J Mater Cycles Waste Manag
DOI 10.1007/s10163-016-0569-x
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Adoption of post-disaster waste management plan into disaster
management guidelines for Malaysia
E. M. A. Zawawi1 Nor Syazwani Yusof1 Zulhabri Ismail1
Received: 29 June 2016 / Accepted: 23 November 2016
Springer Japan 2016
Abstract Malaysia is one of the Asian countries which are
prone to disaster: flooding is one of the natural disasters
that are becoming more common in Malaysia every year,
threatening life. Disaster waste management is, therefore,
one of the most important issues to address. Furthermore,
as urbanization, population growth, and economic devel-
opment increase, this leads to larger quantities of disaster
waste requiring more systematic management, and this is
becoming one of the most critical environmental issues to
be tackled. This research aims to highlight possible entry
points for waste management adoption into disaster man-
agement guidelines for Malaysia. Furthermore, the extent
of disaster waste affecting the environment will be inves-
tigated, to identify the needs of waste management to be
adopted as disaster management guidelines. Ultimately, the
research intends to propose the adoption of a post-disaster
waste management plan into the existing disaster man-
agement guidelines in Malaysia. In fact, an act and policies
with regard to waste management have already been
enacted and developed, but none of them focuses on dis-
aster waste. Comparative studies will be conducted to
benchmark waste management practices in other countries,
to produce a systematic plan for post-disaster waste man-
agement in Malaysia. Qualitative research design methods
will be rigorously applied by reviewing existing studies
and carrying out semi-structured interviews. This paper
presents an overview of disaster waste management, out-
lining the issues and challenges encountered during
& E. M. A. Zawawi
emmamarinie@salam.uitm.edu.my
1 several agencies and relevant stakeholders who are
Centre of Studies for Construction, Faculty of Architecture,
Planning and Surveying, UiTM Shah Alam,
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
managing disaster waste, exploring existing guidelines on
waste management, and discovering ways to improve the
current situation by comparing it with the disaster waste
management planning of more experienced countries, such
as Japan, the USA (North Carolina), and Indonesia.
Keywords Disaster waste management
Guidelines

Waste management plan
Introduction
Malaysia is considered a middle-income country and has
emerged as a multi-sector economy. In the past, Malaysia
has faced a variety of disasters of various magnitudes,
including structural collapse, earthquakes, biological haz-
ards, landslides, and meteorological incidents [25]. In
addition, the effects of climate change have resulted in an
increasing amount of climate-related disasters, resulting in
a newfound threat to Malaysias health and development
[29]. Disasters, whether natural or manmade, are becoming
increasingly common. The recent history of Malaysias
notable disasters from 1991 to 2015, with the type of waste
generated, is shown in Table 1, [2] and [25]. Every single
day, we produced a lot of waste, a common phenomenon in
Malaysia. In addition, Malaysia suffers from natural dis-
asters, such as flooding and landslides caused by torrential
rain, particularly severe at the end of 2014. Such disasters
often create large volumes of debris and waste which
exceed the existing capacity of solid waste management. A
waste management plan related to the current planning for
post-disaster waste management has been conducted by
involved directly or indirectly. Poor management of a
clean-up effort can exacerbate the problems, and can result
123
 J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Table 1 Tragic disasters in Malaysia 19912015 with the type of waste generated Source: (Aini and Fakhrul-Razi [2] ) and (Malek [25].)
No. Date Disaster Types of waste/debris

1. 7 May 1991 Fire and Explosion at Bright Sparklers Chemical and toxic waste, office waste, processing waste,
Fireworks Factory Sg. Buloh, Selangor plastic waste, and cafeteria waste
2. 20 Jun 1992 Choon Hong III Ship, Explosion and Fire, Other solid waste (hazardous waste products containing toxic
Port Klang, Selangor and highly flammable material), office waste, processing
waste, plastic waste, cafeteria waste, tanker waste, etc
3. 11 Dec 1993 Collapse of Highland Towers Food waste, clothes, newspapers, papers, bottles, cans, furniture
Condominium, Hulu Klang, Selangor waste, etc
Building/structure collapse
Human bodies and carcasses
4. 30 Jun 1995 Landslides in Cameron Highlands, Pahang Trees, shrubs, and branches debris
Landslide may bring mud, clay, and gravel into affected areas/
roads
Affected several houses: household waste
5. 29 August 1996 Pos Dipang Mudslide at the Aborigines Electrical and telephone grid debris
Village in Pos Dipang, Mukim Kampar, Agricultures debris, building debris, common household, food
Perak waste, white goods, such as freezers, etc
Roofing materials, small items, and dust carried by the wind
6. 26 December 1996 Tropical Storm GREG (Typhoon), Agricultural debris, building debris, common household, food
Keningau, West Coast in Sabah waste, and white goods
7. 7 February 1999 Landslide due to heavy downpour in Trees, shrubs, and branches debris (agricultural debris)
Sandakan, Sabah Landslide may bring mud, clay, and gravel into affected areas/
roads
Affected several houses: household waste
8. November 2000 Flood triggered by heavy rainfall caused Household waste and personal belongings waste
extensive property damage and losses in Trees, shrubs, and branches debris (agricultural debris)
Kelantan, Terengganu, North Malaysia
and nearby of Southern Thailand Flooding may bring mud, clay, and gravel into affected areas
Collapsed buildings and loose objects/waste (vehicles)
9. January 2011 Flood (State of Johor: Segamat, Batu Pahat, Household waste and personal belongings waste
Kluang and Muar) due to heavy rainfall Trees, shrubs, and branches debris (agricultural debris)
caused three of the main rivers in Johor
(Sungai Muar, Sungai Benut and Sumngai Flooding may bring mud, clay, and gravel into affected areas
Mengkibol) to burst their banks Collapsed buildings and loose objects/waste (vehicles)
10. 28 January 2002 Kg. Gelam Landslides Ruan Changkul Trees, shrubs, branches debris (agricultural debris), garden
Simunjan, Sarawak Landslide caused by waste, building waste, etc
heavy rain buried a communal longhouse Landslide may bring mud, clay and gravel into affected areas/
roads
Affected several houses: household waste
11. 23 October 2003 Three days of continuous rains triggered Household waste and personal belongings waste
massive flooding in Northern Malaysia Trees, shrubs, and branches debris (agricultural debris)
(state of Penang, Kedah and northern
Perak) Flooding may bring mud, clay, and gravel into affected areas
Collapsed buildings and loose objects/waste (vehicles)
12. 26 December 2004 Tsunami (States of Penang, Kedah and Widespread damage to infrastructure, spreading debris over
Perlis) large areas
Debris often mixed with soil, trees, bushes, and other loose
objects, such as vehicles; difficult to handle and to segregate
all the waste
13. 24 December 2014 Flood (States of Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Household waste and personal belongings waste
until early January Terengganu, Johor, Perlis, Sabah and Medical waste
Sarawak)
Flooding may bring mud, clay, and gravel into affected areas
Collapsed buildings and loose objects/waste (vehicles)
Trees, shrubs, and branches debris (agricultural debris)
14. 5,6,7, 13 Jun 2015 Earthquake in Sabah Structures collapsed in-situ, for example, the floor slabs
collapsed on top of each other, trapping waste within
damaged buildings and structures

123
J Mater Cycles Waste Manag
in a slow and costly recovery which is potentially risky to
public and environmental health in both the short and long
terms [10]. Therefore, disaster waste management is a very
important issue. However, the urgency of solid waste
management has slowed down in the critical challenge in
terms of coordination among organizations, inefficiency of
technology (equipment and machinery), poor planning and
management, community issues, political and environ-
mental factors, and lack of action, guidelines, and policies.
The impact of recent disasters has shocked our community
and increased pressure through the rising cost of living.
The aim of this research is to highlight possible points
for adopting a disaster waste management into disaster
management guidelines for Malaysia, and how to effec-
tively plan for managing disaster waste within existing
guidelines (MKNPolicy Directive 20; Solid Waste and
Public Cleansing Management Act 2007: Act 672), and
other policies related to post-disaster waste management,
especially flooding. To achieve this aim, three objectives
which are the extent of disaster waste affecting the envi-
ronment, the need for waste management to be adopted by
disaster management guidelines, and proposals for trans-
forming post-disaster waste management plans into disaster
management guidelines for Malaysia have been developed
by the researcher as a guide for the future. Regarding the
existing act, guidelines, and policies, these only focus on
solid waste management, not on disaster waste manage-
ment. Our country should, therefore, follow the policies of
other countries, such as Japan and Indonesia, and adopt
best practice from them. Therefore, this study presents an
overview of disaster waste management, outlining the
issues and challenges encountered, exploring the existing
guidelines, and discovering ways to improve the current
situation by comparing it with disaster waste management
planning of Japan, the USA (North Carolina), and
Indonesia. It is anticipated that the findings from this study
will benefit local authorities, the private sector and other
organizations involved in managing disaster waste in
Malaysia.
Review the past and present disaster waste
management
The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
[39] defines a disaster as a situation or event over-
whelming local capacity, necessitating a request to a
national or international level for external assistance; an
unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great dam-
age, destruction and human suffering [18]. Hon Anna
Bligh MP [17] defined disaster management as arrange-
ments about management of events occurring in the envi-
ronment which could have potential adverse effects; for
example, redevelopment of damaged facilities, and
preventing and providing services during the occurrence of
the disaster. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has
been transformed from an agrarian into a developed
country. Past disasters have led to various emergency
measures for managing disaster debris, but the overall
response has highlighted the lack of planning and man-
agement of waste. Governments and organisation involved
seem unable to learn from each others experience, and are
reluctant to fund research to improve their ability to
respond. For example in Kelantan, the problem faced by
the local authority is the method of removing all bulky
waste, such as furniture, log, building structure and so on.
The local authority took a long time to recover this prob-
lem [4]. They have no special unit to manage these disaster
wastes. Hence, disaster waste has an adverse effect on the
economy, the environment, and society, and is still largely
under-estimated and misunderstood.
Based on this scenario, disaster waste management
becomes a very important agenda to solve the waste issues
after disaster. Disaster waste management can be presented
as more of a logistical technical exercise than an action that
must be integrated into both the emergency response/re-
covery system and the solid waste management system.
Various types of disaster, such as biological, structural
collapse, fire and explosion, landslides, and meteorological
incidents have hit the country [12]. A few disasters resulted
in emergency acts and regulations, and some specialized
teams were formed [11]. Such disasters require the han-
dling of resources, equipment, and a prepared and exten-
sive workforce from various agencies, with effective
coordination over a long period of time [25]. The collapse
of a four-storey building in 1968 in Kuala Lumpur was one
of the first major man-made disasters that could be asso-
ciated with the development of the country. In this case, the
ensuing Royal Commission of Enquiry discovered the
existing Kuala Lumpur Municipal Building By-laws to be
out-dated and suggested the new uniform building by-law
to meet the current needs of the construction industry [38].
Besides that, the Bright Sparklers and Choon Hong disas-
ters also had similar problems, where the disaster man-
agement was unsuccessful. However, there are also several
natural disasters that have occurred, such as flood disaster
in 1971 (January 1971Kuala Lumpur) and landslide
(June 1995Cameron Highlands off Genting Highlands
road in Pahang). Decisions to form a mechanism for
managing disasters nationally were made by the Cabinet on
18 May 1994. On 11 May 1997, the policy statement for
disaster relief operations was stipulated in Directive 20 of
the National Security Council [14]. Hence, data collection
on disasters has clearly increased in recent years; the
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) was
launched in 2000 as a framework to coordinate measures to
manage disaster risks at local, national, regional, and
123

international levels. In addition, the Hyogo Framework for
Action 20052015 (HFA) [40], endorsed by 168 United
Nations (UN) member states at the World Conference on
Disaster Reduction in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan in 2005, urged
all countries to make major efforts to reduce their disaster
risk by 2015.
Types of disaster and challenges of disaster waste
management one of factors that consider as could be
affected in the managing of disaster waste. A report by [20]
on managing disaster debris indicated many important
issues and challenges, such as those associated with
managing large volumes of waste, enabling property
owners to return to an area and assist with the clean-up,
separating hazardous and non-hazardous waste, and
managing asbestos-contaminated waste. According to [36],
disasters can produce millions of tons of waste that threaten
public health, require reconstruction of the damaged
building, and have a negative impact on the environment.
Furthermore, there is a direct and indirect relationship
between disaster waste and residual hazardous waste, such
as asbestos, oils, and solvents, while flies and rodents add
to the risk to health [24, 21, 22]. Table 2 showed the
impact of disaster waste on the environment. Environ-
mental impacts that affect humans also affect waterways,
agricultural areas, and communities contaminated by
chemicals and heavy metals. Physical barriers on water-
ways can also occur [30]. Disaster waste management is
very important in disaster response and recovery [13]. In
this respect, it is important to analyse the extent of disaster
waste that affects the environment. In addition, in consid-
ering the principles and options for managing disaster
waste especially in flooding, there are some significant
challenges in achieving effective flood risk reduction
through various components. These various challenges will
be discussed below. As we know, it is important to identify
the root problems of the current issues that have to be
solved by organizations, government, and the private sec-
tor. The major challenges to achieving disaster waste
management identified from several studies are shown in
Table 3. Hence, through the identification of the issues and
the challenges encountered, Malaysia will have one of the
best practices on disaster waste management, achieved in
Vision Malaysia, 2020. It will enable both government and
the private sector to pay more attention to resolve the
current issues faced by Malaysia to improve and achieve
sustainable disaster waste management.
In terms of legislative trends and enforcement of disaster
waste management in Malaysia, a disaster waste manage-
ment plan is essential to help the organizations and com-
munities involved to identify options for collecting,
recycling, and disposing of waste. Recycling and reusing
disaster waste can replace natural raw materials and reduce
the burden on the environment by reducing landfill. Robust
123
J Mater Cycles Waste Manag
disaster waste preparedness planning can reduce the total
quantity of the actual disaster waste through recycling
methods [26]. Improvement is needed in looking at waste
management policies as a way of identifying the possibil-
ities and actions to manage waste wisely in the disaster
management context. Although disasters are rare occur-
rences and not always a priority in Malaysia, at least a
proper preparedness plan for managing disaster waste can
help reduce and recover waste as quickly as possible,
offering both short-term and long-term solutions. This
study identified several authorities and laws under their
jurisdiction for handling solid waste areas, as shown in
Table 4. Disaster management (Directive No. 20) in
Malaysia focuses on the roles and responsibilities of the
agencies involved in handling the disaster. Even though the
subsequent Act 672 did not specify disaster solid waste, it
should be seen as part of controlled solid waste and all the
act on waste management can refer in Act 672 [27].
However, the whole scope of managing the waste is not
enough, as compared to the steps given in the waste
management hierarchy. The Environmental Quality Act
1974 covered general environmental problems, such as
sludge, odour, and others [28]. In fact, this act focused not
on waste but on environmental protection related to pol-
lution after a disaster. The waste is also interpreted as
liquid, solid, gas, and radioactive. In addition, local
authorities are important in handling waste either as a daily
activity or following disaster. The Local Government Act
2007 amendments (Act 1311) obliged local authorities to
maintain and carry out such sanitary services for removal
of waste [19]. Malaysian standard (MS 2547:2014) by
SIRIM Malaysia refers specifically only to requirements
for safe closure of landfill to prevent pollution of the sur-
rounding environment [37]. In conclusion, regarding the
legal instruments in Malaysia, even though some policies,
programmes, and legislation were carried out by the gov-
ernment, they are still insufficient and there is no
enforcement in handling disaster waste as a guide for the
present and future of our country.
Past mistakes learned after the effect of disaster cause
damage to life and property. Comparison with the needs
and existing waste management plans in Japan, North
Carolina, and Indonesia as guidelines in a proper managing
disaster waste management for Malaysia soon [35, 16]. The
evolution of various safety and emergency laws, acts, and
regulations has also recognized this fact since indepen-
dence [3]. Effective implementation of a national disaster
management plan is yet to be achieved; however, cooper-
ation with various related agencies is very important in
handling disaster management to ensure success. Disaster
practitioners and scholars are striving to bridge the gap [1].
However, current international disaster waste management
plans from other countries can be explored to identify
J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Table 2 Typical disaster waste issues and their impacts Adopted from: (Srinivas [36])
Waste issues Impacts

Uncollected building and construction waste
Illegal dumpsites
Collapse of municipal solid waste services
Uncontrolled dumping of healthcare waste
Mixing of hazardous and toxic wastes such as asbestos
in damaged buildings and its reuse
Uncollected building and construction waste impedes access, delays reconstruction
and encourages establishment of landfill
Illegal dumpsites affect human health; destruction of valuable land; impact on drinking
waste supplies; increase in vector diseases and risk of fire.
Lack of collection services and uncontrolled illegal dumping area
Serious health risk to local residents, including smell
Health risks associated with inhalation and contact

successful variables that can be applied in Malaysia. In
other words, we should learn, adopt, and modify from more
successful regimes, such as those shown in Table 5.
Research methodology
This paper employed an extensive literature review, doc-
ument review, and semi-interview sessions among selected
organizations that involved in managing disaster waste
during the worse flood disaster occurs at the end of
December, 2014 in Malaysia. The literature review inclu-
ded the chronology of disaster in Malaysia, and compara-
tive studies on existing policies implemented in other
selected countries. Observation parameters on disaster
waste in affected areas in Malaysia covered Temerloh,
Pahang, and Kuala Krai, Kelantan. This overview was
followed by examination of government documents and
reports based on previous operational systems in managing
disaster waste, and of current policies and technologies
used in waste management. The qualitative research
method was implemented through semi-structured inter-
views, with participants from organizations or related
agencies in disaster waste management. Semi-structured
interviews were selected as the data collection method for
this study due to their feasibility, accessibility, and
convenience.
The aim of conducting exploratory interview sessions
for this paper was to supplement data collected via the
extensive literature review and to ascertain the current
issues and challenges faced by local people and organiza-
tions involved in handling the disaster waste from the early
to final stages. The results show the opinions of industry
players regarding how they waste in areas affected by
disaster, the systems used, and also the major improve-
ments that they might adopt for sustainable waste man-
agement from other countries.
Semi-structured interviews were conducted between
October 2015 and February 2016. Table 6 provides
information on the respondents involved in disaster
waste management in Kelantan and Pahang. Thirty
respondents were identified by the researcher and 17
respondents agreed to participate. The selection criteria
were involvement in post-disaster waste management
and a minimum of 5 years working experience. The
respondents are categorized into two: government and
private sector/organizations. Eleven respondents from
the government sector were involved in disaster waste
management in Temerloh, Pahang, and Kuala Krai,
Kelantan, as shown in Table 6. The six respondents from
private sector organizations involved in flood manage-
ment and experienced in handling disaster waste man-
agement in their affected area were from Alam Flora
Sdn. Bhd (Pahang and Kelantan), SWM Environment
Sdn. Bhd (Pahang), Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd (Pahang),
and SIRIM Sdn. Bhd (existing guidelines on landfill safe
closure). For the government sector, the organizations
were selected for their roles in flood management and
managing disaster waste in Malaysia. The private sector
organizations were selected based on their experience in
handling floods in their operational system projects of
disaster waste. Finally, conclusions are drawn to achieve
the aim of this research, and recommendations made for
further research. Based on the limitations of these
studies, in view of the time constraint and limited
information to prepare for this paper, the study is bound
to have limitations. The focus of the study was on flood
disaster only. Moreover, the interview sample size was
limited to organizations practising flood disaster waste
management (government sector organizations) and
experienced in handling disaster waste from flooding
within their projects (private organizations).
Results and discussion
The establishment of an improved disaster waste man-
agement plan for Malaysia was drawn from analysis of
the data collected from the document reviews and the

123
 Table 3 Types of disaster and the challenges to disaster waste management
Elements Insufficient Lack of Lack of Lack of Technical Lack of Insufficient Lack of Accessibility Land Time Lack of Planning
of funds and regulations/ coordination enforcement constraint/ managing landfill awareness of data and issues constraints recycling of assess to

123
challenges finance acts and and by the insufficient large information market the
in handling allocated guidelines integration government equipment, volumes site/landfill
waste among top of legal machinery of disaster
management instruments and waste
manpower
with latest
technology

Hurricane H H H
Katrina
(USA) [10]
Flood, H
Landslide
(Malaysia)
[7]
Flood, H H H H
Landslide
(Malaysia)
[24]
Flood, H H H
Landslide
(Malaysia)
[21]
Flood, H
Landslide
(Malaysia)
[22]
Earthquake H H H
(Japan and
Sri Lanka),
Hurricane
Katrina
(USA),
Tsunami
(Aceh and
Malaysia)
[35]
Flood H
(Malaysia)
[4]
Flood H
(Malaysia)
[23]
J Mater Cycles Waste Manag
 Table 3 continued
Elements of Insufficient Lack of Lack of Lack of Technical Lack of Insufficient Lack of Accessibility of Land Time Lack of Planning of
challenges in funds and regulations/ coordination and enforcement by constraint/ managing landfill awareness data and issues constraints recycling assess to the
handling finance acts and integration the government insufficient large information market site/landfill
waste allocated guidelines among top of legal equipment, volumes of
management instruments machinery and disaster
manpower waste
with latest
technology
J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Tsunami, H
Flood,
Landslide
(Malaysia)
[33]
Flood, H
Landslide
(Malaysia)
[14]
Flood H
(Cambodia)
[16]
Tsunami H
(Aceh) [29]
Flood, H
Landslide
(Malaysia)
[34]
Hurricane H H H
Katrina,
USA [20]

123
 J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Table 4 Authorities involved in disaster waste management, Malaysia Source: [31, 27, 28, 6, 19, 37]
Authorities Laws/acts/standard policy Remarks

National Security Division National Security Council Outlines a policy for Disaster Management and Relief according to the
(Prime Ministers Directive No. 20 level of disaster. The purpose is determining the roles and
Department) responsibilities of the various agencies involved in handling disaster
(The Policy And Mechanism On
National Disaster And Relief
Management)
Ministry of Urban Solid Waste and This acts for the management and regulation of controlled solid waste
Wellbeing, Public Cleansing and public cleansing for the purpose of maintaining proper sanitation.
Housing and Local Normally, the act focuses on household, municipal and hazardous
Management Act
Government of Malaysia industrial waste/areas
2007 (Act 672)
Ministry of Environmental The EQA was enacted in 1974 and applies to the whole of Malaysia. It is
Natural Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) related to the prevention, abatement, control of pollution and
enhancement of the environment, and for purposes connected
Resources and Part IV Section 24 (2b)
therewith
Environment
Local Government Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171) The Local Government Act was enacted to ensure uniformity of law
(Local Authority) Part VII in Section 70 (Pollution of with respect to local government. Section 70 (Pollution of streams
streams) with trade refuse)
Part IX which are Food, Markets, Section 72 (1a) to establish, maintain, and carry out such sanitary
Sanitation and Nuisance in Section 72 services for the removal and destruction of, or otherwise dealing with,
(1a) rubbish, litter, dead animals, and all kinds of refuse and effluent
;
Local Government Act 2007
Amendments
(Act 1311)
Department of Standards Malaysian Standard Landfill Safe This Malaysian Standard specifies requirements for landfill safe closure
Malaysia/SIRIM Closure Requirements and it is to protect public health and the environment by proper
BERHAD (MS 2547:2014) management of such

exploratory semi-structured interviews. The results of
the data analyses form a basis for the needs for estab-
lishing post-waste management to improve disaster
management guidelines pertaining to waste management
in Malaysia. Figure 1 shows Malaysia Disaster Man-
agement Structure based on National Security Council
Directive 20 (NSC) [8, 31]. Figure 1 shows the inte-
gration and involvement of relevant agencies on disaster
in Malaysia. Government agency is responsible for dif-
ferent aspects of disaster risk reduction while maintain-
ing their core capabilities. The disaster management
structure was established at three different levels, the
Federal, State, and District levels, whereby the National
Security Division (NSD) is the secretariat. Figure 2
shows the key elements in post-disaster waste manage-
ment for incorporation into Disaster Management
Guidelines for Malaysia. This proposed plan is only for
recovery stage. However, they are also possibility for
preparedness stage, whereby people will be informed
and alerted on the important of managing disaster waste
efficiently. Figure 3 illustrates the proposed
recommendations concerning post-disaster waste incor-
porated into the disaster waste management plan and
also the disaster waste management enablers. Figure 3
highlights the three elements important for waste man-
agement adoption into disaster management guidelines
for Malaysia. The three elements are disaster waste
management initiative, issues, and component managing
disaster waste and proposed improvement of post-dis-
aster waste management initiative in Malaysia. In Fig. 3,
the red dotted line boxes are the proposed improvement
for the issues mention under element of roles of
organisation, legal instrument, and requirement standard
for disposal waste or landfill. The grey boxes indicate
the points to be adopted in the existing Malaysias dis-
aster management guidelines. It can be concluded that
the establishment of improved disaster waste manage-
ment is required because of poor utilization of the waste
management as a planning tool and current issues/
problems for preparation planning and controlling the
problem in Malaysia. Valuable lessons learned from past
disasters have greatly influenced the evolution of safety

123
J Mater Cycles Waste Manag
Table 5 International disaster waste management plans
INDONESIA
The current status of the estimated amount of waste
debris was left after the tsunami 603495 m3. As of
July 2007, Banda Aceh tsunami of waste cleaned and
disposed to landfill is 461614 m3 [30]. Thus, the
current initiatives by this country were based on
three of the elements/conditions similar to existing
initiatives in Japan. A few current initiatives have
implemented by Indonesia: the United Nations
Development Programme [30]; Deutsche
Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)
is under support programmes for Local Governance
for Sustainable Reconstruction (SLGSR), and it has
provided the Preliminary Design and Institutional
Options for Waste Disposal and selecting Regional
Landfill site; Rotterdam Waste Management Plan
under auspices of local government of Rotterdam;
and finally by The Indonesian Waste Management
Law (enacted in May 2008). Disaster waste
management is a complex process that requires
careful integration into the overall waste
management not only daily in the city or community,
but also in the area of emergency response planning
process. The assessment should be carried out in two
stagesfirst, pre-disaster practices, as part of the
process of preparation and mitigation, and second,
one post-assessment as part of disaster recovery and
reconstruction. Components that need to be
considered in planning for disaster waste
management are:
1. Organizational Coordination
2. Waste Assessment
A. Pre-disaster Assessment
Pre-planning is the best practice to ascertain waste
activities that are carried out after a disaster. By
having local policies in place to require that
recycling or other diversion programmes be
implemented after a disaster, a quick recovery can be
ensured to qualify reconstruction to begin. Thus, to
facilitate pre-disaster waste assessment, there are
steps that should be taken:
Identify and classify the type of disaster
Identify the transportation corridors and development
of alternate routes
Make a list of recyclers, hauliers, and processors
available in the area
Contingency plans for waste disposal
Identification of temporary storage
Facilities to handle/process waste
Markets for generated materials
B. Post-disaster Assessment
Assessment of post-disaster is more focused on the
specific disaster and locality:
Identification of waste (e.g., news, based on local
sources/stories from people, GIS, etc)
Classification and characteristics of waste (the
composition of the identified waste streams and use
by dumping/landfill methods through site visits
Hazard Risk Assessment focuses on assessment of
risks and hazards associated with each flow and/or
waste dump/landfill sites to allow handling,
processing, and disposal
Prioritization: the waste given a ranking.
3. Development of a Plan
4. Debris Processing and Separation/Segregation
5. Recycling and Disposal
JAPAN
The Ministry of the Environment Japan has issued the
Guidelines for the Removal of Damaged Houses
and Structures after the Tohoku-Pacific Ocean
Earthquake, and the Guidelines for the Disposal
of Damaged Houses. Meanwhile, disaster-related
waste is being gathered at temporary waste storage
sites in greater amounts, which means that the
government needs to implement measures for the
incineration, recycling, and final disposal of these
wastes on a full scale [5]. In addition, they conducted
four phases of debris management for disasters:
immediate actions; short-term actions; medium-term
actions; and long-term actions [36]
Phase 1: Immediate Actions
Immediate action is 072 h after a disaster event to
identify the characteristics of waste
Phase 2: Short-Term Actions
Four key areas of action need to be conducted:
1. assessment;
2. operations;
3. planning;
4. communications and reporting.
Phase 3: Medium-Term Actions
In this phase, the waste/debris management
programmes (including potential projects) designed
in Phase 2 are implemented
Multi-stakeholder partnerships are set up with the
private sector and local communities to ensure
proper management of disaster wastes.
Monitoring and evaluation of the waste
This phase ensures that all identified disaster wastes
are addressed either through disposal, incineration,
reuse, or recycling
Phase 4: Long-Term Actions
In the long-term, contingency plans to manage wastes
from a future disaster are drawn up based on lessons
learnt and as a part of the recovery phase of the
current disaster
Roles and responsibilities of the public, private, and
community sectors are recognized after disaster
The type of disaster and the wastes generated also vary
in the kind of impact that they have on the local
environment [30]
NORTH CAROLINA
North Carolina prepared a Debris Management Plan
for better response to future emergency debris-
removal situations. The purpose of this plan is to
outline the critical components to the success of a
debris-removal operation. For the purposes of this
disaster debris management plan (DDMP), four
phases are discussed: normal operations, pre-event
preparation, post-event response, and post-event
recovery [9] and [15]
PRE-LANDFALL PHASES
Normal operations
Refers to the period of time when the state is not in any
serious threat of disaster
Identify potential threats and impacts, assess available
resources, potential resource sharing, prepare draft
task orders, structural coordination, and pre-
positioning of equipment, as appropriate
PHASE 1INITIAL RESPONSE/DEBRIS
CLEARANCE
Pre-Event Preparation
Consists primarily of clearing the disaster debris from
public roads and rights of way
PHASE 2RECOVERY/DEBRIS REMOVAL
Post- Event Response
The 70-h push encompasses the period of time that
roadways are clear of scattered debris
POST-EVENT RECOVERY
Recovery Events
Marked by debris removal contractor collecting and
reducing debris from rights of way
Recovery operations and progress, including closeout
of temporary debris management sites, and
developing after-action reports and revising plans
123
 J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Table 6 Respondents detail

Organisation Department/unit Respondents No. of
Respondent

*G1 National Security Council (NSC)
G2 National Solid Waste Management
Department
G3 Temerloh Municipal Council
G4 Kota Bharu Municipal Council
G5 Kuala Krai District Council
G6 Department of Environment (DOE)
G7 Solid Waste and Public Cleansing
Management Corporation
(SWCorp)
*P1 Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd.
P2 SWM Environment Sdn Bhd
P3 Kualiti Alam Sdn. Bhd
P4 Standards and Industrial Research
Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM)
* GRepresenting government sector/organizations
* PRepresenting private sector/organizations
State Disaster Management and Relief Senior Assistant Engineer 1
Committee
Technical Department of Ministry of Urban Senior Assistant Director 1
Wellbeing, Housing and Local Goverment
Public Health and Licensing Unit Senior Assistant Public Health 1
Human Resources Department, MPKB Senior Assistant Offer 1
Public Health and Licensing Unit Assistant Director 1
Flood Management Unit Environmental Officer 2
Research Centre for River Management Engineer and Assistant Engineer 4
Disaster Waste Management and Assistant Manager l and Supervisor 3
Operational Division Landfill
Management of Solid Waste Senior Assistant Operational 1
and Operational Unit Management
Operational and Waste Management Landfill Operation Assistant 1
Department Manager
Enforcement and Legislation Unit Executives Enforcement, Marketing, 1
and Business Development Section

FEDERAL FEDERAL
DISASTER OPERATIONAL
Search MANAGEMENT CONTROL
(DEPUTY PRIME
and Rescue AND RELIEF ON-
MINISTER) SCENE
COMMITTEE POST
Health and
Medical NATIONAL
National Security SECURITY
Division (NSD) Services DIVISON
STATE DISASTER
Prime Ministers Media MANAGEMENT
Department STATE
Support AND RELIEF ON-
OPERATIONAL
COMMITTEE SCENE
CONTROL
Security POST
(STATE
control STATE SECRETARY)
NSD
Welfare
Warnings DISTRICT
DISASTER
and alerts MANAGEMENT
DISTRICT ON-
OPERATIONAL SCENE
AND RELIEF CONTROL POST
COMMITTEE (STATE
DISTRICT SECRETARY)
NSD

Fig. 1 Malaysia Disaster Management Structure regarding of National Security Council Directive 20 Source: [8] and [31]

and disaster management in the country. Some of these that the current policy and system result from reacting to
were landmark disasters, where various regulations, acts, the problem at its root. Setting clear guidelines about the
and laws were amended or introduced, with the forma- objectives of waste management and adopting certain
tion of specialized functional bodies. Hence, it appears principles would allow for a proactive stand. The case of

123
J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

DISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

(NSC DRECTIVE NO.20)

MANAGEMENT LEVEL

LEVEL I Disaster (DDMRC) LEVEL II Disaster (SDMRC) LEVEL III Disaster (CDMRC)
District Disaster Management & State Disaster Management & Central Disaster Management &
Relief Committee Relief Committee Relief Committee

Disaster issues & impact

Preparedness RESPONSE RECOVERY MITIGATION

Regarding National Security Post-Disaster Programs Providing emergency assistance

Council Directive No. 20 Emergency operation centre Damage assessment Mitigation plan
Standard operating : for natural Evacuation plan Recovery & reconstruction Early warning system
disaster & man-made disaster Search & Rescue programs/plan Public education
Safety Guidelines for facing Crises Incident & volunteer management Assistance to SME Speeding recovery operations
& Disaster system Development of Business Continuity Returning systems to normal level
Communication system Emergency public information Plans (BCP) Land management
Public Awareness Program Structural integrity evaluation in risk Zoning plan
Disaster relief Trust Fund areas
(KWABBN) Risk assessment for future disasters
Regional & International Disaster risk reduction through land
Cooperation use planning
Establish frontline base in strategic
area Proposed the Post-Disaster Waste
Rehabilitation
Management in Malaysia as a part
Post-Disaster Waste key element of Disaster
Management Plan in Malaysia Management Guidelines

Fig. 2 Proposed key element in post-disaster waste management plan into disaster management guidelines in Malaysia

Japan, Indonesia, and North Carolina showed that this
may lead to steady improvement in Malaysia as an
option in proper guidelines for disaster management.
Conclusions
Disasters are unusual changes occurring all of a sudden in
a certain area, causing significant damage and loss of life
and property, and requiring more effort to return to the
normal situation. Disasters can create large volumes of
debris and waste, and mismanagement of disaster waste
can affect both the immediate response and long-term
recovery of disaster-affected areas. Although Malaysia
has implemented an act for solid waste management
(Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act
2007: Act 672), there are still insufficient regulations and
the government policies are not effectively taken up by
industry practitioners. The policies do not encompass the
whole concept of sustainability. Hence, the government
sector is required to enforce initiatives by providing leg-
islation and regulations to manage disaster waste in
Malaysia. At the same time, the public sector should
provide a proper or initial plan in normal times regarding
the current initiatives for disaster waste management. The
private sector is able to support the waste management
system in case of disasters by providing the authority with
the needed tools, and by conducting work as contractors
or sub-contractors. However, the process on disaster
management in Malaysia involves gathering all the debris
and waste in temporary storage, then classifying it and
sending it to the proper endpoint. In fact, it was noticed
that the debris resulting from destroyed and demolished
buildings, and the property contained in these buildings,
formed the largest amount of debris after disasters. Nev-
ertheless, there is also the debris generated depending on
the unique type of disaster, such as mud in the case of the
flooding in Kelantan and tsunami events. Therefore, we
can see that the generated debris depends on the type of
disaster hitting the area and the nature of the affected
area. Other materials were incinerated then sent to land-
fill, or just sent to landfill. Actually, developing countries,
such as Malaysia in many cases, do not implement proper
landfill restrictions, or just leave the waste and debris in
the temporary places, where they were originally depos-
ited. This is one reason for delay at the end of the
recovery phase in our country. The time to recover from
the disasters effects depends on the seriousness with
which the responsible authorities or organizations work.
Thus, the related organizations and stakeholders will gain
a lot of advantage from appropriate management of dis-
aster wastes and their responsibility to ensure sustainable

123
 J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Misunderstanding and overlapping of their Restructure coordination & the roles

Legal instrument roles among the government sector, among the government sector and
private sector and NGO / volunteers improve organizational structures and
Disaster Management processes in managing disaster waste
Guidelines Malaysia
(National Security Council In their responsibilities & scope of duties
Directive No. 20) local authorities did not cover disaster
Embed responsibilities & the duties of
Local Government Act 2007 waste compared to private sector
implementating the initiatives/ policies
(A1311) to local authorities and key actors in
Environmental Quality Act disaster management organization
1974 (Act 127) The issues existing in regards to existing
Solid Waste and Public initiatives in managing disaster waste in
Malaysia are not being enforced and
Cleansing Management Act Providing more landfill site for disaster
translated in terms of legal instruments
2007 (Act 672) waste for short term and long term
Several organization of disaster waste
management are not aware of the regarding latest technology
importance of waste management Update and obtain efficient of
The implementation of the guidelines is equipment, machineries and
Requirement Standard for
not being enforced and monitored transportation from the nearer supplier/
Disposal waste/ Landfill affected area
Did not have specific/ proper disaster
Malaysian Standard waste management plan in disaster
Landfill Safe Closure- management guidelines Enforce the guidelines and translate in
Requirements terms of legal instruments especially in
Land issues ACT 672 due to it is related with waste
(MS 2547-2014)
Distance/Location issues of landfill management
Insufficient of existing landfill for waste Promote and publish the function of
Poorly managing in disaster waste and improper landfill to public/ disaster waste
Disposal site/Landfill dumping issues created long-term team/organization
environmental problems that affecting the A new/specific guidelines and standards
a) Pahang for protection of underground sources
communities and significant land
Kampung Chuat, Bera related to landfills
The existing landfill were having a problem in
term of implementation due to landfill location,
b) Kelantan transportation factor and financial factor
Kuala krai ( Bukit Akil Standardised the guidelines for Post-Disaster
Waste Management Planning as a guide and
Landfill) for long-term plan/survival
Tanah Merah ( Batu 4, Bukit Develop initial planning of short terms and
Che Ros Landfill) long terms plan on managing waste
Gua Musang ( Renok Baru Post-Disaster Waste Management Plan Avenues of enhancing communication
Landfill) PHASE 1: Set Up the Structural of strategy and coordination capabilities of post
disaster waste management among the
Kota Bharu ( Beris Lalang Coordination
government and private sector
Combination with the disaster management
Landfill) government sector + private sector + volunteer Organize awareness campaign and introduce
the important of environmental protection,
PHASE 2: Waste Classification & Waste waste management wisely, safety and health
Assessment to the public
Estimating the amount of waste & classification Establish a professional/ skilled of Disaster
Post- Disaster Waste of waste Waste Management officers and attend the
Management Plan training for the worker involved in managing
PHASE 3: Collection & transportation of waste disaster waste
(Adaption into Disaster Process of colleting waste, estimation of time, Provide a team/skilled manpower and gives
Management Guidelines transportation factor and quantity of manpower training assessment on disaster and how to
handle it.
PHASE 4: Handling of waste Emphasise the important of access when
Recycling, Disposal & Landfill method identifying waste handling (staging and
Provide for : disposal) activities
Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, PHASE 5: Reporting & Documentation Prepare the logistic and transit site
Housing and Local Preparation and submission of completed reports preparation specialist for disaster
Government of Malaysia (current issues and reference on the lesson learnt
from developed countries

Proposed Improvements of Post-

Disaster waste management Disaster Waste Management
Issues & Component managing
initiatives in Malaysia disaster waste in Malaysia Initiatives in Malaysia

Adopted idea and concept from: [32] Framework of implementation Malaysia government initiative in managing
construction waste, Universiti Teknologi Mara Shah Alam.

Fig. 3 Proposed improvement of post-disaster waste management initiatives in Malaysia

development will be successful if they have at least a
general idea about handling extreme cases to avoid ran-
domness and improve the efficiency of managing disaster
waste. This is related to the estimated time for the area to
return to the normal situation. However, in Malaysia,
there was no time estimation for the recovery phase to
end, and in many cases, the problems remained unsolved
for a long time. In fact, Malaysia tends to schedule all the
work processes and assess their achievements. The role of
the Malaysian government and the private sector in
managing disaster waste also needs to be restructured and
improved. Recommendations to improve post-disaster

123
J Mater Cycles Waste Manag
waste management in Malaysia are highlighted, involving
current environmental issues and the adoption of effective
disaster waste management to offer environmental pro-
tection. Thus, in the long term, it offers an economic
advantage to Malaysia and at the same time will improve
guidelines pertaining to disaster waste management.
Recommendations
The results of this research provide some insight into the
effective improvement of guidelines pertaining to disaster
waste management in Malaysia in terms of flood pre-
paredness plans, short term and long term. There is an
opportunity for other researchers to continue this devel-
opment to contribute to sharing ideas and solutions for
these issues. Further research might include:
i. Research on the adoption of Post-Disaster Waste
Management into ACT 672 (Solid Waste Manage-
ment) for Malaysia.
ii. In-depth study for each of the components of the
waste management plan pertaining to current issues
and strategies in managing disaster waste in
Malaysia.
iii. In-depth study on roles of government agencies and
the private sector in disaster waste management to
ensure its implementation and success.
iv. Research on the disaster waste management strate-
gies in terms of the handling processes of disaster
waste as a standardized method.
Finally, there is a need for standardized guidelines on
handling extreme cases or disasters, to avoid randomness,
and improve efficiency. Hence, this is a significant con-
tribution to promoting disaster management in Malaysia.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the organizations of
disaster waste management for their valuable contributions towards
the success of this research. The research is fully funded by MOHE
(Ministry of Higher Education) under the Fundamental Research
Grant Scheme (FRGS), 600-RMI/FRGS DIS 5/3 (7/2015), Internal
Grant by Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM Shah Alam), 600-RMI/
DANA 5/3/LESTARI (17/2015), and also thanks to the Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM), as well as the Research Management
Centre (RMC) UiTM for the management and support of this
research.
References
1. Aini MS, Fakhrull-Razi A (2008) Management of inquiries into
disasters: experts views and perspectives. J Emerg Manag
6(5):3750
2. Aini MS, Fakhrul-Razi A (2007) Disaster management in
Malaysia: evolution, development and future challenges. Jurutera
(February), 812, 2007. Retrieved from http://dspace.unimap.
edu.my/dspace/bitstream/123456789/13805/1/008-010-012-dis
astermgmt.pdf. Accessed 15 Aug 2015
3. Patwardhan A, Ajit M (2007) Disaster prevention, preparedness
and management and linkages with climate change adaptation,
Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council,
New Delhi, Paper 10. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/242561343_Disaster_Prevention_Preparedness_
and_Management_and_Linkages_with_Climate_Change_Adap
tation. Accessed 20 Feb 2015
4. Agamuthu P, Milow P, Nurul AM, Nurhawa AR, Fauziah SH
(2015) Impact of flood on waste generation and composition in
Kelantan. Malaysian J Sci 34(2):130140
5. Armored I, Floor H (2011) Vulnerability reduction. Retrieved
from https://www.scribd.com/document/116933201/2011-Spring.
Accessed 10 Jan 2015
6. AKTA KERAJAAN TEMPATAN (PINDAAN) 2007, Akta
A1313: Akta Kerajaan Tempatan (Pindaan) 2007 Undang-undang
malaysia, vol. 7, no. 1, 2006
7. Badgie D et al (2012) Assessment of municipal solid waste
composition in Malaysia: management, practice, and challenges.
Pol J Environ Stud 21(3):539547
8. Pardieck B (2015) OE trainer-defensive solutions division. (per-
sonal communication-email,CD)in December 18 2015
9. Brown Charlotte O (2012) Disaster waste management: a systems
approach. University of Canterbury. http://www.resorgs.org.nz/
images/stories/pdfs/theses/brown_thesis_june12.pdf. Accessed
24 Feb 2016
10. Brown C, Milke M (2009) Planning for disaster debris manage-
ment. WasteMINZ Conf 19
11. Critical Facilities Protection Policy Framework (2010) Compre-
hensive disaster management policy framework for Trinidad and
Tobago. Retrieved from http://uwiseismic.com/Downloads/
Comp%20Disaster%20Mgt%20Policy%20Framework_July%20
2010.pdf. Accessed 12 May 2015
12. Center for excellence in disaster management and humanitarian
assistance, Malaysia: disaster managment reference handbook
2016, no. 7 January 2016. Malaysia, 2016. Retrieved from http://
reliefweb.int/report/malaysia/malaysia-disaster-management-refer
ence-handbook-2016. Accessed 10 May 2015
13. Did (2009) Government of Malaysia department of irrigation
volume 1 flood management, vol 1. Retrieved from http://
smanre.mygeoportal.gov.my/smanre/aduan/Volume1_Flood%20
Management.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2015
14. Dinie M et al (2013) Municipal solid waste management in
Malaysia: current practices, challenges and prospect. J Teknol
1:95101
15. Esty DC (2013) State of connecticut disaster debris management
plan. Revised June 2013 (Annex to the State Natural Disaster
Plan 2009) Prepared by: (vol. 2013). http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/
deep/waste_management_and_disposal/debris_management/dis
asterdebrismanagementplan.pdf. Accessed 24 Feb 2016
16. Win HN (2006) Development of flood preparedness programs in
the selected provinces of Cambodia. Asian Disaster Manag News
(JulySeptember) 13(3):46. Retrieved from https://textlab.io/
doc/15872168/download-pdf (4.57-mb). Accessed 20 June 2015
17. Hon Anna Bligh MP (2010) Disaster management strategic pol-
icy framework. State Disaster Manag Gr 1:120
18. Jha AK (2010) Handbook for post-disaster housing and com-
munity reconstruction. The World Bank, Washington (DC draft)
19. Local Authority Malaysia (2006) Act 171- Local Government
Act 1979, Law Malaysia, no. January, p 119. Retrieved from
http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/mal130371.pdf. Accessed 22 June
2015
20. Luther L (2008) Managing disaster debris: overview of regulatory
requirements agency roles and selected challenges. https://wiki
leaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL34576. Accessed 29 Aug 2015
21. Lau VL (2004) Case study on the management of waste materials
in Malaysia. Forum Geookol 15(2):714
123

22. Manaf LA, Armi M, Samah A, Ilyana N, Zukki M (2009)
Municipal solid waste management in Malaysia: practices and
challenges. Waste Manag 29(11):29022906
23. Mekong River Commission (2009) Manual on flood preparedness
program for provincial and district level authorities in the lower
Mekong Basin Countries. http://www.adpc.net/v2007/Programs/
DMS/PROGRAMS/FPP/Downloads/1ProjectInformation/GTZ_
FMMP-Project%20Document.pdf. Accessed 3 April 2016
24. Mallak et al (2012) Waste minimisation as sustainable waste
management strategy for Malaysian industries level. 12451253
25. Malek MA (2005) Disasters management system in Malaysia.
Jurutera September(September):10, 12
26. Bjerregaard M (2012) Disaster waste management in practice and
beyond disaster waste: what is it? Retrieved from http://www.
disasterwaste.org. Accessed 14 July 2016
27. Ministry of Housing and Local Government (2007) Act 672,
Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007.
Malaysia 189
28. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (1974) Act 127,
Environmental Quality Act. 117
29. Nazara S, Resosudarmo BP (2007) Aceh-Nias reconstruction and
rehabilitation: progress and challenges at the end of 2006, (No.
70). ADB Institute Discussion Papers
30. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs Environmental Emergencies Section (2011) Disaster
waste management guidelines. Retrieved from https://docs.uno
cha.org/sites/dms/Documents/DWM.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2015
31. National Security Council (2011) Disaster management in
Malaysia: landscape review, challenges and prospects. http://www.
met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/publications/reports/presentation
paper/2011/disastermanagementmalaysia2011/presentation/64501/
dmc5.pdf. Accessed 29 Mar 2016
123
J Mater Cycles Waste Manag
32. Saadi Nurzalikha (2016) Framewrk of implementation malaysia
government initiative in managing constrution waste. Universiti
Teknologi Mara Shah Alam, Shah Alam (Master diss)
33. Noson L (2002) Hazard mapping and risk assessment. Regional
workshop on best practices in disaster mitigation, Bali, Indonesia,
2426 September
34. Oh TH, Pang SY, Chua SC (2010) energy policy and alternative
energy in Malaysia: issues and challenges for sustainable growth.
Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(4):12411252
35. Kaja R (2015) Post-disasters solid waste management case
studies and thematic analysis. University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla
(Master diss)
36. Srinivas H (2012) Disaster waste management guidelines.
Retrieved from https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Documents/
DWMG.pdf. Accessed 12 Jan 2016
37. SIRIM (2014) MS 2547:2014- Malaysian standard landfill safe
closure- requirements, Sirim Berhad, Malaysia. Retrieved from
https://www.msonline.gov.my/default.php. Accessed 20 June 2015
38. Soh CH (1998) Emergency response and planning. Keynote
address at regional seminar on emergency response planning in
the coming millennium, PWTC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Retrieved from http://www.who.int/disasters/repo/5814.doc.
Accessed 30 June 2016
39. The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
(CRED) (2010) Technical references: disaster types and impacts.
Safer Homes, Stronger Communities a Handb. Reconstr After
Nat Disasters 339345
40. UNEP (2015) Hyogo framework for action 20052015 (HFA).
Retrieved from http://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/intergover/offi
cial-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf. Acces-
sed 30 July 2015