1.

M, laki-laki 6 tahun, dibawa oleh ibunya ke klinik dengan keluhan ruam pada wajah dan badan sejak
1 hari yang lalu.
d. Apa kemungkinan penyakit dengan gejala demam dan ruam?
Viral pharyngitis
Viral pharyngitis is a sore throat caused by a virus, and causes throat pain and cold-like
symptoms.
Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestine that causes diarrhea and
vomiting.
Phlebitis
Phlebitis means inflammation of the veins, and can cause redness, itching, irritation, pain,
and swelling.
Lyme disease
Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread through tick bites; symptoms include rash, fever
chills, and more.
Influenza (flu) adults
The flu is a respiratory tract infection and causes fever, sore throat, runny nose, headache,
cough, and more.
Acute sinusitis
Acute sinusitis, an inflammation of the sinuses, causes sinus pain and tenderness, facial
redness and more.
Influenza (flu) child
The seasonal flu is a common viral infection that causes fever, body ache, headache, and
congestion.
Aseptic meningitis (adult)
Aseptic meningitis, or viral meningitis, can cause fever, headaches, neck pain, nausea, and
more.
Bacterial pneumonia
Bacterial pneumonia is a lung infection caused by bacteria, and causes a cough, fever,
weakness and more.
Contact dermatitis
Contact dermatitis is a rash on the skin that can be itchy, painful, tender swollen and even
blistered.
Fever seizures in children
Fever seizures, childhood seizures that occur with a fever, can cause loss of consciousness
and twitching.
Lice
Head lice are tiny visible insects that infest the hair and scalp causing itchiness and bumps in
that area.
Sunburn
Sunburn causes a reddened, irritated area of skin caused by overexposure to the sun's rays or
other UV light.
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Urinary tract infection symptoms include pain during urination, an intense urge to urinate,
and more.
Roseola
 Roseola is a very common childhood infection and causes a very high fever followed by a
rash.
Middle ear infection
A middle ear infection puts pressure on the eardrum, causing pain and, sometimes, hearing
loss.
Eczema (child)
Eczema is a common cause of skin rashes in children, causing redness, bumps, swelling,
itchiness, and more.
Actinic keratosis
Actinic keratosis is scaly or crusty bumps that appear on areas of skin that get a lot of sun
exposure
Medication reaction or side-effect
Medication side effects include nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, weakness, dizziness,
seizures, and more.
Viral syndrome
Viral syndrome is an unidentified cause of typical virus symptoms sore throat, stuffy nose,
aches and more.
Pilonidal cyst
A pilonidal cyst forms under the skin at the tailbone, and usually contains skin debris and
hair.
Aseptic meningitis (child)
Aseptic meningitis, or viral meningitis, can cause fever, headaches, neck pain, nausea, and
more.
Coxsackie virus infection
Coxsackie virus infection can cause many cold-like symptoms as well as blisters on the
mouth hands and feet.
Crohn's disease
Crohn's disease is a digestive condition that causes swelling, cramping, diarrhea, and
nutritional problems.
Eczema (infants)
Eczema is a common cause of skin rashes in infants, causing redness, bumps, swelling,
itchiness, and more.
Epiglottitis
Epiglottitis is a rare, life-threatening illness that keeps air from getting to the lungs.
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or JRA is a long-term disease that causes pain and swelling in
children's joints
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver. Symptoms include fever, fatigue, yellowing of
the skin, and more.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is an inflammation of the liver that may cause fever, fatigue, dark urine, jaundice,
and more.
Chickenpox (varicella)
Chickenpox is an illness that causes a red, itchy rash, fever, headache, sore throat, and body
aches.
Kidney infection (pyelonephritis)
 Kidney infection, caused by bacteria, is marked by sudden chills and fever, pain, nausea and
urinary issues.
Mononucleosis
Mononucleosis is a viral infection causing extreme fatigue, sore throat, fever, rash, muscle
aches, and more.
Mumps
Mumps is a contagious viral disease that causes painful swelling of the glands that produce
saliva.
Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
Osteomyelitis is an infection of a bone that causes pain, swelling, and redness.
Pericarditis
Pericarditis, inflammation of the sac around the heart, causes pain, fever, weakness,
palpitations, and more.
Pityriasis rosea
Pityriasis rosea is a rash causing pink, reddish, or purplish oval patches on the chest, belly,
arms, and legs.
Poison ivy, oak, and sumac
The toxin found in poison ivy, oak, and sumac causes an itchy, allergic rash with raised welts
and blisters.
Respiratory syncytial virus
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes symptoms similar to the common
cold.
Rheumatic fever
Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease and causes fever, joint pain, abdominal pain,
rash, and more.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling, and joint damage.
Ringworm (scalp or face)
Ringworm is a fungal infection and causes itching and characteristic ring-shaped sores on
the skin or scalp.
Scarlet fever
Scarlet fever is a red itchy rash on the body caused by streptococcal bacteria.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis usually infects the lungs, causing a bad cough with blood, chest pain, fever,
chills, and fatigue.
Vesicoureteral reflux
When urine flows from the bladder, through the ureters, up to your kidneys it's called
vesicoureteral reflux.
Aspirin poisoning
Aspirin poisoning is a medical emergency and can cause nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and
more.
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis is a lung disease causing a wide range of digestive, respiratory and
cardiovascular symptoms.
Erythema migrans
Erythema migrans is the name for the bull's-eye rash that occurs with Lyme disease.
Bronchial adenoma
 Bronchial adenomas are cancers of the respiratory tract causing a cough, fever, or shortness
of breath.
Valley fever (coccidioidomycosis)
Valley fever is a fungal infection that starts in the lungs and causes mild flu-like symptoms.
Viral pneumonia
Viral pneumonia is a lung infection caused by viruses, and causes coughing, wheezing, fever,
chills, and more.
Aortic aneurysm (abdomen)
An abdominal aortic aneurysm is swelling of the main abdominal artery and can cause sudden
chest pain.
Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus)
Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease marked by swollen painful joints, a rash, swollen
lymph nodes, and more.
Thyroid storm
A thyroid storm, dangerously high levels of thyroid hormone, causes fever, racing heartbeat,
sweating, and more
Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis is a rare disease that can cause swelling and hard lumps in the lymph nodes and
organs.
Folliculitis
Folliculitis, an infection of one or more hair follicles, causes a tender, red patch of skin and
blisters.
Inflammatory bowel disease
Inflammatory bowel disease causes swelling and symptoms such as cramping, chronic
diarrhea, and bleeding.
Cellulitis
Cellulitis, a bacterial infection of the skin, causes red, tender skin that is usually swollen and
warm.
Drug overdose
A drug overdose can be fatal and causes sleepiness, confusion, coma, vomiting, and other
symptoms.
Abscess
A skin abscess, or boil, is a swollen, painful, red and warm lump of skin that may rupture
and drain pus.
Drug withdrawal
Drug withdrawal occurs when you suddenly stop taking a drug; symptoms vary from drug to
drug.
Thalassemia
Thalassemia is a rare group of genetic blood disorders effecting red blood cells and leading
to anemia.
Tick bite
A tick-related illness may cause a rash that expands out from the site of the bite, fever, chills,
and more.
Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease symptoms include repeated infections, yellow skin, fatigue, dizziness,
pain, and more.
Histoplasmosis
 Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection of the lungs causing muscle aches, fever, chest pain,
cough, and more.
Brown recluse spider bite
A brown recluse spider bite causes pain, redness, an open sore, nausea, muscle pain and
fever.
Toxic shock syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome is a serious bacterial infection and causes fever, low blood pressure,
a rash, and more.
Renal cell (kidney) cancer
Renal cell cancer is a type of kidney cancer that can cause bloody urine and persistent pain
in the side.
Kawasaki disease
Kawasaki disease is an uncommon inflammation of the blood vessels; the most common
symptom is fever.
Measles
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection and causes a fever, cough, a rash, sore throat,
and more.
Brain infection
A brain infection is inflammation of the brain or spinal cord and can cause nausea, fever,
seizures and more.
Malaria
Malaria is a dangerous disease spread by mosquitoes and causes severe fever, chills,
headache, and anemia.
Whooping cough
Whooping cough, a contagious respiratory infection, causes a runny nose, a mild fever, and
a severe cough.
Dengue fever
Dengue fever is a flu-like illness that can be fatal if not treated.
Legionella (Legionnaires disease)
Legionnaires' disease is a severe type of pneumonia and causes headache, chills, high fever,
a cough, and more.
Henoch-schonlein purpura
Henoch-Schnlein purpura is a condition that causes a purple bruise-like rash on the legs and
buttocks.
CREST syndrome
CREST syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease that causes tissues to harden throughout the
body.
Typhoid fever
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening illness and causes fever, general aches and pains,
headache, and weakness.
Hypothyroidism (infant and child)
Hypothyroidism in children can cause delayed growth, weight gain, a puffy face, a large
tongue, and more.
Chagas disease
Chagas disease is caused by a tropical parasite and can cause fever, ill feeling, and swelling
around the eye.
Shingles (herpes zoster)
 Shingles is a painful, blistering, skin rash typically found on the back and sides of the chest.
West nile virus
West Nile virus is an infection spread by mosquitoes, and can cause diarrhea, fever,
abdominal pain, and more.
Plague
Plague is a rare but deadly bacterial infection causing fever, vomiting, seizures, organ failure,
and more.
Bird (avian) flu
Bird flu is spread to people from birds and causes fever, cough, sore throat and muscle aches.
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
Mesenteric lymphadenitis is an inflammation of abdominal lymph nodes causing pain,
diarrhea, fever, and more.
Endocarditis
Signs of endocarditis, an infection of the heart, include swelling, rash, sinus congestion,
nausea, and more.
Cat-scratch disease
Cat scratch disease is a bacterial infection caused by a cat scratch or bite.

2. Sejak 4 hari yang lalu, anak mengalami demam tinggi. Ibu memberikan obat penurun panas, tetapi
demam hanya turun sementara kemudian demam kembali. Anak juga mengalami batuk, pilek, dan
mata merah.
a. Bagaimana hubungan antara ruam dan demam?
b. Mengapa demam timbul kembali meskipun telah minum obat penurun panas?
c. Bagaimana patofisiologi pilek, batuk, demam, dan mata merah pada kasus ini?

3. Pada pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan tanda vital: tekanan darah 100/60 mmHg, nadi 112x/menit,
frekuensi napas 30x/menit, suhu 39,3oC. Ditemukan pada pemeriksaan spesifik: Kepala:
konjuctiva mata hiperemis, faring hiperemis, tampak bercak Koplik pada mukosa bukal. Tampak
eritema macula-papula diwajah, belakang telinga dan leher. Thorax: tampak eritemia seukuran
macula-papula. Pemeriksaan paru dan jantung dalam b atas normal.
a. Apa interpretasi dari pemeriksaan fisik tersebut?
b. Apa yang menyebabkan adanya gangguan pada HR dan RR?

(DI LI SEMUA)
f. Apa virus yang menyerang anak tersebut? (jelaskan virus apa, ciri-ciri, epidemiologi,
mekanisme bagaimana, penyebarannya gimana, cara infeksinya gmn)
g. Bagaimana patofisiologi campak? Measles virus
h. Bagaimana penegakan diagnosis dari campak?
i. Bagaimana tata laksana dari campak?
j. Bagaimana pencegahan dari campak?
k. Bagaimana komplikasi dari campak?