Numerate various surveys needed to conduct town planning.

Give
brief introduction of various techniques of survey.

Submitted by:
RUBY MOUN 0906032 SEM IX
 Table of Contents

Contents
Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 1
Collection of data ____________________________________________________________ 3
Types of survey ______________________________________________________________ 6
Base map preparation ________________________________________________________ 10
Survey techniques ___________________________________________________________ 11
Types of samples ___________________________________________________________ 13
Innovative techniques for base map preparation ___________________________________ 14
Information content at various levels and scales of planning __________________________ 16
Pg. 01 Introduction

Survey
Introduction
SURVEY: The preparation of any plan for the development of an urban area,
The collection of city or town requires reliable factual data regarding existing physical and
relevant facts and socio-economic conditions such as housing, transport, industries,
Research employment and social services such as schools, hospitals and recreational
facilities. The process of collecting such data is called a Survey.
have clearly defined objectives
Data should be collected in such a manner so as to render its easy
The analysis and analysis and interpretation.
interpretation of The required data is collected in a particular base year. It may be at
the data of a base
year intervals of 4-5 years.

The preliminary planning survey may be considered to consist of the following

Components:
Preparation of Base Map of the urban area.
Its application to
planning Existing Land Use Survey.
problems, Utilities and Services Surveys.
Survey of Community facilities like Schools, Hospitals, Clinic, Parks and
Playgrounds, etc.
Sample household survey for collecting essential data on housing,
transport services and amenities.

CARRIED OUT BY:

Facts already recorded
On site investigation.

RECORDED ON:
Maps, charts, schedules and sometimes on models

STATISTICS: collection, tabulation and presentation of quantitive data.

Arrangement of facts is most essential task in planning survey.
Pg. 02 Introduction

ADVANTAGES OF SURVEY:
Data helps to achieve the main aim that is more precise prediction.
The survey draws attention to the inter relation between various
complicated activities of a town life.
It stresses the local requirements and appropriate treatment to be given
socially, conveniently and artistically.
To evaluate the effects of development
To present detailed reasoned reports.
To provide the necessary understanding before decisions for
development are made
To study the situation objectively and factually

Example: analysis chart after survey

Pg. 03 Collection of data

Collection of data
COLLECTION OF DATA

Types of surveys done for the collection of data:

1. Functional survey
2. Social survey
3. Territorial survey
4. Vital survey

FUNCTIONAL SURVEY:
Items to be studied consists of:
Means of communication
Conditions of industries
Commerce
Implementation of the plan
Financial aspects of the scheme

Type of information collected:

Roads including history of roads , traffic survey, detail of widths of roads
and tree planting
Railways with positions of level crossing, passenger stations and goods
sheds.
Airports and seaports
Waterways and canals
Routes of services by bus, tram , ferry and suburban railway
Facilities provided to the access to the town
Mines and their location
Local industries , their classification and location availability of raw
materials and type of labor employed
Conditions of commercial activity
Pg. 04 Collection of data

Probable cost of planning scheme, sources of raising funds, preparing

schedule of taxes and chalking out a line of implementation of the
scheme.

SOCIAL SURVEY
Items to be included:
Community structure
History
Architecture
Health conditions
Housing and
Public services

Information collected
1. Ancient ruins
2. Architecture character of the locality including local usages
3. History of growth from the study of old maps
4. Conditions favorable for preservation of wild life and spots of natural beauty.
5. Birth rates, death rates and charts of diseases.
6. Residential areas including
historical studies, types of
buildings, slums and suburban
development.
7. Historical buildings and public
buildings , their location and
classification
8. Parks and playgrounds, their
size and numbers in relation to
the residential areas.
9. Public services comprising of
water supply, sewage,
drainage etc.
Pg. 05 Collection of data

TERRITORIAL SURVEY
Items to be covered:
Physical features
Agricultural soil
Forests
Climatic conditions
Types of soil

Type of information collected

1. Geology showing arrangement of underlying rocks and methods
responsible for formation of topography
2. Contours of the land surface showing both the actual heights and variations
of surface
3. Rivers, oceans , streams and lakes
4. Climatic conditions including temperature range, rainfall
5. And direction and intensity of winds
6. Types of soil including areas of first class agricultural soil.
7. Forests and other natural vegetation
8. Areas which are low lying and are likely to submerge

VITAL SURVEY: population aspects.

Items covered:
Actual population
Future population
Growth of town
Density of population
Occupation of people
Information collected:
1. History of the past growth population
2. Characteristics of the present population
3. Factors which may influence the future rate of growth of the town such as
migration, decentralization, development of new local industries etc.
4. Density of population
Pg. 06 Types of survey

Types of survey
Preliminary surveys
National survey
Regional survey
Civic survey

PRELIMINARY SURVEYS
Restricted enquiry made for the town planning schemes
Data collected is fairly general and usually done prior to other surveys.

Objective: to decide approx. the boundary of area to be planned and to find

out problems requiring attention.
Ascertains features to be emphasized in planning to as to promote
economic stability.

Topics covered:
1. Electric power: study of sources and distribution of power and location of
power supply units
2. General amenities: study of civic arts, parks , playgrounds
3. Highways: conditions of the existing roads with respect to their
construction and maintenance
4. Housing: existing housing conditions with respect to lighting , ventilation,
sanitation , conveniences and amenities.
5. Industries: industrial development including the arrangement and
classification of various industries, location and distribution of the
manufacturing units etc. are considered.
6. Land use: the density and character of structures, division and uses of
land , etc. are studied
7. Railways: the existing routes and volume of goods traffic together with the
future requirements with the growth of town are considered.
8. Water supply and sewage: the existing facilities as well as the future
requirements are studied.
Pg. 07 Types of survey

9. Waterways: study of the highest water level, yearly and seasonal

variations, navigation possibilities etc.

NATIONAL SURVEY: study of natural resources and potentials gives a broad

vision for the requirements of town planning schemes.

1. Topics to be covered:
2. Administration: the aspects of land ownership and general administration of
the country are considered.
3. Agriculture: study of type of agricultural soil. The crop patterns and number
of crops per year.
4. Communication facilities: the existing modes of transport such as roads,
railways, waterways and air routes are studied.
5. Economic development: the overall situation of economic conditions of the
nation including availability of raw materials and labour force, types and
location of industries, are considered
6. Geography :the geological conditions , the extent of sea cost etc. are
considered
7. Natural resources: the availability of natural resources in the form of oil,
mineral, natural resources etc.
8. Urban settlement: includes the study of distribution and density of
population.

REGIONAL SURVEY:
Slightly bigger scale than the civic survey.
Purpose:
To investigate the social, economic and physical conditions of the area
under the town planning schemes.
General nature investigations
Done over a region dealing with

PHYSICAL FACTORS like topography, physically difficult land, geology,

landscape etc.
Pg. 08 Types of survey

PHYSICAL ECONOMIC FACTORS like agricultural value of the land,

mineral resources and water gathering lands, areas with public services,
transportation linkages etc.
SOCIAL ECONOMICFACTORS like areas of influence of towns and
villages, employment, population changes etc.
Done with special reference to the conditions prevailing in and around the
town to be planned.

Topics covered:
1. Communication amenities: such as roads, railways etc. together with
their interrelationship. A study of the characteristics of traffic and its density
is too made. The study of amount of money and time spent on journey to
work is utilized for segregation of traffic, resort to decentralization and
recentralization of provision of other means.
2. Contour: helps in deciding the gradients of roads, location of
waterworks, sewage plant, location of commanding buildings etc.
3. Existing land uses and land values: study of agricultural land, residential,
commercial, parks, open spaces, airports, Study of land values helps to get
an idea of compensation required to be paid to the private owners.
4. Historical background: study of general historical development of town,
present policy of admin, physical and social aspects of the area etc.
5. Housing: characteristics of houses, distribution and relation of the people
to the houses.
6. Industries: character, distribution, types, special requirements of local
industries are studied.
7. Population: study of present and future population, family structure,
density, migration tendencies.
8. Preservation of natural features
9. Public buildings
10. Public health: general health of the inhabitants, death rate, special
diseases and their causes.
11. Public services: water supply, sewage etc.
12. Topography: with reference to the climatic conditions, locations of rivers,
streams etc.
Pg. 09 Types of survey

Methods adopted to collect data:

1. A questionnaire form may be prepared and information may be
collected by house to house investigation. Alternatively the questionnaire
may be inserted in a local newspaper or journal of any organization or it
may be sent out to interested parties and returned by post.
2. The interviews may be arranged with individuals or organizations
having special knowledge in specific fields. Done through personal
contact or telephonic methods. Costly method and time consuming.
3. The specialists may be employed in some cases to supply the
information on topics relating to their work.
4. The records and reports maintained by the govt. offices, police deptt,
municipal offices, revenue deptt. Etc. can be studied and analysed.
5. Collection data by town planner by surveys, spot examination with the
help of his staff. Done for: physical potential of land for building purposes,
generation of traffic etc.in this objects are viewed critically and accurately
and all the details are fully recorded without leaving any aspect to memory.
Pg. 10 Base map preparation

Base map preparation

show all the streets, lanes and open spaces and division of area by plots with
survey numbers

Stages in the Preparation of Base Map

LARGE SCALE CONVENTIONAL FORMAT AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHY

GROUND CONTORL SURVEY

CONTROL EXTENSION

RECTIFICATION

CONTROLLED PHOTO
MOSAICS
DIGITAL ORTHOPHOTO GENERATION

MAP GENERATION

FIELD VERIFICATION

FINAL MAPS WITH TOPOGRAPHIC DATA

CREATION OF GRAPHIC DATA BASE FOR GIS

Pg. 11 Survey techniques

Survey techniques
SELF SURVEYS mailing questionnaires to the persons to be surveyed
INTERVIEWS - by asking questions to the people to be surveyed
DIRECT INSPECTION - when the surveyor himself inspects the
situations concerned
OBSERVERS PARTICIPATION when the observer himself participate in
acquiring the data required
Pg. 12 Survey techniques

ELU: existing land use

PLU: proposed land use

Pg. 13 Types of samples

Types of samples
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING - selecting samples at random without
any criteria to select the samples
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING -selection of the Kth element along a particular
street, where k can be any number
STRATIFIED SAMPLING - making of a homogenous listing of the
different sects of the population and collecting a certain percentage at
random from each sect
CLUSTERED SAMPLING where samples are selected from clusters
and not from a homogeneous listing

SELECTION OF SAMPLES
More disastrous results - of poor information, larger sample size is
required.
For varied expected responses larger sample size is required.
Larger the total population, smaller the percentage of the population are
required to be surveyed.

Sample Size number of persons selected for conducting the survey

Sample persons that are include in the survey
Pg. 14 Innovative techniques for base map preparation

Innovative techniques for base map

preparation
Aerial Photography
cost and time effective and reliable.
Wealth of information pertaining to land features, land use, built-up areas,
city structure and urban form, physical aspects of environment, etc.
It is the skill of the interpreter who can extract the information useful for
generation of various thematic maps and graphic data required for
preparation of urban development plan. For preparation of base map the
following stages of work are generally involved are shown in the following
figure.

Small Format Arial Photography

the small format aerial photography (SFAP) can be executed through 35
mm cameras held in hand or fixed.
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun has executed SFAP on
experimental basis successfully for Rohini area in Delhi, Haridwar in U.P.
and Kharar in Punjab, using light, low performance, single engine trainer
aircraft.

Geographic Information System

GIS is a computer based system, capable of input, storage, manipulation,
analysis of data useful for planning, decision-making and implementation.
GIS is a powerful tool which helps planners to view different scenarios
and their outcome so that an optimal strategy may be chosen for planning
and development.
It is basically a map processing technique and not for generation of base
maps.
Pg. 15 Innovative techniques for base map preparation

Satellite Remote Sensing

Remote sensing data is used to study and monitor land features, natural
resources and dynamic effects of human activities on urban areas.
with the resolution available, the application of remote sensing data for
urban development plans could mainly be for assessment of natural
resources, land use monitoring and planning and map-making.
A broad base map of the city and city-region, indicating physical features
including major road network, may be prepared quickly with the help of
satellite imageries

GIS based Existing Land Use (ELU) map

 Information content at various levels and scales
Pg. 16 of planning

Information content at various levels and

scales of planning
Levels of Range of Information Content
Planning Scale of
Maps
Regional 1:50,000 Information related to physical characteristrics and
Plan/ 1:25,000 natural resources, demography, economic base and
Development 1:10,000 employment, housing and shelter, transport, social
Plan facilities, infrastructure, resource, special areas like
old built-up (core) area, heritage and conservation
areas, scenic value areas, disaster prone areas, etc.

Annual Plan 1:25,000 All information contents in Development Plan as

1:10,000 above and other proposals depending upon the
1:5,000 specific needs and the local area requirements such
as land acquisition, land pooling, etc.

Projects/ 1:5,000 All accessibilities to the site, all vegetation (trees,

Schemes/ 1:2,500 bushes, arboriculture, etc), Water bodies; High
Site Plan 1:1,000 Tension/Overhead electric and telephone lines,
1:500 Water supply lines including hydrants, sluice valves,
etc, Sewer lines including manholes, vent pipes etc.
Drainage channels, contours at 1.0 mt. interval, other
physical characteristics of the site, etc.