RUMUS PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb be, berupa is/am/are karena present
tense (waktu sekarang), dan present participle (V1-ing). Umumnya tense ini hanya terjadi pada aksi
berupa dynamic verb, tidak stative verb. Mengapa begitu? karena secara umum hanya dynamic verb
yang memiliki bentuk continuous.

Kalimat Rumus Present Continuous Tense Contoh Present Continuous Tense

The ships are sailing

positif
(+)
S + be (am/is/are) + present participle He is smiling

The ships are not sailing

negatif
(-)
S + be (am/is/are) + not + present participle He is not smiling

are the ships sailing

interogatif
(?)
be (am/is/are) + S + present participle? Is he smiling

RUMUS PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Past continuous tense dibentuk dengan auxiliary verb be, berupa was/were karena past tense
(masa lalu), dan present participle. Was untuk singular subject (I, she, he, it, dan kata ganti orang
ketiga) dan were untuk plural subject (you, they, we, orang ketiga jamak).

Tense ini umumnya hanya terjadi pada aksi berupa dynamic verb, tidak stative verb karena secara
umum hanya dynamic verb yang memiliki bentuk continuous.

Jenis Kalimat Rumus Contoh

The team was running

positif
(+)
S + be (was/were) + present participle (v-ing) The workers were queuing

The team was not running

negatif
(-)
S + be (was/were) + not + present participle (v-ing) The workers werent queuing

Was the team running

interogatif
(?)
be (was/were) + S + present participle (v-ing)? Were the workers queuing
CONTOH KALIMAT PRESENT CONTINUOUS TANS EKE KALIMAT PAST CONTIOUS
TANSE

Kejadian yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau kegiatan sementara.

Contoh : Mr. Teguh is writing a new book. (Mr. Teguh sedang menulis buku baru)

Rencana di masa depan yang sudah pasti waktunya (pribadi).

Contoh : I am going to Surabaya at 07.30 tomorrow. (Saya akan pergi ke Surabaya jam 7.30 besok)

perubahan atau perkembangan yang sedang berlangsung dalam rentang waktu yang lama.

Contoh : The earth is getting older (Bumi ini semakin tua)

1. DIRECT SPEECH
Cara penulisan direct speech selalu diapit oleh tanda kutip,kalimat selalu di awali huruf
capital. Tanda titik dua (:) atau koma (,)diletakkan sebelum direct speech bilamana kata
penghubung/pelapor (reporting vern)-nya berada dimuka,dan tanda koma (,)harus diletakkan
setelah direct speech bilamana kata penghubung diletakkan setelah atau diantara direct
speechnya. Tanda baca seperti tanda seru (!),tanda Tanya (?) yang menunjukkan jenis kalimat
direct tidak mengalami perubahan.

2. INDIRECT SPEECH
Ada tiga jenis indirect speech :
A. Imperative (request)
Yang dilaporka adalah suatu perintah. Karena kalimat perintah biasanya tidak mengenal
subject,maka verb dalam direct imperative tidak mengalami perubahan. Verb dalam indirect
menjadi to invinitive.

Contoh 1 :
Direct : He said to his servant,Go away at once.
Indirect : He ordered his servant to go away at once.

Contoh 2 :
Direct : Watch TV.
Indirect : He told me to watch TV.

B. Declarative (statement)
1. Bila terdapat tenses maka penjabarannya sebagai berikut :
Simple present tense menjadi simple past tense
Jika direct speech menggunakan simple present tense,maka indirect speech menggunakan
simple past tense.

Contoh :
Direct : Linda said I buy my dictionary at the book shop.
Indirect : Linda said that she bought her dictionary at the book shop.
Present continuous tense menjadi past continuous tense
Jika direct speech menggunakan present continuous tense maka indirect speech menggunakan
past continuous tense.

Contoh :
Direct : She said Im doing my English homework.
Indirect : She said that she was doing her English homework.
Present perfect tense menjadi past perfect tense
Jika direct speech menggunakan present perfect tense maka indirect speech menggunakan
past perfect tense.
Contoh :
Direct : John saidI have finished doing my reports.
Indirect : John said that he had finished doing his reports.
Present perfect continuous tense menjadi past perfect continuous tense
Jika direct speech menggunakan present continuous tense maka indirect speech menggunakan
past perfect continuous tense.

Contoh :
Direct : He said We have been living here for three years.
Indirect : He said that they had been living there for three years.
Simple past tense menjadi past perfect tense
Jika direct speech menggunakan simple past tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past
perfect tense.

Contoh :
Direct : He said I went to school yesterday.
Indirect : He said that he had gone to school the day before.
Future tense menjadi past future tense
Jika direct speech menggunakan simple future tense maka indirect speech menggunakan past
future tense.

Contoh :
Direct : Laila said We will leave for Singapore.
Indirect : Laila said that they would leave for Singapore.
Past continuous tense menjadi past perfect continuous tense
Jika direct speech menggunakan past continuous tense maka indirect speech menggunakan padt
perfect continuous tense.