
()u,,
T,
fjg
ul'
ltl-a.
r5,?1st, 1983.'
TAi
rf:
l1)p-ve five cl
h.i.
l,t'
l.
ren: r!p9r)),
-'
x
. '
!Jjt
,
-
j.
j
v)
II
N
K athu's J'
nzeresfs Little zohn''s interests
Favorite things: Daydream ing, talking to m y Branching out to other m em bers of the fam ily
friends,sleeping,sm ily face bean dolls. especially D addy and K athy.
Leastfavorite things:tzistening to Stephen com -
plain,Little John getting annoying,the devil. Our neighbors
W hatI'd like to do when l'm older:lwould like
to be a fam ous actress. Lucy has a 1ot of fun w ith our neighbors' kids
The mostimportantthing to m e:Jesus. (asif she doesn'thaveenough ofher ownl).They
are at our house as m uch as they are at their own
Stephen's interests it seem s.
l.t
--- '---
rw'3aaamxe14.rlpouyzvanvepaccsaa caeaakve ero tlley could not m arry tillSalvatore had done his
.
Iplilitary service,and when heleftthe island which
XJW OM OCTBPHHBIR IlepeBol. W IIIOJHHTP FIIPRU HPHHP,
JlaHHble lD clle TPKCTa.
I1e had never left in his life before to becom e a
sailor in the navy of K ing Victor Em m anuel,he
Salvatore wept like a child. lt w as hard for one w ho had
(by W '
.SomersetM augham ) ltever been less free than the birds to be at the
I wonder if I can do it. lleck and callof others;itw as harder stillto live
1knew Salvatore firstwhen he was a boy of fif- ilta battleship w ith strangers instead ofin a little
teen with a pleasant,ugly face,a laughing m outh white cottage am ong the vines;and when he w as
and care-free eyes.H e used to spend the m orning ashore, to walk in noisy, friendless cities with
lying aboutthe beach with nextto nothing on and streetsso crowded that he wasfrightened to cross
his brown body w as as thin as a rail. H e w as full them ,w hen he had been used to silentpaths and
of grace,he w as in and outof the sea a1lthe tim e, the m ountains and the sea.1suppose ithad never
swim m ing with the clum cy,effortless stroke com - struck him that lschia,w hich he looked at every
mon to the fisherboys.Scrambling up the jagged evening (itwas like a fairy island in the sunset)
rocks on his hard feet,for except on Sundays he to see w hat the w eather would be like next day,
neverw ore shoes,he would throw him self into the or Vesuvius,pearly in the daw n,had anything to
deep water with a cry of delight. H is father was a do with him at all; but w hen he ceased to have
fisherm an w ho owned his own little vineyard and them before his eyes he realised in som e dim
Salvatore acted as nursem aid to his two younger fashion thatthey w ere as m uch partofhim as his
brothers.H e shouted to them to com e inshore when hands and his feet.H e was dreadfully honzesick.
they ventured out too far and m ade them dress But it was hardest of a11 to be parted from the
when it was tim e to clim b the hot,vineclad hill girlhe loved with a11his passionate young heart.
for the frugalm idday m eal. He wrote to her (in his childlike handwriting)
But boys in those Southern parts grow apace long, ill-spelt letters in which he told her how
and in a little while he w as m adly in love with a constantly he thought of her and how m uch he
pretty girlw ho lived on the Grande M arina. She longed to be back.H e w as sent here and there,to
llad eyes like forest pools and held herself like a Spezzia,to V enice,to Bari and finally to China.
daughter ofthe Caesars.They were affianced, but H ere he fell i11of som e m ysterious ailm ent that
!
;r
i
kept him in hospitalfor m onths.H e bore it with lltllne.Y es, they had received a letter, and they
the m ute and uncom prehending patience of a dog. Ilad been told by another of the island boys that
IiI
W hen he learnt that it w as a form of rheum a- 1'e w as ill.Y es,that was why he w as back;w as it 1'
tism that m ade him unfit for further service his Iy()t a piece of luek? Oh,but they had heard that I
heart exulted,for he could go hom e;and he did It(!would never be quite well again.The doctors
notbother,in fact he scarcely listened,when the t'tllked a lot of nonsense, but he knew very well I
I
doctors told him that he w ould never again be tillatnow hewashomeagainandhewould recover. jj
quite well.W hat did he care w hen he was going 'I'hey w ere silent for a little,and then the m other f
back to the little island he loved so well and the lllldged thegirl.She did nottry to soften the blow . /
girl who w as waiting for him ? Sltetoldhim straightout,with thebluntdirect- j
,
W hen he got into the rowing-boat thatm et the ltOSSOfherrace,thatshecould notmarry a man '
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steam er from N aples and wasrowed ashore he saw wllo would never be strong enough to work like a
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his father and mother standing on the jetty and l'lan.They had m ade up their m inds,her m other
his two brothers,big boys now ,and he w aved to Itlld father and she,and herfather would never /
them .H is eyes searched am ong the crowd, that i his consent.
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waited there, for the girl.H e could not see her. W hen Salvatore w ent hom e he found that .
There was agreatdealofkissing when hejumped lzlley all knew . The girl's father had been to tell
up the steps and they all, em otional creatures, tllem what they had decided,but they lacked the r
cried a little as they exchanged their greetings.H e (lllttrage to tell him them selves.H e wept on his
asked w here the girlw as.His m othertold him that l'lother'sbosom .H e was terribly unhappy,but he
she did not knclw ;they had not seen her for tw o fIid not blam e the girl.A fisherm an's life is hard
Cttld it needs strength and endurance. H e knew I
or three w eeks;so in the evening w hen the m oon
was shining over the placid sea and the lights of vtlry w ellthat a girlcould not afford to m arry a :
Naples twinkled in the distance he walked down to l'lan w ho m ight not be able to support her.H is '
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the Grande M arina to her house.She w as sitting slnile w as very sad and his eyes had the look of
on the doorstep with her m other. H e was a little :tdog that has been beaten,but he did not com -
shy because he had not seen her for so long.H e Illain,and he never said a hard word of the girl
asked her if she had not received the letter that 1ke had loved so w ell.Then, a few m onths later,
he had written to her to say that he w as com ing when he had settled dow n to the com m on round,
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working in his father's vineyard and fishing,his lklanners 1 have ever seen in m y life.A ssunta w as
m other told him that there was a young wom an 11grim -visaged fem ale,with decided features,and
i t
n the village w ho w as willing to m arry him .H er slle looked old for her years.But she had a good
k
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Som etim es he used to bring his cltildren down to A nswer the questions.
give them a bath.They were both boys and at this 1. D escribe Salvatore's character.
tim e the elder was three and the younger less than 2. W hat was the m ost precious trait of his cha-
two.They sprawled aboutat the water's edge stark racter?
naked and Salvatore standing on a rock would 3. Describe Assunta's appearance and character.
dip them in the water.The elder one bore it w ith 4. W hat is the author's attitude towards his
stoicism ,but the baby scream ed lustily.Salvatore
hero?
had enorm ous hands, like legs of m utton, coarse
5. W hy does the author tell us that he knew
and hard from constanttoil,butwhen hebathed his
Salvatore?
children,holding them sotenderly,drying them with
6. W hy does the author starts this story by say-
delicate care,upon m y w ord they w ere like flowers.
H ewould seatthe naked baby on thepalm ofhishand ink d<1wonder if Ican do it.''? W hy does the
and hold him up,laughing a little at his sm allness, author think that it is very difficult to w rite
and ltislaugh w as like the laughter ofan angel.H is about good people?
eyes then were as candid ms his child's.
U sing the text prove that the following statem ents
Istarted by saying thatIwondered ifI could do
are correct.
it and now I m ust tell you what it is that l have
tried to do.I w anted to see whether I could hold 1. Salvatore loved his fam ily.
your attention for a few pageswhile Idrew foryou 2. Salvatore was very fond of his village.
the portraitofa m an,justan ordinary fisherman 3. Salvatore lived in harm ony with the world.
who possessed nothing in the world except a qua- 4. There aren't m any people like Salvatore.
lity, which is the rarest, the m ost precious and
the loveliest that anyone can have. H eaven only A nsw er the questions.
knows why he should so strangely and unexpect- 1. H ow m any parts are there in the story? Give
edly have possessed it.A ll1 know is that it shone the nam e to each part.
in him with a radiance that,if it had notbeen so 2. W hat can you say about the author's style?
unconscious and so hum ble,w ould have been to H ow does he depict nature? W hat other sty-
the com m on run of m en hardly bearable.
listic devices does he use?
And in case you have notguessed w hat the qua-
R etellthe story.
lity was,I willtellyou.Goodness,just goodness.
82 83
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L-- :3aanx4ve ls.HpouI4Ta/Tenocaoslm bl.l'log6epn'
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npoW e- xaxm
It HHM PYCCEHP aKBMBM PHTM .H aHHHIHTP COVHHPHHO-
a 6@xw- ax ropoAoa.
PaCCYM AeHHP Ha TeM y JIaHHBIX IIOCSOBHIT.
K yn w o ze Meao wx.
Prosperity m akesfriends,and adversity tries o 6paaoaareo au e Meaw wx.
them . A pxxrexw a 60x- %
2. A course of true love never did run sm ooth. a x axm rop oA oa.
3. P ity is akin to love. H ex p> .x yxw- a
4. W hen poverty com esin atthe door,love flies
out at the w indow .
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- - 3aaaune 1.H poquTaR'
re tuyr
roqHsle sbzcltaasl-
IIJHHS H cocTaBb' re C JTHMH IIPO JIOPKeHHSMH Jlllalfor
IIa TeMy ffB roPoqe#.
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St. V asil's Cathedral in the square is a unique 1'111 necropolises of outstanding Soviet statesm en.
creation ofRussian nationalart-Built in the 16th
century on the order ofIvan the Terrible to com -
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Am ong those buried here is Iosif Stalin - the
ltlan who sym bolizesthe gloom iestperiod ofSoviet
ltistory.
m em orate the victory over the K azan khanate,it
becam e one of the m ostm agnificentarchitectural The A lexadrovsky Garden laid out in the first
structures in the world. ltalf ofthe lastcentury is located very close to Red
On the opposite side of the square is the State Square. The Tom b of the U nknow n Soldier is lo-
H istory M useum ,close to which standsthe restored trated there,before which burns the EternalFlam e
building of the K azansky Cathedral,tlle original t,o com m em orate the heroes of W orld W ar II.
was destroyed in the period of m ilitantatheism in The K rem lin and R ed Square are considered to
the 1930s.There is also M oscow 's firstsculptural l)e the m ain historicaland geographicalcenters of
m onum entin thesquare,erected in 1818 to citizen M oscow .They are closely surrounded by a chain
M inin and PrincePozharsky,nationalheroesunder ()f squares,that envelopes the center with a Rhalf
whoseleadership foreign invadershad been driven circle''.Each of them is worthy of a separate de-
out of the country in the 17th centlzry. scription and tour. Try it and you will undoubt-
ln the central part of the Square is the Lenin edly enjoy it.
M ausoleum . A lthough there are various points M useum s are also considered to be a very im -
of view regarding Lenin's activity and the role portant part of the Russian capital.
he played in Russian history,the m ausoleum has N ot far from the K rem lin on the opposite side
no doubt becom e an inseparable part of the Red ()f the M oskva R iver on Lavrushinsky Lane is
Square ensem ble.ln addition to its m ain function, 11building constructed in the traditionalR ussian
the m ausoleum served as a rostrum for leaders of style, resem bling a Russian terem and decorated
the form er Soviet U nion during m ilitary parades. with the emblem of M oscow .This is the fam ous
This building has becom e a true m onum ent to Tretyakov Gallery.
a certain period of R ussian and w orld history. The gallery w as founded in 1856 by PavelTre-
The K rem lin W allitself carries a specialhistori- tyakov,a M oscow m erehant with the assistance of
cal im print since only the m ost em inent m ilitary SergeiTretyakov,hisbrother.It housesone of the
leaders, politicians and scientists of the Soviet g'reatestcollections ofR ussian works of art.Som e
art critics believe it to be the largest nationalart
epoch are im m ured there.Stretching just behind
the m ausoleum along the K rem lin wall are seve- m useum in the world.
ThePushkin State M useum isalso located in the '
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'aaaanxe 4.HpoqMTakTe Texcv.CocTasBTe ero
vicinity ofthe K rem lin.Visitors can see a m arvel- Il.lIaH.I'
IOJIFIPPHTP R I<alf<AOMy W HI<TF HAIH IIO 3-4 IlW ;I-
lous collection of foreign works of art exhibited lIf)X<eHH S .
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12 kg and consists of 16,000 rings. W hen tllp ir1(tarved with fine drawings inlaid with gold.The
Prince was killed in 1564, the arm or w as taken lllliltld belonged to Prince Fyodor M stislavskiy and
to the tsar's arm ory.According to legend it was 11l'ttlr his death in 1622 was given to the A rm ory.
presented to Erm ak,the conqueror ofthe Siberian I1,was used on particularly solem n occasions as an
K hanate,but failed to save his life as w ell.Five ildllispensable item of the tsar's fulldress.
decades after Ermak's death (in 1646)the chaill 'Phe helm et was another necessazy article of o1d
arm or was found in the house of a Siberian prince Itllssian nrmor.A conicalm etalhelm etwith ear-flaps
and returned to the arm ory as a relic. 1111(1a neck-flap was called a erikhonka.The collec-
From the late 16th century the chaln arm or l,illn'sm ostluxurioushelm etisthe cerem onialcap of
acquired a new form called badan, w hich w as M ikhailFyodorovich,the firsttsar in the R om anov
forged of large and flatrings.The m useum prides 4Iynasty.The helm et,forged of dnm msk steelin the
itself on onebelonging to BorisG odunov,the first (lrient, is em bellished with precious stones and
elected tsar after the dynasty of the Ryurikovi- kdllhorism s from the K oran in Arabic.In 1621 the
ches.But the Godunovs failed to take root on the ltt'aftsm an NikitaD avydov im proved on itsform and
tsar's throne. In the disturbances that followed (Iflcoration by adding a plate neck-flap,a protective
Tsar Boris and his only son, Fyodor, were both flflvering for the nose w ith the enam elim age ofA r-
killed.Every chain on Boris G odunov's badan has ttllangelM ichaelon itand ear slits lined w ith pearls.
engraved on it the words:<<God Is W ith Us''. 'I'l1e crown of the helm et was em bellished with gold
There w as also an additional arm or, w orn over (lxecuted according to W est European m odels.
the chain arm or,which consisted of polished m etal The 17th century gave birth to the legend that
plates and w as called zertsalo or m irror-like.The t'lkis helm et of astounding beauty belonged to the
A rm ory has 60 m irror-like arm ors,som e com bin- frelebrated warrior Prince A lexander N evski,son
ing plates w ith chains. ()f Y aroslav V sevolodovich. Both princes w ere
The shield w as the oldest type of defense wea- (ranonized by the Russian Church as defenders of
pon.The collection's best specim en is an lranian Itussian land.
shield of the 16th century m ade of a solid piece The sam ecollection holdsa child'shelm et,which
of dam ask steel by an outstanding craftsm an, llelonged to the 3-year-old son of lvan the Terrible.
M uham m ec M um m in. Experts insist a shield of l'
lxecuted in the K rem lin's arm ory workshop, it
such rare beauty is not to be found elsewhere in tkasa spiked conicalform to protectthe head from
the world.The surface,divided by spiralstripes, a blow from above. A long its lower edge there
98 99
are sm allholes from which a chain net,barm itsa, rl3oday the A rm ory boasts over 300 item s of
dropped to the shoulders. The net protected the l'i''earm s.28 rifles m ade in different cities in the
head, neck and shoulders from arrow s and from # 1l#l,e 16th - early 17th centuries were presented
blows with cold steel. t#)the m useum in 1830 as m em orial arm s. The
The m useum features a variety of cold steel, l'ifIes were in action in the St. Sergius Trinity
including bear-spears, axes, swords, sabres, and Mflnastery w hen it w as besieged by Polish troops
m aces.The tsar's fulldressalways included a bow iI1 1608.
and arrows.In the 17th century this m ost ancient rphere are several exhibits given as gifts to
w eapon had ritualsignificance.The bow was kept Itllssian tsars.The English em bassy on behalf of
in a special case w hich along with a quiver m ade trlkarles 11 presented Tsar A lexey M ikhailovich
up the so-called soadak.In 1671 a group ofm asters with a rifle that had belonged to the beheaded
of the Silver Cham ber decorated 50 saadaks for tlljarles 1,and a pistolof Charles II,who restored
an assem bly of Polish am bassadors.A ccording to t,I1(,m onarchy and returned the Stew art dynasty
ancient tradition,the saadak,as a ritualw eapon, l.t, the throne. The Russian tsars valued these
accom panied the tsar in m ilitary cam paigns and
Ilistoric objects and,took great care to preserve
on his visits to m onasteries.The splendid saadak
t,l/tlm intact.
ofTsar M ikhailFyodorovich w as m ade in 1627 by
tlle sam e craftsm en that m ade the tsar's crow n.
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77 aaaaxwe 5.rlpouuvaii'
re ,znepeseauve vexcv.
The saadak took one year to m ake.
f)'I'I1eTbTe Ha BOHPOCBI.
Cerem onial cold steel includes m aces and rods
with a ball or a thickness on the top end,called Cork city
pem achi. These sym bolized m ilitary rule and Cork city isthe major metropolis of the south;
pow er.Sabres in decorative sheatlls were given as IIdtleed with a population ofabout 135,000 itis the
awards for valor and m ilitary service to the count- rit'llond largest city in the Irish R epublic.
ry.There are two dam ask steelsabres of Oriental The m ain business and shopping centre of the
work with sheaths executed by K rem lin'sarm orers d'tlwn lies on the island created by tw o channels of
and jewelers.These were given as aw ards to the f'Ike River Lee, w ith m ost places within walking
heroes of the nationalliberation m ovem entof the tlistanceofthecentre.(Thebusestend to beover-
early 17th century.Prince Dm itriy Pozharskiy and (lrowded and the one-way traffic system is friend-
the N izhny Novgorod citizen K uzm a M inin.
Iishly com plicated.)
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don Steeple,the bell-tower of St A nne's Church, 'It''l'aHns, o'
rMeqeHHble X KBaMH c HPeM OM eHHSMH,
built on the site of a church destroyed when the i''l'MeqeHHBIMn qle paMn.
city was besieged by the Duke of M arlborough. a) traffic jams; '
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Back acrossthe River Leeliesthecity'scathed- b) vandalism ; ,
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ral, an imposing 19th century building in the c) slum s;
French Gothicstyle.Cork hastwom arkets.Neither d) pollution; j
catersspecifically fortouristsbutthosewhoenjoy e)overcrowding; ;
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theatmosphereofarealworking marketwillapre- f)crime. j
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Ciate their charm . I) too m any people live in too sm allplace; '1
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The Craw ford A rtG allery is wellw orth a visit. 2) every day,particularly in the rush-hour,the j
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lt regularly m ounts adventurous exhibitions by streets get so packed w ith traffic that travel I
contem porary artists. is very slow or even com es to a standstill. 1
The fashionable residentialdistrictsofCork city This is particularly stressfulfor com m uters, '
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overlook the harbour.There are other residential people w ho travelto work in the town. !:
areason the outskirts. ;y) theairand thewaterareno longeraspureas !
1. W here is Cork? they were; ;
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2. W here is the shopping and business centre of 4) certain parts of the city which are poor and J
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Cork? in a vel'y bad condition;
3. W hat is Cork's traffic system like? 5) Pointless destruction of other people's pro- !
,
4 . W hat is special about the site of St.A nne,s perty; I
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Church? 6) illegalactivity,an offencewhich ispunished
5. In what style is the architecture of Cork by law . .
Cathedral? ' -.
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6. Can you buy souvenirs at the m arkets? l
..uw(
*aaaaaxxe 7.Hpoqnva/'re Ixuepecsaan're IIIy- I
1. ls the Craw ford Gallery worth visiting and '1'OqHBIe paccxaasl. r
w hy? 1
8. W here do Cork people live?
9. Do thefashionable residentialdistrictsofCork A n agriculture student said to a farm er:idY our :
.
if this tree willgive you less than twenty pounds vtjllr pigs like that w hen there are people dying 11
of apples.'' W kth nothing to eat.
''
<<l won't be surprised either,''said the farm er, ' And he fined the farm er.
t'this is an orange tree''. ; >Aina11y, another m an cam e in and asked justthe 'i
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2 sltltle question.Thehesitantfarm eranswered after
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' 1, few m inute::RW el1,I give five dollars to each
A farm boy was drafted.On his first furlough, jlig so they can buy whatever they w ant.'' .
som eone went to the farm and asked the farm er: ' sllve a 1ot of tim e?'' !
KtW hat do you use to feed your pigs?'' <<Tim e?''said the farm er.tW hat does tim e m at- 'i
i
<tW ell,1givethem acorn,corn,andthingslike t,ertoapig?'' .1
that.W hy?'' ''
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sociation and lthink you don'tfeed thezn like you 1( I<M HM qacl'sM Texc' ra Morv' r czzyavrrb aaroaoslcawln
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should,they shouldn't eat wastes.'' (uqeaylottm e:xxl- leo6xognMoc' rs c'rpouTeabcq'sa Buco' rHslx
Then he fined the farm er. ' tlilaz. lxxikh, xxx apaxq'epalaze oco6eHHoc'rn cospeMeuHslx
Som e days later, another person arrived and l,slcorxlslx aaauniih y;2)Haaosn' reocHosHrazeHcTopnuecsne 1
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asked the sam e question. ilexn B c'
rponrreascl'
seBszcovuslx aaaule BCIIIA. !
The farm er answ ered:'W el1,I feed tllem very j
Design and construct oy:o: tallbuildings !
w ell.I give them salm on,caviar,shrim p, steak ... '
w l1y?'' I
'dB ecause l am from the U zlited N ations The world is building at an ever-increasing
Organization and 1 think it's unfair that you feed pace to house the rapidly grow ing population, to
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replace deteriorating or obsolete buildings,and to i,ll()erection oftheearly skyscraperstHe6ocI<pe6sll
satisfy the dem and for accom m odation of a higher i11the latter part of the last century.
quality.M ore and m ore buildings of al1types are The prestige value of tallbuildings is undoubt-
needed,from jungle huts to the tallgiants ofthe ('ttly another reason that has prom pted buildings
m odern m etropolis. dywners to strive for greater heights.
The need for tallbuildings isincreasing rapidly. The desire to preserve the centralcore ofa city,
Urban renewal schem es for decayed areas within lllltlto lim it the urban sprawl,are further factors
the central cores of m any large cities are feasible which favour tallbuildings.Theincreased perm it-
only by replacing theexisting buildingsofm oderate t,f!(l population densities com bined with require-
heightby fewer butsignificantly higherbuildings, 'llents for am ple open space,m ake tallbuildings
which, w hile increasing the population density, t,I1e only practicalway for effective urban renew al
provide m ore open space and green areas. strhem es.
A greatdealofthought,research and experim en- A nother reason for large,tallbuildings is the
tation hasgone into the existing tallbuildings.The (lem and oflarge organizations forbulk office space
literature and research on the slzbject is growing i11one building in centralcity areas.
steadily and it is apparent that m uch is yet to be
III
done.The field isvast.In addition to the problem s
associated with buildings of m oderate height,tall lt is rather difficult to define a tall building.
buildings introduce am plifications of the sam e ''rPall'' being a relative term ,changes its absolute
problem s,and create new problem s of their own. llteaning w ith tim e and locality.For instance the
The aspects are m anifold and involve a num ber f'irstChicago 4<skyscraper'',builtin 1885,had only
of disciplines of learning: sociology, econom ics, l0 floors.Generally,a Kttallbuilding''m ustextend
architecture,and m any branches of engineering. C'bove w hat is considered average or com m onplace
ilany particular location,at any given tim e.
11 The history of the early A m erican tall build-
Thescarcity ofland in the desirable centralparts ings,or skyscrapers,as they are generally called,
ofcitiesis undoubtedly one of thebasicreasonsfor is closely associated with the cities of N ew York
tallbuildings.H igh land values m ake the erection ltnd Chicago.
of tallbuildings the only econom icalway to build. U ntilthe m iddle ofthe 19th century the height
Econom ic considerationswere theprim e m overs in of com m ercialbuildings was generally lim ited to
106 1O7
A fter the end of W orld W ar 11 the construc-
6 floors,because the tenants and their clients were tion of tall buildings gathered new im petus and
reluctant to clim b higher.
spread to m any countries. There are now m any
The invention of a safety device by Elisha outstanding exam plesoftallbuildingsthroughout
G .Otis in 1853 m ade the use of the elevator ac-
the world.
ceptablefor passengertransport,and cleared away
one of the m ajor obstacles for taller buildings. IV
In 1870,a l3o-ft-high building (40 m)fully equ- The principaluse oftallbuildingsis for offices,
ipped with elevators w as com pleted in New York,
but their use for residential purposes has been
and in 1875 the tallest building in the sam e city
growing steadily, particularly in the last 10 to
reached the height of 260ft(79m ). 15 years.A nd,of course,there are m any notable
The first building with a com plete iron fram e,
applications in the field of hoteland institutional
w here m asonry w as used only as a space-enclosing
elem ent,w asbuiltin Chicago in 1885:the lo-storey construction.
H om e Life Insurance Building. Earlier office buildingsdepended m ainly on nat-
The construction of tall buildings spread !'a- urallighting and ventilation.Since W orld W ar 11
pidly during the follow ing years.A t the turn of there has been a notable sw ing to artificiallight-
the century 74 '<tall''office buildings,the tallest ing and air-conditioning and now these features
around 20 storeys, were standing in N ew Y ork. are incorporated in a11new talloffice buildings in
In Chicago the tallest building reached the height N orth A m erica. Residential buildings, however,
of 21 storeys (305 ft).Other American cities fol- still rely to a large extent on natural light and
lowed suit. ventilation.
The height of buildings increased considerably From the tow n planning point of view , the
during the first few decades of this century: nearly unlim ited freedom of the early skyscraper
47 storeys (187m ) 1908 builders has been severely curtailed by the enact-
50 storeys (213m ) 1909 m ent of building bylaws,w hich do not perm it the
52 storeys (242 m ) 1913 creation of dark canyon-like streets.The contem -
102 storeys (382 m) 1931 porary tallbuildings areerected on relatively large
(SingerBldgp,New York;M etropolitan Life 1n- building lots,w ith aircorridorsbetween buildings
surance Bldg.,N ew Y ork;W oolw orth Bldg.,N ew above a certain height.
York;Em pire State Bldg.,New York). 1O9
V W om en should feel they no longer need to be
afraid;feelfreetolive fulland independentlives;be-
Som e of the featuresw hich distinguish the con- lievethatshould they everhave to face an attacker,
tem porary tallbuilding from its earlier relatives they are now fully arrived to protect them selves.
are: the exterior walls are now largely of light- Crim inals of every category rely on opportunity,
w eight m aterials; glass, alum inum and precast and it therefore m akes sense to try to reduce that
concrete havereplaced the m asonry;the services- *
opportunity where you can.
air-conditioning,lighting,verticaltransportation, Ifyou find yourself having to walk hom e late at
com m unications - have grow n and are m ore night,som e basic steps apply across the board:
com plicated;the interior and exterior details are . Plan your route in advance.
planned with ease of m aintenance in m ind; the * Fam iliarise yourself with your route so that
internal walls are light, and easily adjustable to you know ,for exam ple,w here there are large
the varying needs ofoffice layout;the appearance bushes or concealed entrances, and w here
is sim ple and free of ornate detail. your nearest points of help are (shops,pubs,
And what of the future developm ents? Predic- phones,etc).
tionsare difficult,buttheapplication ofindustrial Vary your route ifit's one you take frequently,
building m ethods could wellfind m ore application so that your m ovem ents are less predictable.
and expression in the tallbuildings to com e. * Think about escape routes.
.- .*.- .
* K eep to well-lit streets where possible.
-aaaam xe 9.H poqnTa/q'e n nepeBeim '
- re c'
raTbzo. . Avoid short-cutsifyou know the longer route
O Kaxo/ npoo eMe 6oaszzzoro ropoaa B HeR nle'r peqs? is safer.
OTBeTBTe Ha Bonpocu . * A void pedestrian underpasses w here pos-
sible.
Protect yourself * Avoid cutting through parks and car-parks -
ltis sad that we need to discuss how to protect both provide the isolation and the hiding
ourselves.But the truth is that alm ost allwom en places an attacker loves.
feel scared at tim es.W e are angry that we have * Keep to the outside of the pavem ent,so that
lost our freedom . But there is no doubt w e are it is harder for an attacker to spring from
worried w hen we w alk hom e through dark streets a doorway or alleyw ay;w alk in the m iddle of
late at night. the road if traffic perm its.
110 111
* W alk towardsoncoming traffic. , Ca@$@Aa@e Ape- - M@AoAe* **.
* Don'twearradio headphones- you need the K yxxw abxe H en@pYHaab'e
use of allyour senses. . F aaaA euea - - .
* Neveracceptaliftfrom a stranger,nom atter H yrem ee@a -e.
how tempting itmightseem. K laxypewx,# eerHaaA-.
* lfsomeone is expecting you at your destina- A >e epaw a H H*K y*@+>@.
tion,callbeforeyou setoff,andconfirm what H po6AeMb'M@A@A** M.
time you expectto arrive. H pm u xoe H Haer@Am ee.
1 A a- eaae K HHM M @A@Ae' n
. W here is itsafer to live in the city or in the
country? W hy? .
j
2.Isitdangeroustowalkinthestreetsofyour j
city or town in the evening? - --
W alt W hitm an
(j81g-j8n )
W alter W hitm an w as an A m erican poet and
1, son of Long Island. H is collection of poem s,
'
'dlueaves Of Grass''isconsidered one of the w orld's
j tnajor literary w orks.
W hitm an w as a true patriot. H is poem s sing
f)f the praises of the U nited States of A m erica
l'nd the cause of dem ocracy. The poet's love of
itis country grew from his faith that A m ericans
( Itlight reach new w orldly and spiritual heights.
w hitm an wrote:t<rrhe chief reason for the being
(Jf the United States of A m erica is to bring about
, q-
l
a
&
the com m on good willof a1lm ankind,the olida- E*O C aptain!M y Captainl,''another poem on Lin-
rity of the w orld.'' troln'sdeath,isW hitm an'sm ostpopular poem ,but
W hitm an began w orking on d:lueaves of Grass'' tliffers from his others in rhym e and rhythm .
in 1848.This collection of poetry w as so unusual W hitm an wrote in a form sim ilar to f<thought-
that no publisher w ould publish it. ln 1855, he r'ltythm .'' This form is found in O1d Testam ent
published ithim self.The edition contained only 12 Iloetry. It is also found in sacred books of India,
poem s.In the preface,W hitm an said: d'The U ni- sllch as the Bhagavad-G ita,which W hitm an knew
ted States them selves are essentially the greatest i11 translation.The rhythm of his lines suggests
Poem . the rise and fallof the sea he loved so m uch.This
Betw een 1855 and his death,W hitm an published structure is better suited to expressing em otion
severalrevised and enlarged editions of his book. tllan to logicaldiscussion.
H e believed thatK<lueavesofGrass''had grown with In general,W hitm an's poetry is idealistic and
his own em otionaland intellectual developm ent. rom antic.
%<song of M yself,'' is considered W hitm an's
W alt W hitm an's life
greatest.ltis a lyric poem told through the joyful
experiences of the narrator.Som etim es the narra- W alter W hitm an was born in W est H ills,Long
tor, ::1,'' is the poet him self. ln other passages, Island,N ew York.W hile he grew up in Brooklyn,
::1''speaks for the hum an race,the universe,or a Ike frequently returned to his roots. H e worked
specific characterbeing dram atized.Like allW hit- lts a printer and journalist in the N ew Y ork City
m an's m ajor poem s, :<song of M yself'' contains area.He wrote articles on politics,civics,and the
sym bols. For exam ple, in the poem he describes ltrts.
grass as a sym bolof life Ktthe babe ofvegetation,'' W hitm an loved New York City and loved the
t<the handkerchief of the Lord.'' crowds.H e attended debates,thetheater,concerts,
W hitm an wrote '<W hen Lilacs Lastin the Door- lectures,and politicalm eetings.H e often rode on
yard Bloom 'd''on the death of Abraham Lincoln. stagecoaches and ferries just to talk with people.
Lincoln died in A pril, springtim e - a tim e of During the CivilW ar,W hitm an w asa volunteer
rebirth in nature.W hitm an says thateach spring assistant in the m ilitary hospitals in W ashington,
the bloom ing lilac willrem ind him notonly ofthe D.C.After the w ar,he w orked in severalgovern-
death of Lincoln, but also of the eternal return m ent departm ents until he suffered a stroke in
to life. 1873. H e spent the rest of his life in Cam den,
114 115
'
.
,
j
1
N . J., w here he continued to write poem s and j
ticles. t The delicious singing of the m other, ;
ar
w hitm an believed thatthe vitalitv and varietv Or of the young wife at work, i
-'
of his life reflected the vitality a - n. Or of the girlsewing or washing,
nd varietv - -
A m erica.M ost crities accept this view of the ' Each Singing what belongs to him
m n ,a
and his poem s and som e insist he w as n nnw -
0-7--, , orherandtononeelse,
and unusuallyric poet. - *'-------
)
'
,
.'. Thedaywhatbelongstotheday
at night the party of young
t fellow s, robust,friendly,
Ih j
,
earAmericasinging
l hear A m erica singing,
l
l
singingwithopenmouths
their strong m elodious songs.
t);
the varied carols 1 hear, (
Those of m echanics,each one singing @'
, '?'
-c'
,: -Ar3M aM e 2.l'lpoquTax
= w e cseaeuns na 6uorpa-
his as it should be blithe .
' tllHII Xlaplzz< XlazzzzMxza.H arznzrzn'
re cssaz4szii paccxaa-
and strong, ispzorpatpxzo, xcnozzsays aazxxsze cseaexxx og avane
The carpenter singing his p 'I'BopqecTsa alcmepa. l
as he m easures his plank or beam , >, charlie chaplin
The m ason singing his r
y Biograpkg
as he m akes ready for work,or leaves off work, 'r
The boatm an singing w hat CharlieChaplin wasborn Charles Spencer Chap-
belongs to him in his boat,the deck hand lillin London,England on 16 A pril1889.H is pa-
singing on the steam boat deck, l'tlnts,Charles Chaplin,Sr.and H annah H illwere
The shoem aker singing l lllusic hallentertainersbutseparated shortly after
ashe sitson his bench, f
y tiharliewasborn,leaving Hannah to providefor
The hatter singing as he stands, 1
' llor children.
. )
ln 1896 w hen H annah w as no longer able to care
The woodclztter's song,
th t
,
l'()r her children, Charlie and his brother Sydney
e ploughboy's on his way in the m orning,
or at noon interm ission Were adm itted to Lam beth W orkhouse and later, j
or at sundow n ,
IfanwellSchoolfor Orphans and Destitute Chil- f
,
(
jjyw p g
116
,
117
r/
Firsttour of UsA/canada with Karno Troupe. 1LL.w .aaaaaxe 3.H pouHTaiTe TeKcT n oTBeTsTe Ha
.
-
.
7'-
c'-:
- aaAaxxe 5.npounvauve aasusze mpar-exvsr
' ing up to Breuii, at the back of the M atterllorn !
;
- ,
W BBIIIM HHTeaalannl Ho Texcr
raM. t (and Whai a terrible Com e-down frOm the front,
12O 121
!
.
i
I
or swiss facadel),we made off eastward one j 1
day in, search of adventure, but with no great !
satisfaction. A nswer these questions: '
After a tim e Him sell (Himself- the author's 1 W hatwmsthe attitudeOfItaliansto pedestrians
.
husband,John Galsworthy, thew ell-known English at the tim e described by A da Galsworthy?
writer)wentforward to explore,and I remember 2. w as it considered proper in Italy for travel-
how vez'y desolate Ifelt, leftwatching him becom e lers to re
est and have refreshm ent sitting on
sm aller and sm aller and finally disappear com ple- the ground?
CYY' 3 W hatisthe differescebetw een the attitudeto
H e returned by the sam e stony- hearted route, w alkers in town districts and in m ountainous I
not having found anything likely to am useus and regions?
,
We setforth,along a high hillside, tow ards hom e, 4. Why isitnoteasy fOrinexperienced people 1
which was chatillon for the tim e being. to find their way is the m ountains?
com ing to a puzzling choke of routes, H im - jy
self w ent forw ard again to investigate, and this
tim e it was quite half an hour before we rejoined M ake up 10 questions of your OWn On the text. l
forces.Ihad sta#ed exactly where he leftme,
as ju
arranged, but 1ie had returned on a higher or ,
1OWer level without being aw are of it, and quite 1 R elate the contents of the text.
hidden from m e. lt was grassy everyw here and jv
,
there w as a brisk wind, so that footsteps were L
inaudible. com plete the followinl Sentences.
S P Shotlted; the wind was not Rm y way''. H e 1. They say thatltalians despise the travelleron
then,having,ashe thought, investigated thenear foot because ...
Colm tryym ade Off down a very steep hillside. 2. If the hiker finds som e g'rassy knollor hollow
SY thP PKd Of half an hour he suddenly reappea -
$ inviting him to regi and refreshm ent he ...
O d* W P Were b0th Very glad to fling ourselves ' 3. M uch the worse if travellers don't ...
(IOW X by & btlbbling stream let, bathe hotfaces and 4. Those who can afford any kind ofvehicle turn
ho ds,1ie Out in the kindly sunshine, and regain contem ptuous eyes toW ards pedestrians and
tranquillity. ' often prefer . ..
122 ' 123
5. The tourists m ade off southward in search Cascade Boys Ranch is a hom e for boys ages 8
of ... to 18 located in the beautiful foothills of the
6. By great luck the m em bers of the expedition Southern Oregon Cascades. lt's a 50-acre ranch
m anaged to ... . where boys live with a perm anent fam ily,attend
7. W hen the walkers cam e to a puzzling choice SChOol, and have a chance to becom e productive,
of routes ... law-abiding citizens.Our purpose is to give xutra-
8. A sthe wind was nottheir way the travellers Zedy-based''nd/or Gat-risk''boyswhatthey may
could not hear ... never get in their critical developm ental years:
steo bv LOVe,Guidance,and a M odel for a N ew W ay of
9. The clim bers proceeded very slow ly,
step as ... - - Life.
Both nationaland localjuvenile statisticsshow
v an increase in the num ber of troubled boys.The
a) M ake up sentences using the following list of , criminaljustice system is overworked with hard
words and w ord-com u nations. cases and can't provide help for xuat-risk'' boys
b) M ake up a short story of your own using this : who,w ithoutdirection or parentalsupport,could
list. likely becom e crim inals them selves. W e want
a #j- . to keep boys out of the crim inal justice system
a walker,a travelleron foot,a peaestrian, by Offering them a perm anent hom e in which to
ker, to turn contemptuous or pitying eyes on so -
a suitabu learn A ccountability, Responsibility, and Trust.
m ebody,!/greatluck,a m arked attitude,
placeio recline,agoup, a comedown from,tomake Through love,hard work,and discipline,boyswill
to attain a healthy self esteem and a strong founda-
O// (in some direction),in searcltof adventure,
titm on w hich to build productive lives.
feeldesolate,to return by tke sam e route, to com e
totzpuzzling choice ofroutes,to rejoin forces,to be W e also have available a home forgirlslocated
in an agitated state,to regain tranquiltity. 40 m iles aw ay from CBR .
Cascade Boys Ranch and The W oods H om e for
m
'
. . Girls are owned and operated by ICA RE, lnc.,
-3aaazrxe 6. rlpouuva/ve vesc'
- r. u oeacvassvo
-
ce6e, u'
ro ssz gepeve uavepssm y upea-
cvv
M MHHHCTPaIIHIIqem paaxa vpm uszxuoapocasx
sosve.
caaq-
; a'federallytax-exempt501(c)(3)corporationde-
Sizned to help those in need.Your donation of
cadeBoysRanch.Icaswe6sysoupocszsszQ vaszraa..
-'
time,finances,orsupportin vocationalskills,
Hcnozzsaykvenumop-atwx,,aasuymsvexci.--' -' education,music,livestock,etc.willhelpuscon-
124 125
)
'
'
. '
!j
t
ki
en
tt
bl
eilhaenVdistieonn
al n.iTshceofactislity
ur ,
alreadyfeaturesbas-
two 5,000 square foot
4 .<iR
r$. Ttr
omeoandJul
fw elfth N ight
'>
ie(t
A''
c(
tAc
2)t
.2). l
!
i
g
Ii
residences,Office Space,a barn,m iles of hiking (;. <dl-
lenry IV''(Part2,Act3). d
.
q
'
y
trails,and severaloutdoorm eeting areas.W eare t
'
7. 'tRichard 111''(Act5). t
constantly seeking waysofimproving and expand- 8 flfing Lear''(AC: 3).
.
!
1
ing, and w e certainly could use your help. f) *6X MidsummerNight'sDream''(Act1).
.
1
1l). <rrwelfth kight''(Act2).
.----.'.----.
(
'
-- k YW WRWP 7.ZM I
IOSHHTP TPCTM . s g
. =
. (
1 R ead the quotations from books. D o you rem em ber
In which of shakespeare's plays do the following t.I
l(,authorsandthetitlesofthesebooks? 1
!
m em orable lines appear? r ,,
' l. d<A l1is quiet on the western front. .
1. <<If m usic be the food of love,play on.'' '
,
2. K<I'l1 m ake him an offer he can ,t refuse.''
2. dparting is such sweet sorrow -'' ' a xlBig brother is watching you.''
3. d<out,dam ned spotl'' 4 K<please don't shoot the pianist.H e is doing
4. <$I'm a m an m ore sinned against than sin- his best. ''
1
ning-'' J
; Kdynor whom the belltolls-''
5. t .
<dA llthe world's a stage.'' .
' (;. Ksrhe rule is,jam tom orrow and jam yesterday
6. GBrevity is the soul of wit.'' but never jam today.''
7 Gsom e m en areborn great,som eachieve g'reat- 7. <<.N1lanim als are equal,but som e anim als are
ness and som e have greatness thrust upon m ore equalthan others.''
them .'' u uunh East is East, and W est is W est, and
8. f<uneasy lies the head that w ears a crown.'' never the tw ain shall m eet.''
9. <<A horse!A horse!M y kingdom for a horsel''
10 1 6:1984''by G eorge Orw ell.
. ''The course of the true love never did run 2' VtFor W hom the B ell T olls,, j)y s ruest H e-
sm ooth.'' '
m ingw ay.
i
1. xdM acbeth,, (Act 5). 3. K<The oodyather''by M ario Puzo.
2 uAsyou like it,, (Act2).
. t 4. (uThrougj.j the Looking-G lass''by Lew is Car-
3. d<l-
lam let''(Act 2). , roll.
126 127
5. f61m PreSSiOnS Of A m erica''by Oscar W ilde. licans in their Struggle against the fascist reac-
6. ZW nim alFarm ''by George Orwell. ion.The events in Spain becam e the m ain them e
V* 66F1'l1P Szllad 0f East and W est''by Rudyard ()f his novelVfFor W hom the BellTolls''and som e
X iplilz. ( ()f his short stories.H em ingw ay's VIA Farew ell to
8* ZW llisQuietOn theW estern Front''by Erich Arms'' RFor W hom the BellTolls''and G'I'he Old
M aria R em arque. M an and the Sea''are classics of the zoth-century
*
3 literature.
M atch the nam esfrom the leftcolum n with the nam es r Jerom e D . Salinger
from the right colum n. For som e years the voice of the post-w ar ge-
1)Scylla a)Delilah lkeration seemed tobe thatofJerom eD.Salinger,
2)Rom ulus b)Cleopatra theauthorof<trl'heCatcherin theRye''(1951)and
3)Samson c)Abel ()fa quite sm allnumber ofshortstories.Salinger
4)Sodom d)Odysseus speaks for the young urban Am erican of middle-
5)Adam e)Remus classparentage.ln hisworld nooneisstarving,or
6)A ntony f)Charybdys ltkuch concerned with whatm ightbecalled public
13CZiK Z)XVe issues.Thebehaviour of his charactershas little
8)Penelopa h)Gomorrah to do with heroism .
A s in H em ingway, the people he adm ires are
7- -
= . 3a/m M e 8. l' re 14 nepecxa-n'
IpoqnTa/' re 6H0- . llbove al1sincere.Salinger's idealpeopleare child-
rpalm H nHcaqu ek.Bxqrzo.qHn'
re ynpaaxxeHna. ren, he is nice about them as any Victorian lady
ItOVC1iSi.They are disgusted by the m anifestations
Zrnpst S em ixW ay ()fPverytjay jyye ayyd capable Of poetic feelings.
Ernest Hem ingway (1899-1961) was born in ' In H'rhe Catcher in the Rye''Salinger surveys
Illinois. H is father wanted him to be a doctor, the A m erican life through the eyes of a confused
but he becam e a newspaper reporter. H em ingw ay llutvery sincere adolescent,H olden Caulfield,who
took part in w orld w ar I and he described it in (ran detect 1ie and who has a passionate devotion
hiS antiwar novel<dA Farewellto Arm s''. tow ard the few genuine people in his life. H e is
D uring the N ational R evolutionary W ar in L ltighly intelligent.But his despairs begin to seem
Spain (1936-1039),he actively helped the repub- old-fashioned.Tothem odern generation ofreaders
128 129
. 'I
and critics Salinger doesn't seem up-to-date. The 7. Do you think the theatre and the cinem a are '
verdict is that he produced a m odern version of m odern arts?
'dH uckleberry Finn''in R'rhe Catcher in the Rye''. E
8. W hy is video so popular now adays?
I 9. W hoisyourfavouriteactor(com poser,musi-
( cian , artist)? W hat makes him (her)specyaj .
M in.d fhlf#0Lld*n't....)
V.
'Did you find your w ay up to the w oods a11 '
right
F this morning? )-.-(aaiewwe1a.Hcnozqsays HsfyopMaqHlo,aaHHylo
-
'
Yes- 1 w alked along in m y shirt sleeves; it '---Q
s cvavse,cocTassve vescv axcuypcuu ;as vypucvos uo
was simply broiling.I was (jolly) glad I had on
flannels. ocTpoBy.
V.' 1 thoug'ht you,d be nearly m elted. I expect Island of charm
VOu're feeling rather fagged. ' The first im pression of N orfolk lsland as the
F.
'1 am ,just a little bit;the hot weather takes plane circles to land is how rugged the coastline
it Out of one. l tried to keep out of the sun as 7 appearsagainstthe gentle,crystal-clear waters of
lnufth as 1 could. the South Pacific O cean .
36 2
137
This natural contrast is a perfect m etaphor 1800 and you can'thelp butfeelthatyou are tak-
,
for the history of this tiny island which is now . ing part in living history w hen you m eet people
a holiday paradise but was once a living hell for called Christian, but fett and Quintal.
convicts,who m usthave believed they were atthe N orfolk has a unique position as an A ustralian
end of the earth. protectorate. The island usesA ustralian currency
The scenicbeauty ofN orfolk, located 2 t/o hours and x<native''eislanders are issued w ith Australian
north-eastofSydney and two hours north ofA uck- passports.
land, is reason enough to visit, but the island's N orfolk Island is not represented in Canberra.
history willalso intrigue visitors. It has its own customs and imm igration (which
The island was discovered by Captain Jam es meansAustraliansneed a passportto visit),there
Cook in 1774 during his second voyage around is no incom e tax on the island and the shopping
the w orld. H e believed that the indigenous pine is duty free.
treesw ould m ake idealm asts, although he quickly A fter visiting the historic centre K ingston
found that they w ere far too brittle. during the day,taking in the three m useum s,the
The first of two penal settlem ents w as estab - Georgian buildings and the cem etery - w hich is
lished 14 years after Cook's discovery and was , a fascinating look into the past - the Sound A nd i
m aintained until 1814. Light show bus tour each week night depicts the
In 1826 a second penalsettlem ent was establi- convicts'm iserable lives.
shed,butwas abandoned 30 years later after suc - The island, w hich is 32 km in circum ference,
cessful representations to England exposing the has rolling hills and sw eeping valleys that spill
atrociousconditions underwhich the convictsw ere .
outinto green fields and fern-filled glades.M ount
forced to live. Bates is the highest point at 321m and m uch of
W hen the second penalsettlement(whose walls the rugged coastline drops into the ocean from
arepictured above)wasdisbanded in 1856,Queen 50m verticalcliffs .
Victoria gave the island to the descendants of the Em ily Bay hasone ofthe island'sfew swim m ing
Bounty m utineers,m any ofw hom left their hom e beaches, w here a coral reef provides shelter for
on Pitcairn Island to establish the first free settle- snorkelling or diving.There are glass-bottom boat
m ent on N orfolk. tours for people to observe tropicalfish.
Today the Bounty descendants m ake up nearly sub tropical fauna and flora can be enjoyed
-
30 per cent of the island's population of nearly while bushw alking and horseriding.
E
?38 139
,
ln the N ational Park, avocados grow wild in oe aaosaaae
season,asdo lem ons,m andarins,guavasand flowe- a 6yA- ax npe eeeM .
ring plants such as hibiscus.
cae e- o6paaoaaaM
Rare native green parrots have been saved from l cm A a Beu xoe araaax
extinction and share the island with crim son ro- )
sellas and white terns.Cows roam freely and have
right of w ay on roads sim ilar to winding country ' = .'
<dF1y over the north side of the fire,''said the 'luring their lunch hour.H alfway up the beach,
C
photographer. dxand m ake three or four low level they stum bled upon a lam p.A s they rub the lam p
asses.'' a genie appears and says KuN orm ally I would grant
p
d<W hy?''asked the pilot. you three wishes,but since there are three ofyou,
<dBecause l'm going to take pictures!1'm a pho- 1 will grant you each one wish.''
tographer,andphotographerstakepicturesl''said Thephotographerwentfirst.<<1wouldliketospend
e
j
the photographer w ith great exasperation. therestofm y lifeliving in a hugehousein St.Thom ms
After a long pause the pilot said, x<You m ean with no money worries.''The genie granted him ltis
you're not the instructor?'' wish and sent ltim on off to St.Thom as.
Thejournalistwentnext.$ilwould liketo spend
2 the rest of m y life living on a huge yacht cruising
,, sjw ;
A young banker decided to get his first tallor the M editerranean w ith no m oney w orries.
m ade suit.So he went to the finest tailor in town genie granted him his w ish and sent him off to
and got m easured for a suit.A w eek later he w ent , the M editerranean.
in for his first fitting.H e put on the suit and he Last,butnotleast,itwasthe editor'sturn.'W nd
looked stunning,he felt that in this suit he can what would your wish be?''asked the genie.
do business. d<Iw antthem both back after lunch''replied tbe
A s he was preening him self in frontofthe m ir- editort,dtthe deadline for tom orrow 's newspaper is
rorhe reached down to puthishandsin thepockets in about ten hours.
and to his surprise he noticed that there were no 4
pokets.H e m entioned this to the tailorw ho asked r
hiLz'1,t'Didn't you tellm e you w ere a bazlker?'' A doctor and a lawyer were attending a cocktai!
The young m an answered,e<' hres,I did.'' party when the doctor was approached by a m all
To this the tailor said, T<W rho ever heard of who asked advice on how to handle his ulcer.Tlt.
a banker with his hands in his ow n pockets?'' doctor m um bled sonle m edicaladvice,then tll. l-lll.tl
to the lawyer and asked,ftl-low do you hall(11(,t,Il4!
:.
$ situation when you are asked for adv .ce fjtjj.jj;j;
Three m en: an editor, a photographer, and asocialfullction?''t'Justseztd an accourtl,('4,1.>1tl#'1.
a journalist are covering a politicalconventiollin advice''replied the lawyer.On the next 111t1,.11ll1:
J'
kliam i.They decide to w alk tlp ancldow n tlebeach l,
he doctor arrived at his surgery a1'(I issllpfllIt,'
152
F
ulcer-stricken m an a$ 50 account.Thatafternoon becom e a doctor.That was nearly im possible for a
hereceived a $ 100 accountfrom the lawyer. wom an in the m iddle of the nineteenth century.
A fter writing m any letters seeking adm ission
5 to m edical schools, she was finally accepted by
A dog ran into a butcher shop and grabbed :1doctor in Philadelphia.So determ ined was she,
a roast off the counter. Fortunately,the butcher that she taught school and gave m usic lessons to
recognized the dog as belonging to a neighbor (larn money iorhertuition.
of his. The neighbor happened to be a lawyer. In 1849,after graduation from m edicalschool,
Incensed at the theft, the butcher called up his she decided to further her education in Paris.She
neighbor and said,<<H ey,if your dog stole a roast wanted to be a surgeon,buta seriouseye infection
from m y butcher shop,w ould you be liable for the
forced her to abandon the idea.
costof the m eat?''The law yer replied,<$Ofcourse, Upon returning to the U nited States,she found
how m uch was the roast?''%<$ 7.98.,'A few days it difficult to start her own practice because she
later the butcher received a check in the m ailfor
W aS a W om an.
$7.98.Attached to it was an invoice that read: By 1857 Elizabeth and her sister, also a doc-
LegalConsultation Service:$ 150 . t()r, along with another fem ale doctor, m anag'ed
6 to open a new hospital,the first for w om en and
A new client had just come in to see a fam ous trhildren.Besides being the first fem ale physician
law yer.T<can you tellm e how m uch you charge?''> tnd founding her own hospital,she also established
said the client- $%Of course'', the lawyer replied, the first m edicalschoolfor w om en.
f<lcharge $200 to answer three questionsl''<fvrell W hy couldn't Elizabeth Blackw ellrealize her
that's a bit steep,isn't it?''ddYes it is'' said the dream of becom ing a surgeon?
lawyer,SA nd what's your third question?''
1) She couldn't get admitted to m edicnI
school.
q
,.
---'
> .
.-
-j*3aaaxxzxe 7.H poqHr
rai'
re r rlepesegnTe TeRc'
r. 2) She decided to further her educatiollijI
BsluoaHHTe ynpav neHHe. Paris.
Elizabeth Blackwellwasborn in England in 1821., 3) A seriouseye infection halted her f1llt!st,.
and em igrated to N ew York City when she was ten 4) ItwasdifficultforhertostartaI)''l14!i,i4't'
years old.One day she decided that she w anted to in the United States.
r
2. W hat m ain obstacle alm ost destroyed Eliza- H ayu oe exaaueeu / npoo eee
beth's chances for becom ing a doctor? x elape-eaa@e oKm eea o.
1) She was a woman. a xoal- x a a @x @A@>
2) She wrotetoo many letters.
3) Shecouldn'tgraduatefrom m edicalschool.
4) She couldn<testablish her hospital. . ..x ....
3. H ow m any years elapsed betw een her gradu- 1-- 3aaaxke 1.HpoqnTa/q'e H uepesean're Texc'r.
ation from m edicalschooland the opening of (JocTass're nxaH.H oa6epn'
re Ma Texc'
ra 2-3 npeaao- e-
her hospital? llus x Itaa goMy nyax'
ry naaaa.
1) 8. Siberia's fauna is am azingly rich
2) 10. There are m any species of fauna in the vast ex-
3) 19.
Ilanses of tundra, taiga and water-m eadows, the
4) 36.
4. A 1lof the following are Rfirsts''in the life of llum erous rivers and lakes.Scientists have regis-
tered 74 species of m am m als on the territory of
Elizabeth Blackwell,except ...
tlte region,m ore than 320 species of birds,4 spe-
1) she becam e the firstfem ale physician. (ries of reptiles, 5 species of am phibia and over
2) she was the firstwoman surgeon.
d0 species of fish.
3) sheand severalotherwomen founded the
first hospitalfor wom en and children. In the tundra are the reindqer,polar fox,lem -
Ikling and m any species of birds.On the islands
4) she established the first medical school Ctnd m ainland one finds the polar bear and skua,
for w om en.
l'nd in the coastalw aters,the Bay of Ob and other
llays the sea hare, the ringed seal and the white
whale.Further south in the tundra the w olf and
tllle W olverence are com m on.
T he anim al w orld of the taiga is even richer:
t,le squirrel,w hite hare,chipm unk and letyaga,
kts w ell as the brow n bear, fox, m arten, sable,
Iynx, weasel, Siberian plecat, badger,w olf and
wolverine. The pride of the taiga is the m oose.
The m ole and m usk-ratare widespread and there The developm ent of the W estern Siberian oi1
are m any colonies of the water rat and the A sia- l'nd gas com plex has unfortunately led to som e
tic beaver, w hich have survived in Condem n, ltlajor anom alies in the ecology of the area.For
M alaya Sosva and D em yanka. The zone is also tllis reason serious m easures to protect wild ani-
being energetically settled w ith im ported A m eri- lnals and their habitats are being draw n up and
can m ink. ilkm lem ented.Specialattention is being paid to the
The taiga isfullof birds.H ere you willfind the l'tlproduction of the anim alw orld.
wood-grouse,hazel-grouse,black grouse,nutcrack- W ith the help of tem porary reservators the
er, kuksha, osprey,great grey ow l, Tengm alm 's llttm ber of the sable and river beaver,w hich were
own and pygm y ow1 and in m arshes the willow Ilractically wiped outin the 19th century has been
grouse,crane,great snipe and jack snipe.The old t't,stored.
bedsofriversand lakes aredensely populated with M any other anim als decilby m an,such as the
ducks,snipe and gulls.The trum peter swan nests wild rein the m oose,thew ild goat,the m arten and
here, as do the red-throated and black-throated the grey goose,are also being restored.
loon and the red-necked sheldrake. N ature conservancy is becom ing particularly
The forest-steppe is the hom e of the stoat and l'elevant today. Tyum en R egion has eight state
fox,the m ountain hare and Siberian polecat,the Ilreserves under republican adm inistration and
steppe polecat,the badger,the m usk-rat,theblack 265 under regional adm inistration. Together
grouse, the quail, the hazel-grouse and various t'lley account for 3.6 per cent of the region's ter-
species of w ater-fowl. The wild goat and m oose d'itory.Preservesand reservations are particular-
are also found here,and also their constant com - Iy im portant for conserving and restoring rare
panion - the w olf. 'tnd disappearing species of fauna w hich are
M any of the anim als in Tyum en R egion are illcluded in the R ed Book of the International
hunted for com m ercial purposes. There is also (Tnion for N ature Conservancy and the Russian
a great deal of com m ercial fishing here. There Ipederation.
is world-wide dem and for the Siberian sturgeon, ln recentyearsinternationalcooperation to pre-
steriet, white salm on, Siberian w hitefish, bond serve the anim alw orld has increased.The restora-
white-fish, Siberian cisco and tugun. lde, dace, t'ion of the population of the w hite crane,w hich
roach,pike,perch and crucian are popular on the is in the red books of al1countries in the world,
local m arket. is being carried on in accordance with a special
'
2.
.
1
R ussian - A m erican program under the supervi- The Earth's atm osphere filters sunlight by
sion of the president of the International U nion absorbing m ost of the high-energy ultra-violet
for the Protection of Cranes, D r. D . Archibald, . lightand som e of the infra-red light.About 30%
and A cadem ician V .A .Flint. @ of the incident solar energy is directly reflected
Thepreservation ofthefaunain Tyumen Region '4 and scattered back into space as light,a short
and the utilization of its resources for econom ic, w avelength radiation.A nother 47 % is absorbed
scientific, cultural and educational purposes is , by the atmosyhere,the land,and ocean surfaces
both a pressing task and one that it is our duty and converted to the form of long wave radia-
t fulfill tion-heat.A n additional 23 To is utilized as the
O .
energy source of the hydrologic cycle,driving the
t3aaazxxe 2.l-
-
.,..........
lpoqyzva/l'e Ixnepesean'
ze w xcv. processes of evaporation,winds,ocean currents
s.
s-
B szuoaunve yupaa aeune. ;t and w aves.
Onecan possibly ask:how arenaturalsourcesof 4 To use the sun's energy there are som e special
energy used for generating electricity which can l
. solarcollectorsthatcould produceelectricalpower
be applied not only for the scientific purposes but r f'Or long space m issions, for instance. But solar
in everyday life? ! energy is also used in everyday life. H ere is an
w ind and solar energies are available for ' OXam ple ofthe use of solarenergy in experim ental
m en .
w ind power available throughout the Earth
l
l
solThe
arhe atingsystem foraschool.
conventionalelectricalheating systenlused
I atcleveland High schoolhasbeen modified to ac-
is believed to be equivalent to 100 billion w atts j
'
' cept supplem entary solar heat.About 4,500 sq.ft
every year.
A 100 kw t capacity wind generatcr built in Of experim ental solar heat collector panels have
1931 in the Crimea (Balaelava)in Russia wasone been installed ata 45 degree angle offhorizontal
of the first in com m ercialproduction.Since that On top of the roof in three rectangular rows fac.
tim e additional new ,large capacity w ind genera- ing southw ard.
tors were installed.One ofthe w orld largestwind The system contains approxim ately 150.d l)y
g'eneratorsislocated in celinograd (Russia),gene- 8 ft panels consisting of a black,heat absorlpillg
rating 1,200 kw ts of electricity. surfacebeneath tw o rigid sheetsofplastic.A t.yII,
The solar energy reaching the Earth's atm o- ng network inside the black surface is fillllflwtt,II
sphere am ounts to 1.395 kw ts per 1 sq.m . a water and antifreeze solution.W hen elltllxy 1.1.411,1
16O 1f-
,t
the sun passes through the special plastic, it is 8) conventional
absorbed by the dark surface and converted into 9) rigid
heat, which in turn is transferred to the liquid. . 10) surface
The hotliquid isthen pum ped through the tubing ' 11) heatexchanger
!
network to a pair of specialsolar heat exchangers 12) to provide
thatwork in conjunction with two ofthe school's 13) humidity
ten conventional heating units.These solar heat 14) relative
exchangersthen heat the air thatwarm s a portion
of the building as needed to m aintain a com fort- 1) rzzcnaood-eazzuzc
2) olttlenwtlszlmbt:,o6btnttbtl'
i
able tem perature. 3) odccncvudamb
W henever the system generates m oreheatthan
isrequired,surplushotwaterisstored in a 2,000 1
,
4) rloaaougcrp,b
5)pacceueamb
galheatstorage tank.From here,the hotwater j 6) ucnapenue
can be pum ped to the solar heat exchangers and l
provide heat whenever clouds obscure the sun. ! 7) nosepxuocm b
The experim entalsystem is designed to provide 1
. 8) rzddpt-/yfl'
i
up to 20 percentof the heat required to w arm the 9) rzco /olzfzzl'
i
tllree-storey building.This percentage varieswith l 10) dacaczzocpzb
11) us/pcxpccsbf: ceem (uanynenue)
such factors as outside tem perature,cloudiness,
12) ua-cssmbcs, eapbupoeam blcs.)
relative hum idity,and tim e of day. !
13) t'lauzfc soattbt
1 1 14) opz/zocupzcabsbzt'i
h
. .
H og6epnTe aRBnBaaeHTsI:
15) tlcpzovztuzc
1) infra-red light 2
2) incident '
l OHHHIHTP I<paTlo , I<aK AORCTBFOT COJIHPYIHaS (!144:.1.6
4
t
3) to scatter ' Ma OTOIIJDHHS, HCIIOJIB3YS C.
qeAylolIJHe CJIOBa H C.)1t#l
1fI
*
4) Wavelength ' COVPTaH MS :
i solar heatcollector,to install,to Jhdorh,l(t//?1.
5) to utilize ;
6) source ) liquid,antifreezesolution,toconvert,to /l't??la#)l??l,
7) evaporation to pum p, lteat exchanger, collccf/r, /f) rf'/l/'/tl/f'
162
l-- aaaaxxe a.upounva/ve vexcv-.oaaraassve
a
- t'ther planets that cicle our sun.Intelligent life
Ixx. H epecxaa nq'e. lnight exist on other worlds. If wonderful civili-
zations exist am ong the stars, it is only natural
1 1
.r that hum an beings would wantto visitthem ,or at
lf w e are to fly to other planets w e shallhave to t Ieast to com m unicate w ith them .But m ankind m ay
design a giganticspacecraft.Theconditionsthere lleverbeable to journey there to meettheinhabi-
m ust be as close to those of the Earth as possible , tantsbecause bf the enorm ous distancesinvolved.
so that we w ill not have to w orry about a11 the No w onder the problem of intelligentlife on other
usualhardships of space travel. worlds should be so exciting!
The capability of m an as a space researcher
should be the subject of clise examination. The .
(.
-..-
-r3aaazm e4.Hpohn,
raR'
revInepecxaucnTeTexc'
r.
l
problem ofoverload isto com e first.Depending on ! f)paapa6ovxax B I<alto/ Hayxzno/ o6aac'
rH Iu e'
r peqs
its direction it is to be classified as longitudinal, lkaaHHowzTexcq'e? OTBeTBTe Ha Bonpocsl,aanHslenocxe
transverse, or perpendicular. N ext, the problem 'l' ttucl'a.
of weightlessness is to be considered. yk
ln recent years, scienti c ayyd technological
Each spacem en m ust know the design of his : (Ievelopm entshave drastically changed jlum ayjIife
ow n craft, and he m ust be able to m aintain the 4,11 our planet, as w ejj as our views both of our-
system s during the flight.If som e unforseen situ- :4(!jvesasindividualsin society and ofthe universe
ation develops he should know w here to look for a W uole. M aybe one of the m ost profound
the breakdown, and should be able to rem ove its tjevelopm ents of the last decade is the discovery
cause if the crew is to feel confident during the # 6)j. recom binant DN A technology, which allows
flight and experim ents. # :yjrjeyjtists tointroduce geneticm aterial(orgenes)
.
that they are not to find any intelligent life on the q lINA w hich has the capacity to replicate itsel1'
164 16')
'
''
L
independently. The recom binant m olecule thus c o aaa.
produced can be introduced into the com m on in-
testinal bacterium Escherishchia coli, which can
begrown in very large am ountsin synthetic m edia. tl
U nderproper conditions,the foreign gene willnot
r
1
, @6m ee a@.
H @xxo xa.
H ew pa-eeu e > uH@e> .
P eu rM
only replicate in the bacteria, but also express
itself, through the process of transcription and
translation, to give rise to large am ounts of the
specific protein coded by the foreign gene. '
j---
.'
---.t
f
xaaaaxxe 1.HpouMTaRTe TexcT.BsznoaHuTe
The technology has already been successfully YHPaM HPHHS.
applied to the production ofseveraltherapeutically
im portant biom olecules,such as insulin,interfe- W estern and Eastern Siberia
ron,and growth horm ones.M any other im portant There are three geo-econom ic regions in A sian
applications are under detailed investigation in Siberia:W estern Siberia,Eastern Siberia and the
laboratories throughout the world. Far East.The riversY eniseiand Lena aretaken as
the dem arcation lines.This huge area is very rich
1. W hen do scientific and technological deve-
in m inerals and other naturalresources.
lopm ents have drastically changed hum an life
TheSiberia,theland beyond theU rals,is alm ost
on our planet? the size of Europe and larger than the USA . It
2. W hat will the foreign gene do under proper
(txtends from the U rals in the w est to the Pacifit:
conditions? ficean in the east,from the A rctic Ocean to China
3. H asthetechnology been applied to theproduc-
tion of therapeutically im portant biom o- illld M ongolia.
The econom ic region ofW estern Siberia liesbet.
lecules? ween the U rals and the Y eniseiRiver.lts biggest
ftity,Novosibirsk (over a m illion inhabitants) is
'iituated on the right bank of the River Ob.It is
'
t
W
( $,
.
o1d son, W illiam .The kite was constructed with aspects of the phenom enon.A s a testam ent to his
a sharp m etallic w ire situated on top,and at the pioneering research,m ostoftheelectricalterm swe
end of the kite string,the scientist tied a silk rib- usetoday,such asbattery,positive/negative,and
bon to w hich a key w as fastened.On a storm y day, charge,were originally coined by Franklin.Forhis
lightning struck the kite,and electricity stream ed efforts,Benjam in received honorary degreesfrom
dow n tow ard the key,presenting the final proof H arvard College,Yale College,and the College of
oflightning's electricalnature.M iraculously,the W illiam & M ary.The prestigious RoyalSociety in
charge w as not strong enough to be fatal to the London recognized Franklin with a gold m edalin
observing father and son.U nder norm al circum - 1753 and inducted him as a m em ber in 1756.Such
stances, a lightning strike w ould have instantly an honor was rarely bestow ed upon an individual
killed the individualsbold enough to fly a kite du- from fledgling colonialA m erica,where scientific
ring the heartof a thunderstorm .H owever,Benja- research had not yet been fully developed.W hat
m in qeem ed only dim ly aware of the experim ent's lnade the achievem ent even m ore rem arkable w as
poten ial danger. In fact, there were num erous the fact that Franklin had no form aleducation in
insta ces in w hich an experim enting Benjam in the sciences,relying purely on his personalintel-
on1 narrow ly escaped death. Once, he attem p- lectand curiosity.D espite the accolades,Franklin
t to killhis Christm as turkey by adm inistering rem ained m odest.H e even refused to patent the
-,- an electrical shock.A ccidentally, Franklin m ade lightning rod or attem pt to profit from it.
-.
.
contactwith the current.The inventor's body im - W hile electricity brought him internationalac-
m ediately erupted into seizuresbut,after a while, claim ,thebrilliantFranklin investigated a variety
()f other sciences as w ell. Throughout his life,
Benjam in m anaged to recover.
In any event,Franklin's electricalexperim ents llenjam in studied the weather and proposed m odels
brought him instant fam e and, by sheer good t,odescribe the progression of storm system s across
fortune, Benjam in m anaged to survive his own the continent of N orth A m erica. H e also exa-
inquisitiveness.Crowdsofgawkersbegan to gather rnined m edicine under his own initiative.In fact,
around hisPhiladelphian residence,hoping to catch l'ranklin invented the m edicalinstrum ent know n
a glim pse ofthe wizard ofelectricity.Franklin had :4s a catheter in order to treat his il1brother and
transform ed electricity from a m ere curiosity into ttven form ulated theories abouthum an circulation.
a field of scientific study, exerting significant Not wanting to see valuable arable land w asted,
influence on both the theoreticaland experim ental l,l)e Philadelphia inventor sponsored experim ents
181
18O
<
designed to im prove agricultural techniques and ln 1886 as a result of very bad w eather,whicil
insisted that agriculturalsciences be included in caused the death of huge num bers of cattle on tllc
the curriculum at his Academ y of Pennsylvania. xxopen range,y the Long Drives were discontinued.
In short,Franklin's genius m astered each and From then on the steers had to be cared for allfl
every endeavor that he put his m ind to, and, as fattened on large ranches in the Texas area beforp
the im m inent colonialconflicts w ould prove.this being shipped north by rail;the cowboys now be-
''.
language that w ould enable thousands of lndians 4) He wanted the history of his people 1)1*4!-
served for future generations.
tvrqpd and w rite.
Seitm vah's desire to preserve words and 4. The word '<illiterate''m eans m ost nearly
events foltNlqter generations has caused him to 1) fierce
be remembere mmong the important inventors. 2) abandoned
The giant redw ood trees of California, called
xxsequoiasv in his honor,will further im print his
3) poor
4) unableto read orwrite
nam e in history.
5. H ow would you describe Sequoyah?
1. W hat is the m ost im portant reason that Se-
1) determ ined
quoya willbe rem em bered?
2) m ad
1) California redwoods were named in his 3) backwards
honor.
4) meek
2) He was illiterate.
3) H e created a unique alphabet. 6. W hich of the following is not trttt,'
?
4) Herecovered from hismadnessand helped 1) Sequoyah developed a forlll f)f w l'dt,i119:
m ankind. with the people of the Cheroktlt! t,l.il)(!.
2. H ow did Sequoyah's fam ily react to his idea 2) Sequoyah was a very obsttrvlllpt,yflttllg
of developing his own xxtalking leaf'
>? m an .
3) Sequoyah spent twelve ytlars tltlvtlloping
1) They arranged for hishunting accident.
his alphabet.
2) They thoughthe was crazy.
3) They decided to help him . 4) Sequoyah was honored k)y Ikltvillg some
4)'They asked him to teach them toread alld trees nam ed after him .
w rite. The znighty,warlike xfztec llzltifkl: f'trlt that its
existence depended upon hunlall slltrrifices. Th.e
3. W hat prom pted Sequoyah to develop his al-
sun w ould not shine, the crops wfl''ld not grow ,
phabet? and wars would not be won jf'fl,t!gofa -
!s Brere not,
1) Peoplewerewriting thingsabouthim that appeased-.A.s brutal as t.
la
zg c
al-rllrlol'
pies w.are, th
xe
he couldn't read.
victilns (usually takelkfrom alll()llg'captivesfrollI
2) H ewanted t,
o becom efam ous. battles)accepted heir fatepassively,having l)f!f'l,
3) After his hunting accident, he neecled pce.viously illdorztrna.teclaztd't
'leavi'
ly'sedated
. .
som ething to keep h5m busy. .
F
1. W hy did the A ztecs offer hum an sacrifices? Jam es A . Garfield, a form er U nion arm y ge-
1) They were crueland inhuman. neral from Ohio,w as shot during his first year
2) They believed they had to pacify the in office (1881)by a m an to whom he wouldn't
gods. give a job.
W hile in his second term of office (1901)W il-
3) They wanted to forcethe citizensto obey. liam M cK inley, another Ohioan, attended the.
i
gives Devon and Cornwall a softer clim ate and @ rxasxeaae
an earlier spring that the east enjoys.Spring in
Dartm oor, a part of Devon,is a beautiful sight.
But in Cornwalltrees die w hen winter gales blow B3aHMOOTHOIIIPHHS B CeMbe.SHOrpa(l)HH.
over the country. TPaAz' Izrzz'
z.H po6reMa o'
rqos 14 '
qtrrfu
''.
A nother place of beauty is the Lake D istrict jgjj3aHMOOTHOHIPHHS IIOKOJIPHHM. *'
in the north-w est of England. There are sixteen FIPO6JIPMBICPMBH H Upalfa ....................-....... 1
big lakes and a large num ber of sm all m ountain SBIT 1/
106pa3 M H3HH.I' IPHBBILIRH,'l'l111/qll1$111!,
lakes in this district.They are al1very beautiful. CTHJIB a HaHI'
I.XVIZ
I3I-
IPHHBIH
1* y1f.)l11lift(!M 1>Il.
The largest is Lake W inderm ere.lt is narrow,ten Soxoghl.M oaa.L opoBbe.BHaH'
l'Iu.
m iles long, and looks like a w ide river. In som e IlpIlehi rocTei
Wl ..................................p......... l4
placesbare m ountain slopesreach the w aterof the M ePIM IIIIHOCTHBIe OTHOHIPHHS.X aPl11t'
I'
1!I)
lakes.In other places there are beautifulm eadows Ile.
qoBefa, BRycbl,IIPHBMIIKH.
or rich woods.The m ountains of the Lake District Jlpya6a H JIIO6OBb.XBOP H OJlHIIfhI6!4!'I'I14).
Yl:letll:locTb.IIICIICBI..............................,.....*11f1
are notvery high.The highestrise to about three
thousand feet. l'
IpO6JIeMbI MaJIBIX H 6OJIBHIHX rOP(NU)II.
The south coast of England, the valley of the RysbTypHble qeHTpbl.O6Pa3OBa'l'1!. JII.IlI:It!
Tham es and the fruit orchards of Kent are also qeHTpbl.A pxnTelfrypa 6O. 1IBtIIHX 14 M11. ?1I.IX
I'OPOgOB.Z CTOPHS,KyabTypa ...........,............8t)
very beautiful places, m uch visited by tourists.
CBo6o/m oe BpeMs Moaogea u.K y. plla'l'ylllll.It,
1.
1CIIOPTIL
'BHLIP PJBBJIPT-
IeHHS .l' ly'I'(!I1I4A4t't'1It131,
Landscape,to owe,appearance,greenery.ouflaw.
ROHKYW BI,YPCTHBaWH.JlHTePa'l'#I)1l
to rob, suburban, cottage, expensive, m inilaw n, H MCKYCCTBO.FIpO6JIeMbIMO.TIO7W 7I(lI.
bush,lawn pretty,barren,cliff,the Gulf Stream, Z POIIIJlOP H HaCTOSW eO.OTHOHIOI1111!
gale, Lake D jdfrjcf, bare, slope, m eadow, to rise, If >IIIA; AKOJIO;IP:KII..........................a........,,,,ll11
valley, orckard. O6paaoBaHne vI6yaym as npo*eccus.
CucTaMa o6paaoBaHns B CIIIA
:1 13e711111061:11TaIIIII...........................,,,,.....1'l
.l
H AYVHO-TPXHIW eCRHR 1IPOrPPCC H ()()l$I)4!Mt1tttl1,t!
o6m ece
rBo.3KoHoMHI<a 1.1altollol.uzl....,.....,,.,.I2
4'
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rpaxla.O6m eclmo.Hoan' ruxa.
H crropnuecxne JlnqHocr
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qulqull.............,.11k'/
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IOryT l4C110JJb3OBaTL B J')t6()-l-e yLll1TCJI.
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