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Cultural Heritage

The legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society


that are inherited from past generations and maintained in the present for the
benefit of future generations.

The term cultural heritage includes two main categories of heritage:


1) Cultural Heritage
2) Natural Heritage

1) Cultural Heritage
(a) moveable cultural heritage
(b) immoveable cultural heritage
(c ) underwater cultural heritage
(d) intangible cultural heritage

2) Natural Heritage: natural sites with cultural aspects

UNITED NATIONS
EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL
ORGANIZATION

As of July 2015, 1031 sites are listed


Italy is home to the greatest number of World Heritage Sites (51). (Vedi nel sito:
World Heritage List)

The List
It is maintained by the International World Heritage Programme administered by the
World Heritage Committee composed of 21 Member States

It catalogues, names and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural


importance to the common heritage of humanity.

It is the body of laws that protects and regulates ancient and historic artifacts,
artwork and intangible cultural property.

Cultural property law is the body of law that protects and regulates the
disposition of culturally significant material, including historic real property,
ancient and historic artifacts, artwork, and intangible cultural property.[1]
Cultural property can be any property, tangible or intangible, having special
significance to a defined group of people, whether or not the group is vested with
a traditional property interest.[2] Cultural property laws may be international
(such as international conventions or bilateral agreements) or domestic (such as
federal laws or state laws).

Two major treaties have dealt with the issue of cultural heritage protection during
armed conflict:

Roerich Pact of 1935, amongst the Pan American Union


Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed
Conflict of 1954,[3] superseding the Roerich Pact.

The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of
Armed Conflict is the first international treaty that focuses exclusively on the
protection of cultural property in armed conflict. It was signed at The Hague,
Netherlands on 14 May 1954 and entered into force on 7 August 1956. As of June
2017, it has been ratified by 128 states.[2]

The Hague Convention was adopted in the wake of the severe cultural destruction
that occurred during the Second World War. Two Protocols to the Convention have
been concluded. The First Protocol was introduced on 14 May 1954, and came into
force on 7 August 1956. The Second Protocol was introduced on 26 March 1999, and
came in force on 9 March 2004.

The Hague Convention covers immovable and movable cultural heritage including
monuments, art, archaeological sites, scientific collections, manuscripts, books
and other objects of artistic, historical or archaeological interest. The
Convention seeks to safeguard the cultural property - and by extension the cultural
legacy - of nations, groups and distinct members of society worldwide, from the
consequences of armed conflict.[3]

Cultural property laws can be:


1) international (international conventions, bilateral agreements)
2) European
2) domestic (federal laws or state laws)

1) Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed


Conflict (1954)
2) Convention on the Means and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer
of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970)
3) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
(1972)
4) Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995)
5) Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001)
6) Convention for Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003)
7) Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural
Expression (2005)

1) European Convention on Offences Relating to Cultural Property (1985)


2) European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (1992)
3) Council Directive on the Return of Cultural Objects Unlawfully Removed from the
Territory of a Member State (1993)
4) Council Regulation on the Export of Cultural Goods (2009)

1972: CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL
HERITAGE
2001: CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE
2003: CONVENTION FOR SAFEGUARDING OF THE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

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