Inflow Performance
Relationships for
Summary. Inflow performance of
21 theoretical solution-gas-drive
reservoirs was simulated with the
Weller method. These reservoirs con-
tained a wide range of rock and fluid
properties, relative permeability char-
acteristics, and skin effects. Two
types of inflow performance relation-
ships (lPR's) were developed from
about 19,500 generated data pOints.
The first type, using traditional IPR
nomenclature, represents dimension-
less pressure vs. the oil flow rate nor-
malized to its actual, maximum flow
rate. The second relates dimension-
less pressure with the ratio of flow
rate to the maximum theoretical, un-
damaged flow rate.
Results show that Type 1 IPR's are
strongly dependent on bubblepoint
pressure and reservoir depletion ef-
fects. Skin characteristics and reser-
voir extent have serious effects only
on the unnormalized, Type 2 curves.
Nonlinear regression techniques
then were used to develop empirical
equations that fit normalized, dimen-
sionless flow rate as a function of
dimensionless pressure, depletion,
and bubblepoint pressure. Type 2
equations were developed that in-
cluded the effects of skin, depletion,
bubblepoint pressure, and the ratio
of reservoir extent to well bore radius.
The resulting equations proved to be
statistically sound and generally are
significantly more accurate than tradi-
tional IPR approaches.
JPT December 1992
Damaged or Improved
Wells Producing Under
Solution-Gas Drive
Mark A. Kilns, SPE, Chevron U.S.A. Inc., and Mark W. Majcher,
SPE, Conoco Inc.
Introduction
One of the most important problems con-
fronting a petroleum engineer is predicting
pressure/production behavior in an oil and
gas reservoir given a host of possible oper-
ating schemes. By predicting the response
of an oil reservoir for various hardware and
pressure scenarios, a first-case estimate to
maximize profitable reserves development
can be achieved.
Computer solutions for the performance
prediction of solution-gas-drive reservoirs
have evolved since the early 1950's. How-
ever, most methods were algebraically in-
tensive and required considerable compu-
tation time. In 1965, Weller! devised an
improVed method of calculating the per-
formance of depletion-type reservoirs. This
method, with the help of a few simplifying
assumptions, provided a fast and simple
means of predicting pressure performance
for gas/oil flow in a reservoir. By plotting
the bottomhole flowing pressure (BHFP) vs.
flow rate, a useful method for estimating oil-
well productivity, known as the IPR, can be
established.
Voge}2 used the Weller method to calcu-
late IPR curves for wells producing from
several depletion-drive reservoirs with a va-
riety of PVT properties and relative perme-
ability data. He introduced the notion of
dimensionless IPR curves. Vogel noticed
that the dimensionless curves exhibited simi-
lar shapes for various reseryoir conditions.
From this, he proposed a reference curve
that could be used to estimate well produc-
tivity for most undamaged solution-gas-drive
wells.
Standing 3 presented a companion set of
curves to Vogel's curve that enabled esti-
mation of productivity for damaged or im-
proved wells with flow efficiency and di-
mensionless pressure. However, his curves
do not hold for certain cases of low flow-
ing pressure and high flow efficiencies.
This study has tried to examine several
factors that affect the calculation of IPR
curves. Critical variables include reservoir
rock properties, fluid properties, bubble-
point pressure, and depletion. Also, zonal
damage around the wellbore caused during
Copyright 1992 Society of Petroleum Engineers
drilling or completion can dramatically de-
crease well productivity.
By calculating the performance of numer-
ous solution-gas-drive reservoirs, improved
empirical relationships can be developed that
could apply to solution-gas-drive reservoirs
in general. With the inclusion of skin, one
may accurately predict the level of stimula-
tion response that might be achieved by
decreasing the severity of wellbore damage
by a stimulation technique, such as matrix
acidizing or fracturing.
Model Development
To construct IPR curves, the BHFP and its
corresponding flow rate for a particular
reservoir pressure must be known. Weller's
method! was used in this study to deter-
mine those parameters.
Weller describes the pressure gradient as
op l'-oqoBo (r] -r2 )
-=141.2-- - - .... (1)
or rkkroh r]-rJ
The oil saturation at any time and location
can be estimated from
_92.6 qoco;l'-o; In re+rw, ...... (2)
ko;h r+rw
The fractional recovery, NpIN, is calculat-
ed with the Muskat 4 method.
Eqs. 1 and 2 calculate pressure and satu-
ration proflles for a specified flow rate in
a stepwise manner from the outer bounda-
ry (known pressure) to the wellbore. To con-
serve computer time and because pressure
gradients gradually steepen approaching the
wellbore, a variable stepping procedure was
incorporated. At any point more than 200
ft from the wellbore, a step of 1.0 ft was
used; between 100 ft and 200 ft, a step of
0.5 ft; between 10 ft and 100 ft, a step of
0.05 ft; and within 10 ft of the wellbore, a
step of 0.01 ft was used. The variable step-
ping procedure was checked by comparing
1357
 TABLE 1-RESERVOIR DATA
Variable Base-Case Value
Pb' psia 2,000
Oil gravity, GAPI 35
re' ft (acre) 744.7 (40)
SfJC' % 5 Oto 10
SOT' GAl SO
k, md 100
cp, % 15
Swe. % SO
$ o
A 2
its results with those obtained by use of a
constant f:..r of 0.01 ft. The results were vir-
tually identical. This procedure provided an
accurate solution while markedly reducing
computation time.
Because Weller did not account for skin
in his fonnulation, the method had to be ad-
justed to simulate the performance of dam-
aged or improved wells. Hawkins 5 viewed
the skin effect as a zone of finite width with
altered penneability and defined it as
To include the skin effect in the model,
Eq. 3 was solved for k s ' If k and rw are
known, a value of altered permeability can
be calculated by specifying a,skin value and
damage radius. For a given skin effect,
varying rs did not affect resulting IPR
curves; therefore, a constant damage radius
of 4 ft was used in the model.
To encompass the desired range of PVT
data, general correlations were used to es-
timate those values. The following correla-
tions were used to develop the rock and fluid
properties of the modeled reservoirs: gas
compressibility-Dranchuk et at. 6; gas vis-
Range
1,000 to 4,000
25 to 45
526.6 (20) to 1,052.2 (80)
20 to 40
10to 1,000
10 to 20
20 to 40
-4to +6
4to 00
cosity-Lee et al. 7; solution GOR, oil
compressibility, and oil FVF -Vazquez and
Beggs 8 ; and relative permeability-Bur-
dine. 9
Model Verification. To verify the accura-
cy of the developed model, data from
Vogel's2 original work were used with it
and the results were compared with the in-
flow performance curves that Vogel calcu-
lated. IPR curves were generated for three
different stages of reservoir depletion with
Vogel's Case A data. The curves from the
two works were virtually identical. Any
minor differences in results most likely were
caused by conversion of Vogel's graphical
data to workable, tabular form.
Data Generation. To develop a general
equation to predict inflow performance for
any solution-gas reservoir, IPR curves were
generated for wells producing from 21 the-
oretical reservoirs. As with Vogel's, the re-
sulting IPR curves were plotted in dimen-
sionless form. Two types of dimensionless
curves were generated. Type 1 relationships
plot the dimensionless pressure vs. the ra-
tio of flow rate to actual, maximum flow
rate. Type 2 data relate the dimensionless
"The curves
represent a significant
improvement in
accuracy over
traditional IPR
approaches and
incorporate 19,492
data points with a
wide range of reservoir
characteristics. "
pressure, Pwf IpT' with the ratio of flow rate
to maximum flow rate without damage or
improvement (s=O). The effects of initial
reservoir pressure (bubblepoint pressure),
reservoir depletion, oil gravity, residual oil
saturation (ROS), critical gas saturation, and
relative and absolute penneabilities were in-
vestigated along with skin effect. Table 1
lists each variable, the base-case value, and
the range used. For each case, runs were
made with eight different skin values: 6, 4,
2,0, -1, -2, -3, and -4. Also, for each
data case and skin, curves were generated
for seven depletion stages. These combina-
tions of conditions resulted in the develop-
ment of 1,344 IPR curves, with 19,492 data
points.
Factors Affecting IPR
Curve Calculations
Figs. 1 through 11 show the effects of sev-
eral variables on the generated IPR curves.
It is quite clear that bubblepoint pressure and
reservoir depletion have significant effects
on the dimensionless curves. The investiga-
tion of bubblepoint or initial pressure (all
reservoirs in this study were assumed to be
at the saturation pressure initially) is of par-

1 1

0.8 0.8
I
I
I
0.6 0.6
~
Q.

Q.
t
Q.

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2
~
- Pr
.
= VOGEL
= 1990

.
0

Pr
Pr
Pr
= 1500
= 1000
=500
o 0
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
qo/(qo)max

Fig. i-Effect of bubblepoint pressure on dimensionless IPR Fig. 2-Effect of reservoir depletion on dimensionless IPR
curves. curves.

1358 December 1992 JPT

 1 1

0.8 0.8 -i

0.6
.0.6
Q.

\
Q.

0.4 0.4
r
I
0.2 0.2
o API =26 o Sor = 0.20
.. API
=30 sor. = 0.30
API =45 .. Sor = 0.40
0
0 0.6 0.8
o
0.2 0.4 1 o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
qo/(qo)max

Fig. 3-Effect of API gravity on dimensionless IPR curves. Fig. 4-Effect of ROS on dimensionless IPR curves.

ticular interest because Vogel limited him-
selfto relatively low bubblepoint pressures
in the construction of his reference curve.
In this study, the pressure was varied from
1,000 to 4,000 psia. The resulting IPR
curves showed that at lower bubblepoint
pressures, the curves straightened. As ex-
pected, the curves for 1,000 and 2,000 psia
are similar to Vogel's reference curve; how-
ever, the higher-pressure curves are well
outside it.
Fig. 2 depicts dimensionless IPR curves
for several reservoir depletion stages. As the
reservoir depletes, the curves tend to
straighten. These plots strongly indicate that
both bubblepoint pressure and reservoir
depletion significantly affect dimensionless
IPR curves.
Figs. 3 through 8 show the effects of oil
gravity, ROS, critical gas saturation, abso-
lute permeability, relative permeability ex-
ponent, and reservoir extent, respectively.
These plots indicate that although the curves
are not identical, they generally exhibit a
similar shape and also demonstrate much
less variance than the bubblepoint pressure
and depletion plots. Therefore, these vari-
ables have only a minor effect on calculat-
ed, dimensionless IPR curves.
Although he investigated only one skin
value, Vogel noticed that the inclusion of
positive skin in his IPR calculations resulted
in lower producing rates and a straighter
curve. In this study, IPR curves were cal-
culated for a wide range of skin values that
included both positive (damage) and nega-
tive (stimulation) values, from +6 to -4.
Fig. 9 plots regular IPR curves for several
skin values. The flow rates do indeed
decrease, and the curves straighten as well-
bore damage increases. Fig. 10 represents
the curves as dimensionless pressure vs. the
ratio of flow rate to the maximum, un-
damaged flow rate. This plot is similar to
Standing's,3 except it is based on skin
rather than flow efficiency. Fig. 11 shows
the skin effect on dimensionless IPR curves
when they are normalized to their individu-

1 1

0.8

0.6

Q.

0.4

0.2
Sgc .. 0.00
o Sgc = 0.05
.. Sgc = 0.10
o
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 5-Effect of critical gas saturation on dimensionless IPR Fig. 6-Effect of absolute permeability on dimensionless IPR
curves. curves.

JPT December 1992 1359

 1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
Co -
'J
Co

0.4 0.4

I
r
0.2 0.2
0 ra = 526.6

...
ra = 744.7
ra =1053.2

o 0
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 7-Effect of relative permeability exponent on dlmension- Fig. a-Effect of reservoir extent on dimensionless IPR curves.
less IPR curves.

al, maximum flow rates. These curves are
all virtually identical, which indicates that
for normalized, dimensionless plots only,
skin has no effect.
Development of Empirical
IPR Equations
Because most of the IPR curves exhibit ap-
proximately the same shape, with little var-
iance, it seemed desirable to fit the 19,492
data points to an empirical equation that was
simple and could be applied as a general
reference curve for all solution-gas-drive
reservoirs. Nonlinear regression techniques
were used to determine the regression pa-
rameters and to make inferences from them.
Fig. 12 compares the two curves. Clear-
ly, they are quite similar. Noting this, and
that bubblepoint pressure and reservoir
depletion playa primary role in IPR curve
shape, a new regression model was devel-
oped to relate dimensionless flow rate with
dimensionless pressure, bubblepoint pres-
sure, Pb, and depletion, Pro The resulting
equation is
-0.705(:~r, ............... (6)
no effect on dimensionless, normalized
curves, Fig. 13 indicated that redid indeed
affect the unnormalized curves, particular-
ly those with negative skin values. With this
in mind, an equation was developed through
nonlinear regression of the data that related
dimensionless flow rate not only to skin and
dimensionless pressure but also to re/ rw.
This equation is given as
j
qo _ =M[ 1.0-0. 1225( PW )
(qo)max s - O Pr
-0.8775(:~) 2l ............. (7)

Pr re
Type 1 Curves (Dimensionless, Normal- where n=(0.28+0.72 ) 0 476
ized Form). Initially, the data were fit to Pb r
where M= (_In_re-w_-__.__ _ ) .
a Vogel-type equation (second-degree poly-
nomial). The reSUlting equation is x(1.235 +O.OOlpb)' In - -0.476+s
Table 2 provides statistical information rw
~ = 1.0-0.1225( Pwj ) on each of the three equations. Eq. 4 and If a value of re is uncertain or unknown,
Vogel's equation are statistically compara-

r, . . . . . . .
(qo)max Pr
-0.8775(:~ (4)
where qo is the oil-producing rate, Pwf is
the corresponding flowing sandface pres-
sure, Pr is the average reservoir pressure,
and (qo)max is the maximum oil-producing
rate, assuming 100% drawdown. To provide
a comparison and to evaluate any improve-
ments made, Eq. 4 and Vogel's equation
(Eq. 5) were plotted.
~=1.0-0.2(Pwf)
ble. However, Vogel's curve tends to un-
derpredict flow rate by approximately 1.8%,
with a maximum error of 54 %. The bubble-
point-pressure/depletion relationship (Eq. 6)
yields a much better data fit, reducing the
average absolute error 365 % and the maxi-
mum error by nearly half. Besides provid-
ing a much-improved fit, Eq. 6 allows a
simple, more universal application as a
dimensionless IPR curve.
Type 2 Curves (Dimensionless, Unnor-
malized Form). In fitting the data to the
dimensionless, unnormalized form (dimen-
sionless pressure vs. the ratio of flow rate
the multiplier, M, may be approximated by
6.886/(6.886+s). This and all succeeding
multiplier approximations were determined
by regressing the data without considering
re/rw' Fig. 14 provides the predicted
curves from this equation using the approx-
imation. The multiplier approximations
match fairly well with the actual multipli-
ers. The maximum error when using the ap-
proximations is 9 %, which gives the user
a good degree of confidence.
The same type of equation was fit with
Vogel's curve and is given as
qo =M[1.0-0.2(Pwf)

r ......... rl . . . . . . . .
(qo)max Pr to the theoretical, maximum, undamaged (qo)maxs=O Pr
flow rate), it seemed that a multiplier could
-0.8( :~ (5) be applied to the dimensionless, normalized
curves. Although Fig. 8 showed that re had
-0.8(:~ (8)

1360 December 1992 JPT

 2000

1500

Ii 1000 0.6
.e,
;}
CL
0.4

500
0.2

o 0.0 .. ~ -
o 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.4 1.6 1.8
q 0 (atilo/d)

Fig. 9-Effect of skin on regular IPR curves. Fig. i0-Effect of skin on dimensionless, unnormalized IPR
curves.

where M= ( In ~ -0.492 ). where M= ( In ~ -0.467 )

"With the inclusion In ~-0.492+s In re -0.467 +s

of skin, one may rw rw
accurately predict the An approximation of this multiplier is given
as 6.810/(6.81O+s).
level of stimulation For the case that includes bubblepoint
and n=(0.28+0.72 ;:)
response that might pressure and reservoir depletion, a Type 2
be achieved by equation also was determined. This equa- x(1.235 +O.OOlPb).
tion provides a relationship for dimension-
decreasing the less flow rate as a function of dimensionless
The approximation for this multiplier is
6.835/(6.835 +s).
severity of wellbore pressure, skin, re/rw' bubblepoint pressure,
A statistical summary of these equations
and reservoir depletion. The resulting equa-
damage by a tion is
is provided in Table 3. Eqs. 7 through 9 do
stimulation technique, an excellent job of accounting for variabili-
ty from skin and well spacing; however, Eq.
such as matrix 9 reduces average error by 87% over Eqs.
acldizing or fracturing." 7 and 8. Curves similar to those shown in
Fig. 14 can be developed for each equation.
These equations can be used to predict
skin or production improvements from

1 1

~
0.8 0.8
I
I

Q.
.0.6 Q.
.0.6
CL
\ Q.
\
-i
0.4 0.4
~
-4

r-
0.2 0.2
o S =6 = VOGEL
S =0 = EQUATIO 4
... S = -4
0
1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
qo/(qo)max

Fig. ii-Effect of skin on dimensionless, normalized IPR curves. Fig. i2-Comparison of Eq. 4 with Vogel's equation.

JPT December 1992 1361

 TABLE 2-ST A TlSTICAL SUMMARY OF TYPE 1 EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS:
DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURE vs. DIMENSIONLESS, NORMALIZED FLOW RATE
"These new reference
Vogel-Type Inc. curves anow a simple,
Bubblepoint and
Vogel-Type Vogel Depletion yet more accurate
Eq.4 ~ Eq. 6 solution with broader
Average error 0.257 x 10- 5 0;00967 0.00067 applications than
Average absolute error 0.0336 0.0338 0.0092
Sum of squares (SSTO) 2.382 2.382 2,S82 Vogel's original
Error sum of squares (SSE) 48.6 50.1 428
Correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9795 0.9789 0.9982 equation."
Maximum error, ok 52.2 54.2 23.3

stimulation. One useful application is to qo2 6.81O+s 1 The effects of numerous reservoir and
write the equations in terms of present and and - = ........... (13) fluid properties on the calculated curves
future conditions and divide them by one qo 1 6.81O+s 2 were investigated. Bubblepoint pressure and
another. Assuming that P1 IPr is the same The bubblepoint-pressure/depletion equa- reservoir depletion had a significant effect
(an example may be a pumped-off well), Eq. tion and multiplier approximation are given on the curves. Skin and relrw had a serious
7 would reduce to below. influence on the unnormalized curves only.
re Several empirical equations were devel-
re In --0.467+s 1 oped that related dimensionless flow rate to
In --0.476+s 1
rw dimensionless pressure, skin effect, bub-
rw ...... (14)
- - " - - - - - , ..... (10) re blepoint pressure, depletion effect, and
re In --0.467+s2 relrw' These equations were tested and
In - -0.476+s2
rw proved to be statistically sound. They are
rw
suitable as general reference curves for
qo2 6.835+s 1 solution-gas-drive reservoirs. However, it
where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to pres- and - = ........... (15) is recommended that the equations that ac-
ent and future conditions, respectively. qol 6.835+s 2 count for bubblepoint pressure and deple-
With the earlier approximations, Eq. 10 tion be the first choices because they
reduces to These forms of the equations provide use-
ful, accurate, and concise tools for the en- significantly improve prediction accuracy.
gineer to predict a new flow rate for a Results of this study also provide a means
6.886+s 1 desired skin improvement and vice-versa . of determining inflow performance of
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (11) damaged or stimulated wells based on skin
qol 6.886+s 2 effect, a property readily determined from
Conclusions
ill summary, dimensionless IPR curves were pressure-buildup data. These new reference
The same can be done for the Vogel equa- curves allow a simple, yet more accurate so-
tion and its multiplier approximation. calculated for 21 theoretical solution-gas-
drive reservoirs, each with eight different lution with broader applications than Vogel's
skin values and seven reservoir depletion original equation.
re
In - -0.492+s 1 stages. These reservoirs encompassed a
rw wide range of reservoir data, PVT proper- Nomenclature
...... (12)
re ties, and relative permeability characteris- Bo = oil FVF, bbI/STB, O/L3
In - -0.492+s 2 tics. This combination of conditions resulted Boi = initial oil FVF, bbl/STB,
rw in 1,344 IPR curves. L 3/L3

1.0

0.8
0.6 r-----L---+--'...vI-c---t-----1
a.
a.~

...0.6
0.4 r-----L---t---~~-t----.J

,t .e:
;}
..
0.2
~ 0.4
0
~
0

0.2
Fig. 13-Effect of reservoir extent on
dimensionless, unnormalized IPR curves.
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
q I(q )max_ o
o 0

Fig. 14-Predlcted dimensionless, unnormallzed IPR curves (Eq. 7).

1362 December 1992 JPT

 TABLE 3-STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF TYPE 2 EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS: Authors
DIMENSIONLESS PRESSURE vs. DIMENSIONLESS, UN NORMALIZED FLOW RATE

Vogel-Type Inc.
Bubblepoint and
Vogel-Type Vogel Depletion
Eq.7 ~ Eq.9.
Average error 0.00298 0.01108 0.00141
Average absolute error 0.04040 0.04109 0.01144
Sum of squares (SSTO) 6.315 6,315 6,315
Error sum of squares (SSE) 85.0 88.9 7.8
Correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9865 0.9859 0.9988
Kilns Majcher

Mark A. Kiln. Is dist~ot .ngl.,....~;:

Coi = oil compressibility at initial References
conditions, psi -I, Lt2/m 1. Weller, W. T.: "Reservoir Performance Dur- Chevron U.S.A. Productron Co. In l.ost
h = reservoir thickness, ft, L ing Two-Phase Flow," JPT (Feb. 1966) Hills, CA, where his respol1)ibllltles In-
k = absolute reservoir 240-46; Trans., AIME, 237. clude the design and Implemel1iatlonof.
permeability, md, L2 2. Vogel, J.V.: "Inflow Performance Relation- a 'Lost Hills diatomite waterflood and the
k oi = relative permeability to oil at ships for Solution-Gas Drive Wells," JPT (Jan. dlre~on of the new welt development
1968) 83-92; Trans., AIME, 243. program of the district. He pre\,lously
initial conditions, md, L2 3. Standing, M.B.: "Inflow Performance Rela- was a'professor otpetroteum engtneer.
k ro = relative permeability to oil tionships for Damaged Wells Producing by Ing at PennaylvaniaState U.; a cprtSUlt-
ks = altered permeability resulting Solution-Gas Drive," JPT(Nov. 1970) 1399- ant; and worked In drilling, produ~tton.
from skin effect, md, L2 1400. and reservoIr engineering for Chevfl)D .
M = multiplier 4. Muskat, M.: "The Production Histories of Oil on the U,S.gulfcoast, Permian Bas1n,
n = polynomial exponent
Producing Gas-Drive Reservoirs," J. Applied and San Joaquin Valley. Kline holde a
Physics (1945) 16, 147-53. PhD degree In petrolewn1Utd natur.
N = original oil in place, STB, L3 5. Hawkins, M.F.: "A Note on the Skin Effect," gas engineering from . p~t\(lIylvanla
Np = cumulative oil production, Trans., AIME (1956) 207, 356-60. State U. He was a 1989-9c)~$ec
STB, L3 6. Dranchuk, P.M., Purvis, R.A., and Robinson, tlon membership chalrman,l9B3-84
NpI = cumulative oil production D. B.: "Computer Calculations of Natural Gas Pittsburgh Sect'on chairman, 1984-88
during transient period, Compressibility Factors Using the Standing and Technl<l8l editor, 1984....7 Cereer Gutd-
STB, L3
Katz Correlation," Inst. of Petroleum Tech- anceCommlttee member, 1991-tf
nical Series, No. IP 74-008 (1974) 1-13. chairman of the Dlsttngulsbtd Lecturer
P = pressure, psia, m/Lt2 7. Lee, A.L., Gonzalez, M.H., and Eakin, B.E.: Committee, and 1982....'ohatrman of
Pb = bubblepoint pressure, psia, "The Viscosity of Natural Gases," JPT(April 'the Education and Profe_nallallt;
m/Lt2 1966) 997-1000; Trans., AIME, 237. Technical Committee. KIlns ~l'vIR{the
Pr = reservoir pressure, psia, 8. Vazquez, M. and Beggs, H.D.: "Correlations 1986 SPE Outstsndlng Young Me...
m/Lt2 for Fluid Physical Property Prediction," JPT Award. Mark W........... a rtservolr
(June 1980) 968-700. engtneer for Coi1oco Inc. In MfdJand~ TX.
Pwf = BHFP, psia, m/Lt2 9. Burdine, N.T.: "Relative Permeability Calcu- He previously worked In the Reservoir
qo = oil-producing rate, STBID, lations From Pore Size Distribution Data, Study Group of Conoce's Production
L3/t Trans., AIME (1953) 198, 71-78. Engineering & Research Section In
(qo)max Houston; MaJcher holde as. and lIS
= oil flow rate at Pwf =0, SI Metric Conversion Factors degrees In petroleum and natur81 gas
absolute open flow, STBID, engineering from Pennsylvania $tate U.
acre x 4.046873 E+03 = m2
L3/t API 141.5/(l31.5+ o API) = g/cm'
r = radial distance from center of bbl x 1.589 873 E-OI = m'
cp x 1.0* E-03 = Pa's
well, ft, L ft x 3.048* E-OI = m
R2 = coefficient of determination md x 9.869233 E-04 = I'm2
re = external drainage radius, ft, L psi x 6.894757 E+OO = kPa
psi-I x 1.450377 E-OI = kPa- 1
rs = damage radius, ft, L
rw = wellbore radius, ft, L 'Conversion factor is exact.
s = skin effect
Sgc = critical gas saturation, fraction Provenance
So = oil saturation, fraction Original SPE manuscript, Inflow Perform-
Soi = oil saturation at initial ance Relationships for Damaged or
conditions, fraction Improved Wells Producing Under Solu-
Sor = ROS, fraction tion-Gas Drive, received for review Oct.
Swc = connate water saturation, 9, 1989. Revised manuscript received May
fraction 5, 1992. Paper accepted for publication Oct.
'A = pore size distribution index 2, 1992. Paper (SPE 19852) first presented
/1-0 = oil viscosity, cp at the 1989 SPE Annual Technical Confer-
/1-oi = oil viscosity at initial ence and Exhibition held in San Antonio,
conditions, cp, miLt Oct. 8-11.
4> = porosity, fraction JPT

JPT December 1992 1363