Grace Wilson

Mr. Rhodes

Advanced Placement Language and Composition

23 February 2017

Reporting on a Career in Journalism

The broadcasters eyes flutter open just as the alarm begins to beep. She immediately

feels the weight on her chest and the anxiety in her stomach return from the previous night. As

she stands up, the lack of sleep hits her like a brick wall but she continues with her morning.

When she drives down the empty highway, she allows her mind to wander so she can avoid the

one subject truly bothering her. As she walks into the studio all of the staff stares at her and

lowers their conversations to a soft murmur because they all know of the monumental news she

must deliver. The makeup artist does not speak like normal as she powders the broadcasters

face. Then she calmly walks to her desk and assumes her position in front of the camera. The

bright lights shine upon her face, she squints in response. She thinks about how this broadcast

will change her career forever. As the cameraman counts down, she takes a deep breath.

Three-two-one, go. Great responsibility comes with reporting the news, and it can weigh on

broadcasters. The journalism industry has evolved over time because of the influences of

significant stories and broadcasters, technological advances, and improvements of womens

rights.

The spread of information through news has existed for many centuries. The original

Golden Age of journalism in the late 1800s and early 1900s marked the transition to the

implementation of more modern journalism methods (Steiger 111). President Theodore

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Roosevelt had great respect for journalists and prior to his presidency, developed a network of

reporters / writers who he trusted to aid him throughout his terms (112). During this time, the

expos format increased in popularity. Journalists practicing this searched for the rich and

powerfuls hidden secrets to make big stories. McClures, the first expos magazine, set a

precedence for this type of writing (112). By befriending writers at McClures, Roosevelt saved

himself from any unwanted attention from the press. As this style of writing declined,

muckraking rose, where writers relied on name calling and bombastic rhetoric, a method for

which Roosevelt expressed disdain (112). This type of journalism eventually ended the first

Golden Age of journalism by producing poor pieces of writing. However, another Golden Age of

journalism resurfaced during the mid 1950s through the 1970s as a result of 2 key events: the

Vietnam War and the Watergate Scandal (112).

The Vietnam War marks a turning point in the coverage of wars because the stories

published throughout contained honest details and the soldiers point of view. Many of the

stories have a cynical tone due to their straightforward descriptions; in 1962, The New York

Times noted that the United States (US) seemed committed to a long and inconclusive war

(Stepp 83). Compared to the upbeat portrayal of previous wars, such as the brave soldiers

fighting for a just cause in World War II, the Vietnam War seemed like a nightmare. Journalists

even covered some soldiers thoughts on the war. For example, Air Force pilot Jerry Shank,

quoted in U.S. News & World Report, did not feel the US had the ability to win and blamed the

government for lying to the people (83). The Vietnam War lead to the production of many

well-known pieces written by acclaimed journalists such as Peter Arnett (83). Although, many

do not consider the coverage of the war a complete success. For example, the reporting that
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treated the Tet Offensive as a major loss for the US, over exaggerated the effects. Many sources

stated the enemy force had a high number of casualties and American forces recovered territory

quickly, which proved untrue. (Steiger 113). The journalism concerning the Vietnam War

changed how reporters cover wars and still has the power to evoke emotion today.

People consider Watergate the most influential story ever covered in the US, because the

stories written shaped the case. The Washington Post writers, Bob Woodward and Carl

Bernstein's reports on the Watergate scandal made information available to the public (Feldstein

64). The Washington Posts report of Watergate helped determine the fate of Richard Nixon and

his administration. As a result of Woodward and Bernstein's continuous coverage, the Federal

Bureau Investigation (FBI) had to examine the case for more than just a break in (64-65). It

became common knowledge that the White House kept an enemy list and during the Watergate

scandal, nearly 50 journalists made the list (67). Due to their large role in the scandal, The Post

faced intimidation and threats from the Nixon administration, including Woodward and

Bernstein's boss, Katharine Graham (67). The Posts stories also influenced judge, John Sirica,

and chairman of the Senate Watergate committee, Sam Ervin, by causing Sirica to crack down

on the conspirators in court and providing Ervin with threads to investigate (65). Many

journalists agree that if the press had not done their job, the cover-up may have succeeded.

Columbia Broadcasting Service (CBS) anchorman, Dan Rather, stated that Congress and the

courts did not have a clue about the real story until the journalists consistently reported on the

case (65). Without the media bringing the scandal to light, the government may have easily

swept Watergate under the rug and continued the streak of corruption.
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A big story requires an even better journalist to dig for the information and reveal it to the

public. Edward R. Murrow, one of the most legendary journalists of all time, reported several

important stories with the ultimate goal of accurately informing the public always in mind.

Murrow set the standards of excellence and courage, which remain the ideals for outstanding

broadcasting to this day (Rather 78). Murrows reports required immense courage; in many of

his most famous broadcasts he risked his career and even his life. In August 1940, as air raid

sirens rang and bombs blasted in the background, Murrow gave what became his most famous

and moving broadcast while reporting from London, England (Seib ix). He brought the European

reality of war into the living rooms of Americans, as a call to arms to aid the British. Murrow

believed in a moral obligation to stop the spread of evil, thus he refused to stand by as spectator

when Britain struggled to fight the rising Nazi empire (x). Despite CBS policies about avoiding

advocacy, Murrow used the power of the radio to his advantage and exerted his influence over

many Americans and persuaded them to take action (11). Murrows goal of bringing the truth to

the American people never faltered, as he continued to ask hard hitting questions. In the early

stages of broadcast television (TV), Murrow interviewed Senator Joseph McCarthy, known for

starting the communist paranoia that plagued America throughout the 1950s (McDonald 90).

During the interview, Murrow kept his composure with a piercing glare and steady voice.

Murrow crushed McCarthy with his spoken word and endless amounts of evidence, proving that

McCarthy contradicted himself. Murrow moved between video clips and print evidence, such as

the video clip of the senator interviewing an United States Information Service Official (91).

Murrow exposed Senator McCarthy without ever having to state an opinion; his experience and

technique showed throughout the interview because he knew the questions to ask and how to
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rebut each absurd response. This serves as a prime example of Murrows never-ending goal of

reporting the truth to the public, an ideal that all journalists strive to achieve.

Though Murrow's success as a journalist secured him a permanent place in history,

Walter Cronkite also came close to the amount of trust and power Murrow had with the

American public. Cronkite anchored CBS Nightly News during a time when people did not have

or need pictures or videos to believe the news. People took his word as gospel, Americans

compared his truth to that of God, something they believed with complete faith (Epstein 56).

Cronkites power came from his role as managing editor at CBS, meaning he and various

executive producers decided the priority of the news each day (57). No one will ever again have

the ability to obtain the power Cronkite had during his time as the anchor on CBS. Due to the

Internet, people can find the news instantly with search engines such as Google, whereas, in the

Cronkite era, people received news from the only few channels. Cronkites success as an

anchorman came from him announcing monumental events with highs and lows. As tears rolled

down Cronkites face, he reported the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on live TV in

1963 (58). Then cheering in the studio, shared the joy of the successful launch of Apollo 11 from

Cape Canaveral with his fellow Americans. Cronkite proved his influence when he courageously

referred to the Vietnam War as unwinnable and at a stalemate. Some say this influenced

President Lyndon B. Johnson not to run for re-election in 1968 (59). By simply stating his

opinion on the outlook on the war, Cronkite essentially ended the peoples support of the war.

With this degree of influence on so much of his audience, Cronkite will go down in history,

alongside Murrow, as one of the last reporters of the original era of news broadcast. These men

influenced many, including women, to pursue careers in journalism.

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In an industry dominated primarily by men, Barbara Walters became one of the most

successful women in the broadcast journalism industry and paved the way for other women

seeking a career in the field. Walters career spans over five decades, during which she

interviewed celebrities such as O.J. Simpson, Fidel Castro, Colin Powell, and every President

and First Lady since 1964 (Wulf & Tynan). Her ability to interview and ask questions sets her

apart from competition. Christopher Reeve, who played Superman in multiple films and suffered

from paralysis after a horseback riding accident, trusted only Walters to truly share his story with

the public. Many people admire Walters for her allegiance to the audience, competitiveness and

ability to work for herself; meaning she acts as her own publicist, cultivates her contacts and

books her events. Walters has set the path for many aspiring female journalists. Walters fought

for her career on TV by constantly proving herself to people like her father, the male-dominated

hierarchy at National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and American Broadcasting Company

(ABC) and to critics who believed women cannot report entertaiment (Wulf & Tynan). Despite

these hardships, during this time frame her Friday night showcase, 20/20 frequently beat CBS

60 Minutes in overall viewership (Wulf & Tynan). Walters continues to accomplish much in the

industry as a woman and an amazing reporter.

Walters struggle as a female exemplifies the fight many other female reporters went

through. In the early 1960s, male domination of the newsroom made it difficult for women to

work (Freeman 238). The struggle for a woman in a newsroom began as soon as she earned the

job and receive mentoring. The male supervisors used androcentric mentoring, in which women

train the same as men as long as they accepted the male culture within the workplace. Male only

gatherings, ignoring or condoning sexual harassment, and unreasonable conditions for

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promotion, all enforced the androcentric mentoring (243-244). Such mentoring left the woman ill

prepared to do her job to her full potential and often led to discouragement. Other unreasonable

sexist divisions between male and females occurred within the workplace such as the only coffee

pot staying in the male locker room and denying women a paper towel dispenser because the

supervisor considered women dirty. Women struggled to fit in at work as the treatment of an

outsider continued. During Christmas, the men had a gathering separate from the women

reporters and the secretaries (246). Many women had to adapt to the masculine leadership and

constant harassment or develop ways to deal with it such as acting like one of the boys.

Even as the years went by and more women entered the field of journalism, males

continued to resent them and view them as cheap labor. Men did not value women for their skills

or ability, rather they put jobs they did not want onto women. For instance, women only

broadcasted traditionally feminine topics such as fashion (Freeman 245). Reporting on topics

such as fashion seemed useless and limited womens ability to flourish. Due to the male

domination of senior-decision policies, women continued to hit a glass ceiling in their careers.

Supervisors made it clear that women must have job mobility to gain a promotion, an option not

possible for many married women with families (244). Therefore, single women succeeded more

than married women because they had the ability to move anywhere. Women strived to gain

promotions within the office they worked in, but many men found it degrading to take orders

from women, especially younger men (245). A womans home life continued as a problem

through the late 90s (256). Women felt uncomfortable discussing their children at work and even

experienced guilt when going on maternity leave. Even as younger male coworkers began having

children, women still felt left out (256). The difficulty of simultaneously maintaining a career
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and caring for a family will always present difficulties for women, until men gain an

understanding of the needs that they must meet for a working mother, such as flexible hours and

maternity leave. Eventually, as a more enlightened management and equity laws came about,

women gained more rights. Along with gender equality within the newsroom, technology has

also led to changes within the journalism industry.

Due to technological advances, a new era of journalism has risen, where the individual

journalists shape the media discourse, rather than big news corporations. In the past, three big

corporations, CBS, NBC, and ABC existed as the only source of news. Now, due to the Internet,

people can get news everywhere and any individual can put information out. The Internet has

crushed the power that news companies once had, though still around, their ability to decide

which news stories takes priority no longer exists (Hockstader 85-86). Thus, smaller companies

and even individual reporters can shape the news flow. With the new advances, credibility

becomes an issue as people can no longer trust everything they see or read. News varies between

guaranteed truth and an overflow of information leaving people searching for the facts (87). The

ability to promote him or herself gives individual journalists more power. Journalists can

promote themselves through social media platforms, enabling them to project themselves in

ways older journalists never could. Journalists gain leverage in the marketplace they never had

before (86). The earlier a journalist builds his or her brand, the earlier he or she can gain notice

from potential employers (Grantham). The new ways younger journalists promote themselves,

will only improve as technology and social media continues to grow.

As social media continues to become more prevalent in todays society, the number of

journalists sourcing it increases. Social media, specifically Twitter, has the power to change
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traditional journalistic routines by reducing the time journalists put into reporting (Moon &

Hadley 291). Before Twitter, journalists had to interview people in a real-time manner, read

other articles, and research before concluding what news to report each day. However with

Twitter, journalists can simply scroll through and see what breaking news occured. Journalists

use Twitter to their advantage because it does the research aspect of reporting for them,

providing a collection of peoples opinions and thoughts, along with real-time reports on events.

Over 90% of journalists state that their reliance on social media has increased and that it serves

as a reliable source, though websites and magazines cite Twitter more often than newspapers

(292). The newer versions of journalism, such as blogs and websites, have the competitive

advantage over traditional print journalism because of their younger demographic of writers and

their willingness to conform to social media using it to their benefit. Journalists at print

journalism companies have less experience with social media and still largely depend on the

traditional ways of gathering information. Although Twitter provides raw and real information

directly from the public, people may tweet out false information, therefore journalists must fact

check. Journalists reporting soft news cite their information from Twitter more often than those

reporting hard news. Hard news contains factual information such as, international business and

politics, whereas soft news consists of interesting, fast-paced news (293). Soft news reporters

value Twitter as a source more often than hard news because Twitter changes with each new

story, providing the immediacy soft news demands. Not many tweets explain foreign affairs or

business, however, many tweets discuss topics such as entertainment, arts, and culture.

The increase of journalists sourcing Twitter has had a tremendous impact on the news

they report. A rise in homogeneity of news stories has occurred, meaning that different channels
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and magazines have started reporting the same topics (Moon & Hadley 292). However, a survey

found that journalists use the Internet mainly to read other news stories and to find story ideas

(292). This fact explains the increase in homogeneity in news, along with the idea of mainstream

media. News can no longer surprise people, because they have the ability to hear about

something the minute it occurs. Due to the fact that people know the news, journalists will

report, it discourages them from watching broadcast news which in turn, brings down ratings.

Conversely, Twitter can sometimes bring in additional readers or viewers because reporters now

tweet exciting topics or news that will air.

As print journalism continues to decline, the popularity of free online content continues

to grow. People remember 2007 as the year newspapers shrank, they downsized every part of

their staff, and had to go as far as reducing paper width and weight all in an effort to stay open

(Adams et al). In 2008, about 15,000 people working at newspapers within the US lost their jobs

(Magid 23). The drop in print journalism resulted from the tough economy, leading to a drop in

advertisers and subscribers, the two ways print publications make money (22). Some of the most

renowned newspapers felt the effects; the Tribune Company, owner of the Chicago Tribune and

the Los Angeles Times, filed for bankruptcy, the 146 year old Seattle Post Intelligencer went to

an online only format and the Rocky Mountain News shut down completely (23). This decline

makes a career in journalism a risky field to pursue and recent events have led to a negative view

on the industry as a whole.

Despite this, students continue to enroll in journalism and mass communication

programs. The increase of news on the web creates more jobs for journalists, explaining the

continuation of student enrollment. Younger journalists will always have a job within the
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industry as long as their willingness to dive into the new aspects of the field continues. A new

part of an online job includes providing multiple articles per day to keep readers updated and

interested (Magid 24). This new field of online journalism leads to an increase of jobs within the

industry. In fact, from the year 2006 to 2009, the job market of the Columbia University School

of Journalism graduate increased 12 % (23). Columbia University also saw a peak in students

between the years 2008 and 2009, which supports the continual enrollment of students to

journalism programs (23). As traditional print publications move to an online format, writers and

editors adapt by becoming more versatile with their skills. Due to the fact that 56% of people in

the industry report their jobs involve writing and editing for the web, a combination of web and

editing skills makes one more marketable (24). The drop in print journalism does not mean the

death of it, it simply means writers must adapt to a new format.

The salary of a journalist varies depending on the specific field they work. An online

publication has the highest salary among the different branches of daily newspaper, weekly

newspaper, and magazines, at $31,500 (Adams et al). The increasing popularity of online

content contributes to it having the highest salary. Many people assume that the low salary of a

journalist deter students from it, however, 52% of students expect their starting salary to gage

from $20,000 to $29,999 and even with the knowledge that online publication start with the

highest salary, only 2.6% stated interest at an online publication (Adams et al). This information

affirms that students do not aspire to become journalists for the money, but merely for the job

itself. Following an online publication, the starting salary at a magazine comes out at about

$28,000 (Adams et al). The cost of college can vary based on which college a student attends,

just as a salaries differ, depending on the employment opportunities that present themselves.
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Many striving journalism students have the opportunity to gain an exceptional education

in colleges across the nation. An aspiring journalists who lives in North Carolina and wants to

stay close to home for college has many options such as University of North Carolina at Chapel

Hill (UNC) and Elon University. UNC has the best journalism program in the state and has a

well-known reputation for excellence in journalism education around the world (Fitzpatrick 755).

UNC offers a reasonable in-state tuition at $8,336 (College Search: Supermatch). As a private

school, Elon offers the same tuition regardless of the student's residency prior to college. Elon

has a tuition fee of $31,247 (College Search: Supermatch). New York University (NYU), also

a private school, has an acclaimed journalism program with a tuition fee of $46,170. Regardless

of the location of the school, opportunities exist to report the news in all states and around the

world.

The path leading to a career in journalism continually changes, creating an unclear route

in college. This becomes a positive for an aspiring journalist because they can use college as a

time to broaden his or her horizon to many different experiences during college. For one to

become a journalist he or she must have a bachelors degree, however one does not have to

major in Journalism nor does he or she have to go to a journalism school, in fact many employers

recommend majoring in something other than journalism (Magid 25). One may also want to

consider double majoring, that way he or she gains reporting skills necessary for a journalist,

while also giving he or she the ability to report on the specific subject they majored in. For

example, a student may major in political science, giving them the opportunity to report political

news. By studying a major besides Journalism in college, students develop foundational

knowledge and analytical skills. Many experts state that one can easily learn journalism skills on
 Wilson 13

the job, implying that a specialized major makes them more marketable (25). Due to the decline

within the industry, the importance of becoming more marketable increases because employers

want younger people with more extensive education (25). Thus majoring in a subject other than

journalism gives aspiring writers an advantage once they enter the professional field. New

technology also has an effect a students college education.

Technology continues to cause a shift in the industry, thus leading to a change in the

curriculum among journalism schools. The new curriculum must combine traditional methods

with new interdisciplinary lessons including blogging, content marketing and online publishing

(Miller 32). By looking to the future of journalism, colleges can better equip their students for a

career. Marymount Manhattan College in New York City focuses on preparing students for the

future of the field, while also establishing a foundation of the essential skills. Marymount uses a

lab to facilitate all of its projects, manipulating traditional activities to fit with the new

technological advances. A growing technique, focus groups continue to gain popularity because

they allow for rapid development. For example, an individual journalist can speak to multiple

customers via social media while companies struggle to find the perfect product by asking fewer

people in person (32). On the other hand, Emerson College, in Boston, Massachusetts, still

teaches traditional ways with a newsroom, lacking digital marketing and online publishing

techniques (32). Therefore, the quality of Emersons journalism program pales in comparison to

Marymount Manhattan. The enthusiasm for the possibilities within the industry from professors

at Marymount Manhattan compared to the student tour guides at Emerson College also lead a

prospective student to lean towards Marymount Manhattan for more exciting opportunities (32).
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A school focusing on new techniques and lessons will produce more marketable students, a goal

that all colleges hope to achieve.all while their program becomes more accredited.

Due to the change in curriculum, schools have focused heavily on professional skills,

such as students producing real journalism that local news organizations can showcase. For

example, The Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State

University (ASU) now has control of three Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) stations. The PBS

channels and ASU focus on producing valuable content that will air to their local Arizona

residents. By using this as a venue for professional news, the local stations have the ability to fill

the gaps that resulted from their diminished staff (Rieder). A shortage of staff has plagued many

local news stations, as a result of the decline within the industry. In 2011, students from ASUs

journalism school went to Guatemala to write a piece on the salmonella-tainted cantaloupe that

The Washington Post published the following September (Downie 37). This exemplifies the

experience a new curriculum provides for students. The 25 students working became experts on

the information they reported, while producing the multimedia elements such as, photography

and video, and earning college credit (40). By focusing on professional skills, colleges not only

give students the opportunities to work in the field, but also aid in the local news staffing

shortage.

The centuries-old industry of journalism has not died, it continues to evolve as a result of

famous stories and reporters, technological progress, and the rise of gender equality within the

field. The format in which people receive news has moved from print and radio to digital and

TV, following the trends of those who need the news: everyone.
 Wilson 15

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