Additions to the Acanthaceae of Panama

Author(s): Thomas F. Daniel and Lucinda A. McDade

Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 82, No. 4 (1995), pp. 542-548
Published by: Missouri Botanical Garden Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2399835 .
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ADDITIONS TO THE Thomas F. Daniel2 and
ACANTHACEAE OF PANAMA' LucindaA. McDade:

ABSTRACT

Nine species of Acanthaceaeare added to the knownfloraof Panama, includingthe newlydescribedspecies

Aphelandrakuna. Range extensionsintoPanama are reportedforA. scolnikae,Justiciaephemera,Odontonemacuspi-
datum,0. rubrum, Sanchezia lutea, and S. parvibracteata.
Revised keys to all Panamanianspecies of Aphelandra,
Odontonema, and Sancheziaare provided.Two cultivatedspecies, Pachystachys lutea and Justiciabetonica,are also
recordedfromPanama forthe firsttime.

The treatmentof Acanthaceae for the Flora of
Panama (Durkee, 1978) is now 17 years old. It
serves as an extremelyhelpful facilitatorfor rec-
ognizing additions to the acanthaceous floraof Pan-
ama. Most of the new taxa and distributionalrec-
ords discovered since 1978 have been in regions
remote fromthe well-collected provinces of central
Panama. Dari6n Province and the Comarca de San
Blas in eastern Panama (adjacent to Colombia) and
the Caribbean slope of western Panama (which is
becoming increasingly accessible via new roads)
have yielded most of the additions of Acanthaceae
to the Panamanian flora. Furtherdiscoveries are to
be expected in these regions as they become more
thoroughlyexplored. On the otherhand, because of
abundant "geographic taxonomy"in the Neotropics,
some species undoubtedly will be combined with
othersas more collecting and studymake geograph-
ic patterns apparent.
In this paper, we add nine species to the Acan-
thaceae knownfromPanama. These include the de-
scription of a new species of Aphelandra; docu-
mentation and discussion of six species in four
genera that are newly reported fromPanama; and
notes on the occurrence of two species that are cul-
tivated in Panama. We also provide revised keys to
all Panamanian species of Aphelandra, Odontone-
ma, and Sanchezia.
A NEW SPECIES OF APHELANDRA
About 175 species are currentlyrecognized in
the whollyneotropical genus Aphelandra (Wasshau-
sen, 1975; McDade, 1984; Daniel, 1991). The up-
dated checklist forPanama (D'Arcy, 1987) includ-
ed a numberof nomenclatural changes and new
taxa thathad been recognizedin the genus since
Durkee's(1978) publication.D'Arcy (1987) listed
a totalof 19 species. McDade (1984) has argued
thattwoof thesedo notactuallyoccurin Panama.
The two Panamanianspecimenscited by Durkee
(1978) as A. crenataLeonard(otherwise knownonly
fromSouth America) are readilyreferableto A.
campanensisDurkee(Wedel2501) and A. hartwegi-
ana Nees (Allen5094). These threespecies are part
of a lineage withbranchedpedunculateinflores-
cences, obtusebracts,falcatebracteoles,and dis-
tinctivepollen (see McDade, 1984); the Central
Americantaxa should be viewed as provisional
pendingrevisionoftheentiregroup.Durkee(1978)
identifieda numberofplantsfromtheridgesofthe
low,centralPanamanianrangesas A. pilosa Leon-
ard.Aphelandra pilosa is a SouthAmericanspecies
with profuselybranching inflorescences,short
bracts(5-6 mm),and relativelyshortcorollas(ca.
60 mm).It is unlikeanyAphelandrathatoccur in
CentralAmerica.On the basis of morphology and
experimentalhybridizations, McDade (1984) ar-
gued thatspecimenstreatedby Durkee (1978) as
A. pilosa are likelyto be hybridsbetweenA. sin-
clairiana Nees and A. gracilisLeonard.Withthe
removalofA. crenataand A. pilosa and the addi-
tions(see below)ofa newspecies and a geographic
rangeextension,thereare a totalof 19 species of
Aphelandrain Panama and one putativehybrid.
Aphelandra kuna T. F. Daniel & McDade, sp. nov.
TYPE: Panama. Panama: El Llano-Cartf
Hwy.,ca. 12 km N ofEl Llano, 19 July1974,

' We are gratefulto S. Myersforrenderingthe line drawing,D. Ubick forSEM assistance,and the curatorsof
herbariacited in the textforloans. Daniel's fieldworkin Panama was generously by G. McPhersonand H.
facilitated
Herrera.McDade's fieldwork was supportedby the NationalGeographicSociety(grantto W. Starnes).
2 Department ofBotany,CaliforniaAcademyofSciences,GoldenGate Park,San Francisco,California 94118, U.S.A.
3Department of Ecologyand Evolutionary Biologyand Herbarium,Universityof Arizona,Tucson,Arizona85721,
U.S.A.

ANN. MISSOURI BOT. GARD. 82: 542-548. 1995.

Volume 82, Number4
1995
R. Dressler 4667 (holotype, US; isotype,
DUKE). Figure 1.
Herbae perennesusque ad 1.3 m altae. Folia opposita,
125- vicinityof the type locality in northeasternPanama
petiolata,laminae ellipticaevel obovato-ellipticae,
240 mmlongae,48-91 mmlatae, 2.2-2.9-plo longiores (Panama and Comarca de San Blas), in the Serrania
quam latiores.Spicae dense bracteatae,60-100 mmlon- de San Blas; plants occur along streams in a region
gae. Bracteae subroseae,ovatae vel ligulatae,erectae,
(26-)30-49 mmlongae, 10-17 mm latae, margineden-
tatae dentibusutroquelatere3-4. Corollaatropurpurea, 400 m.
43-45 mmlonga,extusdense sericea. Staminainclusa,
4.5-5.5 mm longa, thecae 2.8-3.5 mm longae, apice
pubescentes.
Monocaulous perennial herbs to 1.3 m tall.
Young stems subquadrate (often somewhat col-
lapsed in dried specimens) or flattened, sparsely
pubescent with appressed eglandular trichomes to
1 mm long or nearly glabrate. Leaves opposite, pet-
iolate, petioles to 50 mm long, blades elliptic to
obovate-elliptic, 125-240 mm long, 48-91 mm
wide, 2.2-2.9 times longer than wide, gradually at-
tenuate to decurrent along petiole at base, acumi-
nate at apex, the surfaces sparsely pubescent with
appressed eglandular trichomes or becoming gla-
brate on adaxial surface. Inflorescence a terminal,
sessile to short-pedunculate (peduncles to 5 mm
long), densely bracteate spike, 60-100 mm long
(excluding flowers), 32-45 mm wide (excluding
flowers)near midspike, rachis pubescent with an-
trorselyappressed eglandular trichomes 0.4-1 mm
long (sericeous). Bracts pinkish green to pinkish
purple, ovate to strap-shaped, erect, (26-)30-49
mm long, 10-17 mm wide, attenuate to long-atten-
uate at apex, abaxial surface sericeous with eglan-
dular trichomes,lacking nectariferousglands, mar-
gin conspicuously dentate (except forproximalmost
bracts) with 3-4 teeth per side, the teeth 1.5-7 mm
long. Bracteoles lance-subulate, stronglycondupii-
cate, 19-31 mm long, 1.6-3 mm wide, pubescence
similar to bracts. Calyx 5-lobed, 8-10 mm long,
lobes lanceolate to subulate, unequal in size (i.e.,
one conspicuously longer and wider than others,
the remaining lobes subequal to unequal in size),
6-9.7 mm long, 0.4-1 mm wide, abaxial surface
sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous. Corolla dark
purplish with white on lower lip, 43-45 mm long,
externally densely sericeous (especially the tube),
upper lip 8-10 mm long, bilobed with rounded to
acute lobes 3.5-5.5 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide,
lower lip 11-12 mm long, deeply trilobed, lateral
lobes linear-elliptic,8.5-11.5 mm long, 2.5-4 mm
wide, lower central lobe elliptic, 9-12 mm long,
4.2-7.2 mm wide. Stamens inserted in distal 1/3 of
corolla tube, included, 4.5-5.5 mm long, thecae
2.8-3.5 mm long, apically pubescent; staminode 1
mm long. Style 32 mm long, stigma asymmetrically
Daniel & McDade 543
Acanthaceae of Panama
funnelform,1 mm long. Capsule and seeds not
seen.
Distributionand habitat. Known only fromthe
of tropical wet forest at elevations from 300 to
Phenology. Flowering: June-July, September,
November.
Paratypes. PANAMA.Panama: El Llano-CartiRd.,
10-12 km fromEl Llano, 12 Nov. 1974, P Maas & R.
Dressler1706 (U, US). Comarca de San Blas: El Llano-
CartifRd., 18 km fromInteramericanHwy., 9'19'N,
78055'W,7 Sep. 1984, G. de Nevers3876 (CAS); Km 16.7
of El Llano-CartiRd., 9'19'N, 78055'W,16 June1985,
G. de Nevers5906 (DUKE).
Two of the known collections of Aphelandra
kuna were identified as A. tridentata Hemsl., a
species known only from Costa Rica that bears a
superficial resemblance. Using keys to species of
Aphelandra in southern Central America (Durkee,
1978, 1986), one mightmistakeA. kuna foreither
A. tridentata or A. aurantiaca (Scheidw.) Lindl. It
differsfromthe formerby its pinkish(vs. green)
bractswith3-4 (vs. 1-2) teethper side, 19-31
(vs. 11-12) mmlong bracteolesthatare strongly
(vs. slightly,if at all) conduplicate,purplish(vs.
red) corollasthatare externallydenselysericeous
(vs. pubescentwithflexuosetrichomes)and have
a deeply (vs. shallowly)trilobedlower lip with
lobes 8.5-11.5 (vs. up to 1) mmlong,included(vs.
exserted from mouth of corolla) stamens with
smooth(vs. papillose) filaments, and thecae 2.8-
3.5 (vs. 5.2-6.5) mm long. Aphelandra tridentata
is presentlyknownonlyfromcentraland northern
Costa Rica. Aphelandrakuna can be distinguished
fromthe wide-ranging A. aurantiaca by its eglan-
dular (vs. glandular)pubescentbracts with 3-4
(vs. 5-15) marginalteethper side, eglandular(vs.
glandular)bracteolesthatvaryfrom19 to 31 (vs.
7-15) mmin length,purplish(vs. orangishor red)
corollas thatvaryfrom43 to 45 (vs. 50-63) mm
in length,included (vs. exsertedfrommouthof
corolla)stamens,and thecae2.8-3.5 (vs. 4-5) mm
long.Aphelandrakuna mightalso be mistakenfor
A. dolichantha Donn. Sm. (cf. "dolicantha" in
Durkee,1978, and D'Arcy,1987), an unusualspe-
cies that also occurs near the crest of the El
Llano-Cartf Road. Aphelandra dolichantha can be
readilydistinguished by its entirebractssubtend-
ing flowerswithminutecalyxlobes and whiteco-
rollas. Furtherelucidationof relativeswithinthe
genus mustawait a detailed subgenerictreatment
544 Annals of the
MissouriBotanical Garden

1 mm

FIGURE 1. Aphelandrakuna T. F. Daniel & McDade. A. Habit (Dressier 4667). B. Bract (Maas & Dressier
1706). C. Bracteole(Maas & Dressier 1706). D. Base ofone bracteoleand calyx(Maas & Dressier 1706). E. Apex
of bractand corolla(Dressier4667). F. Anthers(Dressier 4667). G. Distal portionofstyle(Dressier 4667). Drawnby
Sheva Myers.
Volume 82, Number4 Daniel & McDade 545
1995 Acanthaceae of Panama

ofAphelandra.None of the South Americanspe- several passes in the mountains surroundingMe-

cies examined by us or treatedby Wasshausen dellfn, Antioquia Province, Colombia. Until re-
(1975) is likely to be confusedwithA. kuna. A cently,the species was known only fromthis region.
revised key to all of the Panamanian species is A collection fromPanama (Dari6n: Cerro Mali, ca.
providedbelow. 22 km E of Pucuro, 1250-1500 m, 20-26 Oct.
Pollen of Aphelandra is generally3-colpate 1987, G. de Nevers et al. 8475, CAS, MO) extends
(Wasshausen,1975; McDade, 1984; Daniel, 1991). the range of this unusual species considerably.
Pollen ofA. kuna (i.e., Maas & Dressler1706) was Aphelandra scolnikae is a member of the A. pul-
observedwitha scanningelectronmicroscope.All
cherrima (Jacq.) Kunth complex (McDade, 1984);
pollen was eitherpartiallycollapsed or otherwise
within that group, it is a member of the lineage
degraded.Althoughthe numberand typeof aper-
marked by patches of numerous small (less than
turesfromthiscollectioncould notbe determined,
0.1 mm in diameter) extrafloralnectaries on the
theexinesurfaceis reticulateas in someotherspe-
floral bracts. Plants of A. scolnikae can be distin-
cies of the genus.
The specificepithetis derivedfromthe Kuna guished fromothers in this lineage by their suffru-
people who live in the regionwherethis species tescent to treelethabit (vs. monocaulous herbs), rel-
occursand whoare makingconcertedefforts topre- atively small leaves (up to about 22 cm long vs. up
servenativeplantcommunities in the Serranfade to 40 cm long in other species), and densely pu-
San Blas. bescent (vs. glabrous to puberulent) floral bracts
with comparatively few extrafloral nectaries per
SPECIES NEWLY REPORTED FROM PANAMA
glandular patch (mean of about 50 vs. more than
APHELANDRASCOLNIKAE LEONARD 100 in other species).
This species was describedby Leonard (1953) The following all ofthespecies
keydistinguishes
fromplantscollectedat 1700-2500 m elevationin of Aphelandra now known to occur in Panama:

la. Floralbractsmarginally toothed.

2a. Floralbractswithpairedlateralpatchesof nectariferous glands.
3a. Floralbractsapicallyobtuse,14-20 mmwide,usuallyentire,rarelywith2-3 pairsofminutemarginal
teetheach less than1 mmlong;corolla65-71 mmlong-A. sinclairianaNees
3b. Floralbractsapicallyattenuate, 6-9 mmwide,with2-4 pairsofwell-developed marginalteetheach
1-2 mmlong.
4a. Corolla36-41 mmlong,thecae3-4 mmlong;plantsoflowlanddeciduousforestsand edges
------ --- - --- --- - --- --- - --- --- --- - --- --- - --- --- - --- --- --- - --- --- - --- --- - --- --- AA
. scabra (Vahl) Sm.
4b. Corolla55-70 mmlong;thecae4-5 mmlong;plantsofcloud forests - A. panamensisMcDade
2b. Floralbractslackingnectariferous glands.
5a. Floralbractsless than15 mmlong;corollasless than20 mmlong.
6a. Maturecauline leaves less than10 cm long;floralbractsimbricate, ovate,with2-3 well-devel-
oped teethon each side ofmargin -A. seibertiiLeonard
6b. Maturecauline leaves greaterthan10 cm long;floralbractslax, lanceolate,teethminute(occa-
sionallylacking).
7a. Leaves glabrousto sparselypubescent,apicallyacute; corollared or pink A. arnoldiiMildbr.
7b. Leaves hispid,withtrichomesexceeding1 mm long, usually slightlyattenuateapically;
corollawhiteto purplish -A. tonduziiLeonard
5b. Floralbractsgreaterthan20 mmlong;corollagreaterthan40 mmlong.
8a. Floralbractspubescentwithglandulartrichomes, marginalteeth5-15 per side; bracteolesglan-
dular,7-15 mmlong;corollaorangishor red,50-63 mmlong;stamensexsertedfrommouthof
corolla,thecae4-5 mmlong-A. aurantiaca(Scheidw.)Lindl.
8b. Floralbractspubescentwitheglandulartrichomes, marginalteeth3-4 perside; bracteoleseglan-
dular,19-31 mmlong;corollapurplish,43-45 mmlong;stamensincludedin corollatube,thecae
2.8-3.5 mmlong-A. kuna T. F. Daniel & McDade
lb. Floralbractsentire.
9a. Floralbractswithpairedlateralpatchesof nectariferous glands.
10a. Nectariferous glandsnumerous(at least 50, usuallymorethan100) per patchand minute(each ca.
0.1 mmdiam.).
lla. Floral bractsmorethan 30 mm long,apically roundedand reflexed;calyx segmentsmuch
shorterthanfloralbracts;capsules ca. 35 mmlong-A. darienensisWassh.
lib. Floralbractsless than20 mmlong,apicallyobtuseto acute to acuminate,notreflexed;calyx
segmentsequalingor longerthanfloralbracts;capsules to 30 mmlong.
12a. Floralbractsdistantly spaced alongrachis,lax-A. laxa Durkee
12b. Floralbractscloselyadjacentor imbricate, rachisnotvisibleduringanthesis.
546 Annals of the
MissouriBotanical Garden

13a. Floralbractsrelatively narrow, widthno morethan2/3 oflength.

14a. Plantsrarelytallerthan1.5 m; corolla55-60 mmlong -- A. lingua-bovis Leonard
14b. Plantstallerthan1.5 m whenreproductive; corollalongerthan60 mm.
15a. Spikes sessile, strongly tetrangular; floralbractssparselyand minutely
puberulous -A. leonardiiMcDade
15b. Spikes pedunculate,nearlyteretein crosssection;floralbractsconspic-
uouslypubescent-A. scolnikaeLeonard
13b. Floralbractsrelatively broad,widthexceeding3/4 of length.
16a. Bracteolesstrongly falcate,7-10 mm long, 3-5 mm wide; corolla usually
yellow(rarelyorange);capsules 28-31 mmlong-A. hartwegianaNees
16b. Bracteolesslightlyfalcate,11-13 mm long,2-3 mm wide; corolla orange;
capsules 20-24 mmlong-A. campanensisDurkee
lOb. Nectariferous glands10 or fewerper patch,each > 0.2 mmdiam.
17a. Floralbractsgreento occasionallydull brown-orange, narrowly ovateto ovate,to 7 mmwide.
18a. Leaves glabrous;floralbracts5-8 mmlong,notimbricate, visibleinternodes7-10 mm
long-A. gracilisLeonard
18b. Leaves pubescentwithtrichomes denseston veins;floralbractslongerthan8 mm,slightly
to closelyimbricate, internodes notvisibleduringanthesis.
19a. Trichomesof distal stemserect;floralbractsslightlyimbricate,apically obtuse;
corollapubescentwithtrichomes of tube exceeding0.5 mmlong
- --- --------- --- --------------------- ---------------------A. gracilis X sinclairiana
----
19b. Trichomesofdistalstemsappressed;floralbractsimbricate, apicallyacute; corolla
minutely puberulent withtrichomes oftubeless than0.2 mmlong
------------------------------------------------------------A . golfod izlcensisMcDade
17b. Floralbractsorange,broadlyovate,8-20 mmwide.
20a. Distal stems,leaves, and bractssparselypubescent;floralbracts10-12 mmlong,8-10
mmwide; corolla57-62 mmlong-A. terryae Standl.
20b. Distal stems,leaves, and bractspilose; floralbracts15-20 mmlong,14-20 mmwide;
corolla64-71 mmlong-A. sinclairianaNees
9b. Floralbractslackingnectariferous glands.
21a. Stemsand leaves somewhat fleshy;floralbractslongerthan30 mm;calyxreducedto minute,hyaline
lobes ca. 1 mmlong;corollalongerthan30 mm,white-A. dolichanthaDonn. Sm.
21b. Stemsand leaves notfleshy;floralbractsless than10 mmlong;calyxwell developed,lobes ca. 5
mmlong;corollaless than20 mmlong,red,pink,purplish,or white.
22a. Leaves glabrousto sparselypubescent,apicallyacute; corollared or pink- A. arnoldiiMildbr.
22b. Leaves hispid withtrichomesgreaterthan 1 mm long,usually slightlyattenuateapically;
corollawhiteto purplish -A. tonduziiLeonard

JUSTICIAEPHEMERA LEONARD ODONTONEMACUSPIDATUM (NEES) KUNTZE

Justicia is both the largest genus of Acanthaceae

and the most species-rich in Panama with 23 spe-
cies (Daniel & Wasshausen, 1990). With more than
70 species of Justicia known fromneighboringCo-
lombia and given the still rudimentaryknowledge
of the eastern Panamanian flora, additional range
extensions and new species are to be expected. A
recent Panamanian collection of J. ephemera (Da-
rie6n:Rfo Pirre, near El Real, 1-2 km upstream of
water intake stationfortownof El Real, Feb. 1985,
L. McDade 687, DUKE, MO, PMA) representsjust
such an extension. Justicia ephemerawas previous-
ly known fromnorthwesternColombia (near Turbo
in the department of Antioquia, Leonard, 1958).
The Panamanian collection is not distinguishable
fromthis species and shares with it a number of
distinctive features: pandurate leaves with auricu-
late bases, bifariously pubescent stems with re-
trorsetrichomes,densely floweredverticillateinflo-
rescences, and short white corollas. This
combinationof character states is not shared by any
other species of Justicia in Panama.
Here and below,we bringthetreatment ofPan-
amanian Odontonemainto accord with those of
Baum (1982) and Daniel (1995), and we provide
a key to the species. Durkee (1978) recognized
fivespecies of Odontonemain Panama. Three of
these,O. flagellum(Oerst.)Kuntze,0. longifolium
(Oerst.) Kuntze,and 0. strictum(Nees) Kuntze,
were included in the synonymy of 0. tubaeforme
(Bertol.)Kuntzeby Baum (1982, as "tubiforme")
and were similarlytreated by D'Arcy (1987).
Odontonemacallistachyum(Schltdl. & Cham.)
Kuntze, a species restrictedin distributionto
Mexico,Belize, and Guatemala,is neitherknown
fromPanama norsynonymous with0. tubaeforme
(cf. D'Arcy, 1987). Odontonemacuspidatumhas
been reportedfromMexico and the West Indies
(Baum, 1982; Daniel, 1995) and is much culti-
vated throughouttropical regions. A collection
fromcentralPanama (Panama: Cerro Azul, near
GoofyLake, 17 July1962, J. Dwyer2076B, MO,
WIS) representsthis species and the firstreport
Volume 82, Number4 Daniel & McDade 547
1995 Acanthaceae of Panama

of its occurrence in Panama. Collection notes in-
dicate that the plant grew in a thicket. It is not
known whether the occurrence of 0. cuspidatum
at this locality represents an indigenous popula-
tion, naturalized plants, or a remnant from culti-
vation. The specimen was annotated by Durkee
and cited in the Flora of Panama (Durkee, 1978)
as 0. callistachyum.
ODONTONEMARUBRUM(VAHL) KUNTZE
Baum (1982) cited collections of 0. rubrumfrom
Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela. We have stud-
ied these and other specimens of 0. rubrumfrom
Panama and concur that this species is distinct
fromother Panamanian Odontonema. However, as
noted by Baum (1982: 73), plants fromthe western
portionof the range of 0. rubrum(i.e., eastern Pan-
ama and northwesternColombia) are rather differ-
ent fromplants fromeastern Colombia and Vene-
zuela. Our understandingof this species (and of
othertaxa withrangesincludingbothPanama and
Colombia)will benefitgreatlyfromadditionalcol-
lectingin the poorlyknownareas of easternPan-
ama and adjacentColombia.
Odontonemarubrumhas been collectedin the
Canal Area, Col6n, Darien,Panama, and the Co-
marcade San Blas. Representativespecimensof0.
rubrumfromPanama include:
Canal Area: drowned forestof Q. Ancha,18 Dec.
1934,C. Dodge& J. Steyermark 17043 (MO). Colon:
RfoBoquer6n, nearPeluca,27 Jan.1973,R. Dressler
4263 (MO).Darien: between upperRfoMembrillo and
Camp7 on roadto San Blas,J.Duke10915 (MO,US).
Panama: 25 kmNE ofCerroAzulon RfoPedras,25
Nov.1974,S. Mori& J.Kallunki 3471 (MO).Comarca
de San Blas: lowerRfoAiligandi,
17Jan.1967,J.Duke
9321 (MO).
Species of Odontonemain Panama can be dis-
tinguishedby thefollowing
key:

la. Plantsoftendecumbent;maturecauline leaves less than50 mmlong-0. microphyllum Durkee

lb. Plantserect;maturecauline leaves greaterthan50 mmlong.
2a. Dichasia sessile,at least some(oftenmost)whorledat inflorescence nodes;rachispubescentwithflexuose
to retrorseto appressedtrichomes 0.2-1 mmlong,trichomes usuallyconcentrated in 2 or morelines
---------------------------------------------------------------------------O- 0. tubaeforme (Bertol.)Kuntze
2b. Dichasia pedunculate,alternateor oppositeat inflorescence nodes;rachisevenlypubescentwitherectto
flexuoseto antrorsetrichomes 0.05-0.3(-0.5) mmlong.
3a. Corollaexternally pubescentwitheglandulartrichomes, tube abruptlyexpandednear the midpoint
intoa prominent throat,bentat pointofexpansion,upperlip 6-13 mmlong;pollen3-aperturate ---
-- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0. rubrum(Vahl)Kuntze
3b. Corolla externallyglabrous,tube barelyor graduallyexpanded distallyinto a t distinctthroat,
straight,upperlip 2-5 mmlong;pollen4-aperturate -0. cuspidatum(Nees) Kuntze

SANCHEZIALUTEA LEONARD tinctionsamong the species of Sanchezia now

Leonard& Smith(1964) recognized59 species
of Sanchezia. Most of these are endemicto Peru.
The onlyspecies previouslyreportedfromPanama
is S. pennellii Leonard (Durkee, 1978; D'Arcy,
1987). Recent collectionsfromeastern Panama
have resultedin the additionof twootherspecies
of Sanchezia to the floraof Panama. A collection
ofSanchezialutea (Darie6n:Rio Pirre,trailup river
fromhouse of Bartolo,16 Mar. 1973, H. Kennedy
2883, TEX, US) was so annotatedby Durkee in
1975, butneitherthenamenorthecollectionwere
subsequentlylisted by him (Durkee, 1978). An-
othercollectionfromthesame generalregion(Da-
rien: along Rfo Pirrejust above Choc6 village of
Pijibasal, 23 Feb. 1985, L. McDade 804, DUKE,
MO) also representsthis species. Sanchezia lutea
was heretofore knownonlyfromvariouslocalities
in Colombia (Leonard & Smith,1964). The dis-
knownfromPanama are discussed below.
SANCHEZIA PARVIBRACTEATASPRAGUE & HUTCH.
This species was described fromplants culti-
vated at the Royal BotanicGardensat Kew with-
out referenceto its place of origin.It is widely
cultivatedin the tropicsand underglass in tem-
perate regions. Among the specimens cited by
Leonard & Smith(1964), all appear to represent
cultivatedmaterialexcept fora collection(Cua-
trecasas11231, US) from"banks of the Rio Gua-
mu6s" fromthe Intendenciade Putumayoin Co-
lombia. A recent Panamanian collection of S.
parvibracteata(Darien:RfoCocalito,6 Feb. 1982,
C. Whitefoord & A. Eddy 60, BM), presumably
froman indigenouspopulation,was also collected
on a riverbank.
The Panamanian species of Sanchezia can be
distinguishedby the followingkey:
548
la. Bracts30-60(-75) mmlong,20-50 mmwide,the pair at a node fusedfrombase forup to 35 mmtoward
apex therebyforming cuplike involucresalong the rachis;bracteolesand calyxconcealed by bracts;corolla
externally
glabrous
lb. Bracts6-20 mmlong,1.8-16 mmwide,freeto base, notforming
surpassingbracts,clearlyvisible;corollaexternallypubescentdistally.
2a. Bractsacute at apex; thecae 5-7 mmlong --S.
2b. Bractsgraduallyacuminateat apex; thecae3.5-4.5 mmlong
CULTIVATED SPECIES
In treatingthe Acanthaceaeof Panama,Durkee
(1978) made an admirableattemptto includecul-
tivatedspecies as well as nativeand naturalized
taxa. NumerousadditionalcultivatedAcanthaceae
in Panamabeyondthe
are likelyto be encountered
twoadditionsnotedbelow.
PACHYSTACHYSLUTEA NEES
This species, a nativeof Peru, is widelyculti-
vatedforornament in the Americantropicsand in
temperate regionsunderglass. The shrubsare rec-
ognizable by theirerect, quadrangularspikes of
large(up to 25 mmlong),brightyellowbractssub-
tendingwhiteflowers.In Panama,plantsoccur in
cultivationoutdoors(Canal Zone: westernedge of
Panama Citynear Smithsonian TropicalResearch
Institute,22 Feb. 1988, T Daniel et al. 5455,
CAS). Thereare no reportsof theseplantsbecom-
ing naturalizedin Panama.
JUSTICIABETONICA L.
This species is a nativeof the Indian subconti-
nentand easterntropicalAfrica.Justiciabetonica
is a shrubdistinguishable fromall otherspecies of
Justiciain Panama by its long (up to 16 cm), lax
spikes with white to pinkish (with dark purple
markings)corollas subtendedby relativelylarge
(ca. 10 mm long) bractsthatare whitewithdark
green venation.It is sometimescultivatedas a
hedgeorgardenplantin warmtropicalregions,and
althoughnot listedin HortusThird(Bailey Horto-
rium,1976), is cultivatedin shelteredlocationsin
Annals of the
MissouriBotanical Garden
- ------- -- - S. pennelli
cuplike involucres;bracteolesand calyx
parvibracteata
----- - S. lutea
Florida and underglass elsewherein the United
States. In Panama, plants are cultivatedin yards
(Coclh: La Mesa along road betweenEl Valle de
Antonand CerroGaital,24 Feb. 1988, F Almeda
et al. 5927, CAS). It is knownto becomenatural-
ized in some tropicalregions(e.g., Hawai'i) and
maydo so in Panama.
Literature
Cited
Bailey Hortorium.1976. HortusThird.MacMillan,New
York.
Baum,V. M. 1982. A revisionofthe genusOdontonema
(Acanthaceae).M.Sci. Thesis,University of Maryland.
Daniel, T. F. 1991. A revisionof Aphelandra(Acantha-
ceae) in Mexico.Proc. Calif.Acad. Sci. 47: 235-274.
. 1995. A revisionof Odontonemain Mexico.
Contr.Univ.MichiganHerb. 20: 147-171.
& D. C. Wasshausen. 1990. Three new species
of Justicia(Acanthaceae)fromPanama. Proc. Calif.
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D'Arcy,W. G. 1987. Flora of Panama Checklistand In-
dex, Part 1: The Introduction and Checklist.Monogr.
Syst.Bot. MissouriBot. Gard. 17.
Durkee,L. H. 1978. Acanthaceae.In: Flora of Panama.
Ann. MissouriBot. Gard.65: 155-248.
. 1986. Acanthaceae. In: Flora Costaricensis.
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Leonard,E. C. 1953. The Acanthaceaeof Colombia,II.
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U.S. Natl. Herb. 31, pt. 3: 323-781.
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