PB258820

EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER

STABILIZATION OF POTENTIALLY LIQUEFIABLE SAND DEPOSITS

USING GRAVEL DRAIN SYSTEMS

by

H. Bolton Seed

John R. Booker

Report No. EERC 76-10

April 1976

A Report on Research Sponsored by

the National Science Foundation

College of Engineering

University of California

Berkeley, California

REPRODUCED BY, NJlI

u.s. Department of Commerce
National Technical Information Service
Springfield, Virginia 22161
 NOT I C E

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED FRO.M THE

BEST COPY FURNISHED US BY THE SPONSORING

AGENCY. ALTHOUGH IT IS RECOGNIZED THAT CER-

TAIN PORTIONS ARE ILLEGIBLE, IT IS BEING RE-

LEASED IN THE INTEREST OF MAKING AVAILABLE

AS MUCH INFORMATION AS POSSIBLEo

 1
Stabilization of potentially Liquefiable Sand Deposits

Using Gravel Drain Systems

by
1 2
H. Bolton Seed, and John R. Booker

INTRODUCTION

In recent years substantial gains have been made in the understanding

of the phenomenon of liquefaction of saturated granular materials. It is

now widely accepted that if a saturated granular material is subjected to

cyclic loading involving the reversal of shear stresses it will tend to

compact, and that if the material is unable to drain, this tendency to de-

crease in volume will lead to an increase in pore water pressure. Ultimate-

ly if the cyclic loading is maintained the soil will reach a condition of

zero effective stress and, depending on its relative density, will suffer

essentially a complete loss of strength (liquefaction) or undergo some de-

gree of strain with little or no resistance to deformation (initial lique-

faction with limited strain potential) .

Considerable progress has been made in the development of both tests

and test procedures to obtain quantitative measures of the stress conditions

which lead to these types of soil liquefaction. This development has been

accompanied by an associated development of methods of analysis (Seed and

Idriss, 1967, 1971) which make use of the test results to evaluate the

liquefaction potential of soil deposits in the field, and the methods have

been found to provide a useful basis for assessing probable site performance

under prescribed earthquake conditions.

Iprof. of Civil Engrg., University of California, Berkeley, Calif.

2sr . Lecturer, Dept. of Civil Engrg., University of Sydney, Australia,
currently Visiting Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engrg., University of California,
Berkeley, Calif.
 2

Much of the work referred to in the preceding paragraph has been

restricted to soil behavior under undrained conditions and finds its appli-

cation in situations in which the redistribution and .dissipation of pore

water pressure do not have a significant influence on the liquefaction

potential of the soil masS. It has been recognized, however, that such

mechanisms may be of considerable importance and may have both adverse and

beneficial effects. For example, the dissipation of pore water pressures

generated in deep soil layers may lead to upward seepage which results in

liquefaction of surface layers (Seed and Lee, 1966; Ambraseys and Sarma,

1969; Yoshimi, Yoshiaki and Kuwabara, 1973 and Seed, Martin and Lysmer,

1975). On the other hand, if the pore water pressures generated in a soil

mass by cyclic loading can to some extent be dissipated as they are created,

then the danger of liquefaction may be averted, Seed et al (1975). In fact

it is thought that the better field performance of gravels over sands may

be directly attributable to their capacity to dissipate pore 'water pressures

because of their higher permeability (Wong, Seed, and Chan, 1975).

A possible method of stabilizing a soil deposit susceptible to lique-

faction is to install a system of gravel or rock drains as shown in Fig.

lea) so that pore water pressures generated by cyclic loading may be dis-

sipated almost as fast as they are generated. In this paper the one dimen-

sional theory of pore water pressure generation and dissipation developed

by Seed, et al(1975) is generalised to three dimensions and applied to the

analysis of columnar gravel drains under a variety of eprthquake conditions.

The results of these analyses are summarised as a series of charts which

provide a convenient basis for design considerations.

 o o
o o
o o
o o o o o o
Plan
o o o o o
o o o o o o
I Grovel drain

. '0 0 0
0 ---- 0

G.w.r. .5L_ ,, ----- , ' - - --- ,,0' -
~
- - - - - ' - - - - - , ----- - - - - ';0 --
0 0
o. '0
,0
'0
,
.'. 0' ,,'
,C1 ", , '0 ,
,0 0 0'
,0 0,
,,0 ,, .
0 ','
to
,0 o' Sand '0 0
' o'~
0, 0 . o. -Elevation
0 Q
, '0 '0 , , o'
, 0 0 I, 0 ,
0, 0' 0
0 '0 0
0. ,Q,
, 0
, 0
" 0
0 0 0 o' '0
0 ~ 'o' ,
'.
~' "

Fig I (0) ARRANGEMENT OF GRAVEL DRAIN SYSTEM

I- 20 -j
,<<<<<< I
:
I :.... .'
. ' .. '" " ,. ' .. 00 ..
' W, "O<,'<J:
, . ' ' ." .
, . . . , .. ' , .'. . .. . . .,
~<~~<.<~.w~< ......0. ,..r'T'
" . . . . . .' " ~ . ..... ' . . I
, . . ' I
,
'.. .' ''.._, 0.', . . " .: , .. ' ,, . ..
~ ,. I
P77777777777777777777777777~
..
~ 2 b 1 N
Fig. J(b) GRAVEL DRAIN WITH RADIAL DRAINAGE ONLY o
 3

BASIC EQUATIONS

In developing the basic equations governing the generation and

dissipation of pore water pressure throughout a granular material, it will

be assumed that the flow of the pore water is governed by Darcy's Law so

that the usual considerations of continuity of flow lead to the equation:

k k k
(-l!. dU) d (-l!. dU)+ d (~ dU)
Y dX
w
+ dy Y dy
w
a; Y dZw
(1)

where u is the excess hydrostatic pore water pressure

k ' k are coefficients of permeability in the vertical and horizon-

v H
tal directions

Yw is the uni t weight of water

and E is the volume strain, with volumetric reduction being considered

positive.

During an interval of time dt the pore water pressure in an element

of soil will undergo a change du, while the element will also be subjected

to dN cycles of alternating shear stress which will cause an additional

increase in pore pressure dUg/dN dN, where u is the pore pressure gene-
g
rated by the alternating shear stresses for the appropriate conditions of

prior strain history. It therefore follows, considering that the change

in bulk stress is negligible, that the volume change dE of the element in

time dt is given by

(2a)

where m is the coefficient of volume compressibility

v3

Le.
(2b)
 4

Combining Eqns. (1) and (2b) i t is found that:

k
a (.J!. L)
ax y ax
w
+ -
k
a (.J!.
ay y ay
au) + L (k H au) =
w
az y az
w
au
[ at - auaN at J
----5l aN ( 3)

If the coefficients of permeability are constant and the problem

exhibits radial symmetry, Eqn. (3) becomes

( 4)

and for purely vertical drainage reduces to the form developed by Seed et

al (1975).

(5)

Under conditions of purely radial drainage as considered in the

following section, Eqn. (4) reduces to

(6)

In order to evaluate the extent of pore pressure generation and dis-

sipation using this equation, it is necessary to determine au IaN and aNjat

g

as well as the soil properties k and m 3. The values of au IaN can be

H v g

found from undrained tests as described by Seed et al (1975). For many

soils the relationship between u and N can be expressed for practical pur-
. g
poses in terms of the number of cycles N required to cause initial lique-

faction under the given stress conditions in the form (Seed et aI, 1975):

u 2 N l/2a
~ - arc sin (- ) ( 7)
0 ' - TI N
0

where 0 ' is the initial mean bulk effective stress for triaxial test con-
o
ditiQns or the initial vertical effective stress for simple shear conditions

and a is an empirical constant which has a typical value of 0.7. (see Fig. 2)
 4- o.

-==---r----,------r----,------,O
en
J-
en
--
0

w Q)

J- 0
.0
a:

w Q)
:r: Q
en
--
~
Q)

-
I "-
0
eo
w 0
--J ......,
a..
~
II
0 en
~
......, u
--J
Q)
U
O'l
0
>-
~
U
Q)
2
> a..
(!) c::.e ::>
.2 I

0"'- a
2 -::>--J
-
0 CD
0 w
a: a:
::>
-
Q)

0
en
en
~
>-
U 'W
0 a:
a..
a:
w
J-

3=
w
a:
C\I 0
o a..
LL
0
W
J-

a:
C\I
L.....-----I------L---.....J...----!..:------.::IIO O'l
q co (!) ~ C\I i1:
a a 0 d 0
,oD/O n = nJ 'O!~Otf aJnssaJd aJOd
 5

Thus,

au 20'
a/- = 0
I
( 8)
cos (~ r )
am'J.Q,
2 u
u
where r
u o I is the pore pressure ratio.
o

For practical purposes the irregular cyclic loading induced by an

earthquake may be converted to an equivalent number N of uniform stress

eq
cycles at a stress ratio Thj0~ occuring in some duration of time t of
d
earthquake shaking (Seed, Idriss, Makdisi, Banerjee, 1975). Thus

aN
(9)
at

In using these results it must be noted that the rate of pore pres-

sure generation aU~aN depends on the previous cyclic history of the soil

and this may be represented approximately by the accumulated pore pressure

u. Thus for any given point at time t , the appropriate rate of pore pres-
l
sure generation (au IaN) t must be determined from Eqn. (8) corresponding
g 1
to the value of u existing i~ the soil at that time. By this means the

past history of strain cycles may be taken into account with a reasonable

degree of accuracy.

A.."JALYSIS OF ROCK DRAINS

As discussed previously, in cases of high liquefaction potential

the installation of columnar gravel drains may well provide an efficient

method for preventing the development of excessively high pore water pres-

sures. In most practical cases for example the horizontal permeability of

a sand will be .several times greater than its vertical permeability and the

spacing between vertical drains can be made less than the distance required

for water to drain vertically to a free surface. Furthermore, many natural

 6

deposits of sand are interspersed with narrow horizontal layers of rela-

tively impermeable silt which may severely inhibit vertical drainage. For

these reasons it seems quite likely that the dominant mechanism in the oper-

ation of a gravel drain system will often be one of pure horizontal drain-

age.

Consider, therefore, a network of rock drains as shown in Fig. l(b)

of diameter 2a and an effective spacing 2b installed in a layer of sand

with horizontal permeability, k, an initial effective stress a' and having

o
characteristics such that it would liquefy after Nt uniform stress cycles

of magnitude y if it were undrained. Suppose also that the layer is sub-

eq
jected to an earthquake consisting of N uniform stress cycles of the same
eq
magnitude applied over a period of time t . It will be assumed that the
d
pore pressure generating characteristics of the sand are described by Eqn.

9 and that the filler material in the drains is far more permeable than the

surrounding sand layer, so that the excess pore water pressure in the drain

is effectively zero. It will also be assumed that the coefficient of com-

pressibility is constant. Examination of experimental data (Lee and

Albaiso 1974) shows that this is nearly so for moderate pore pressure

ratios and thus if the sand drains are performing their function, this

assumption is justified.

Under these assumptions of purely radial flow, the pore pressure

ratio, r = ula' , throughout the sand and drain system depends on the
u 0

following dimensionless parameters:

alb a ratio characterizing the geometric configuration of the

sand drains

Neq INnN a ratio characterizing the severity of the earthquake

shaking, in relation to the liquefaction characteristics of

 7

the sand,
t
T
bd _._--
k d relating the duration of the earthquake to the
2
YW mv 3b

consolidation properties of the sand,

and a a parameter characterizing the shape of the pore pressure

generation curve, Eqn. 7. (It is found that for many

materials a = 0.7 fits the experimental data well and this

value will be adopted throughout this paper).

A finite element program LARF (~iquefaction ~alysis for ~adial ~low

. has been written to solve Eqn. 3 for purely radial flow (see Appendix A) .

Before examining the behavior of a gravel drain system it is instruc-

tive to consider the behavior of a sand l~yer when no drain is present.

Since only radial drainage is considered and no vertical drainage may occur,

the layer will act in an undrained manner. There are two cases to consider.

First if the number of equivalent uniform stress cycles induced by the

earthquake, N , is less than that required to cause liquefaction, Nn , the

eq N

excess pore water pressure will rise according to Eqn. 7, until a final

value (which remains constant thereafter) is reached when t = t

d
and

N = N Of more practical interest is the case when N > Nn For this

eq eq N

case the excess pore water pressure will rise according to Eqn. 7 until it

reaches the value a' when N N and t t where

0 u

N
t t (10)
u N d
eq

the sand then developing a condition of initial liquefaction and no further

increase in pore pressure being possible.

In order to illustrate the effect of a system of gravel drains, the

 1.0. i i i Ii i < i , , i
Tbd=O

0.8

0.6

rmax(t)
Neq/N R =2
0.4
b/o = 5
k td
Tbd=- b2
Yw mV 3

2 4 10 20 40

Fig.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAXIMUM PORE PRESSURE RATIO AND TIME -.J
!J
 8

case of a sand layer with drains spaced at alb = 0.2 will be examined in

some detail for an earthquake condition where N~ is equal to one half of

N
eq
In Fig. 3 the maximum pore pressure ratio r
max
(t) = maximum value

of u/a~ throughout t~e layer at time t is plotted against t/t . If the

d
sand had zero permeability so that, T
bd
= 0, undrained conditions would

prevail and the pore pressure ratio would rise to a value of 1 at

t = t = t
u
= 1/2 t
d
(for this case); the entire layer would then develop

a condition of initial liquefaction at this instant and remain in this

condition thereafter since no dissipation could occur. For a sand having

a relatively low permeability coefficient, say for example, a value corre-

sponding to T
bd
= 0.2, the maximum pore pressure ratio rises approximately

as it would in the undrained case and initial liquefaction will develop at

some time between t = t and t = t . The liquefied zone then continues to

u d
grow until the end of strong shaking. After this no further excess pore

water pressures are generated, the pore pressures that have built up

dissipate and the liquefied zone contracts and finally vanishes whereupon

the maximum pore pressure ratio drops steadily from the value one down to

zero. If the sand had a still greater permeability, corresponding to say

T 1.25, the pore pressures build up during the period of strong shaking
bd
but the soil does not develop a condition of initial liquefaction although

it can be seen that if the earthquake were maintained beyond t liquefaction

d
would eventually occur. On cessation of strong shaking the excess pore

pressures dissipate and the pore pressure ratio drops from its greatest

value r back to zero. For a still higher permeability corresponding to

g

T
bd
= 5.0, the pore pressure increases initially but then tends to level off

as a stage is reached where the rate of dissipation of pore pressures is

almost equal to the rate of their generation.

 9

Similar observations to those described in the previous paragraph

hold for a material for which N INn

eq N
= 5. This case can be regarded as

similar in every respect to the one described previously except that the

intensity of the earthquake is increased. This implies that excess pore

pressures are generated at a faster rate and thus it would be expected

that the permeability necessary to limit the pore pressure ratio to a speci-

fied greatest value r would be increased. This is illustrated by compar-

g
ison of the results shown in Figs. 3 and 4.

The effect of changing the diameter of the gravel drain is illustrated

by considering a material for which N INn

eq N
= 2 for a range of values of alb

but with a constant value of T 1. Computed results for this case are.
bd
shown in Fig. 5. If no drains are present alb = 0, there are no drainage

boundaries and so the layer behaves in an undrained fashion and liquefies at

1
t = t
u
=2 t
d
and remains liquefied thereafter. For a relatively small

drain corresponding to alb = 0.1, initial liquefaction is deferred for a

period of time but eventually occurs, the liquefied region continuing to

grow until the end of the period of strong shaking; thereafter it shrinks

and vanishes as a result of pore water pressure dissipation. If a larger

diameter drain is introducea corresponding to alb = 0.25, initial liquefac-

tion of any part of the layer may be prevented entirely and the greatest

pore pressure ratio will be less than one. Note that the diameter of the

drain in this region of values of alb is quite critical and the greatest

value of pore pressure ratio r developed changes rapidly with alb. Thus,
g

for example, t~ere is a far greater decrease of r when alb changes from
g
0.2 to 0.25 than there is when alb changes from 0.25 to 0.3.

In designing a network of gravel dr~ins to prevent liquefaction, it

would be helpful to know for a given soil and a given diameter of drain
 I .0 I i is I 1< , , .
,.-----'T'""---'~--..,r-----_r~---r----.,.~::;O-'----T'
Tbd = 0
---li
0.8

0.6
1.0

r max (t)
Neq/N,p. =5
0.4 b/a =5
3.5 k ~
- - 2
Tbd - yw . mV3 b

0.2

o I i i I I I I
0.04 I '" I I
0.1 0.2 0.4 I 2 4 10 20 40
t/td

Fig.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAXIMUM PORE PRESSURE RATIO AND TIME -0

P
 . i
fO i i I , , , i i

0.8 Neq/NQ =2
k td
Tbd = -
Yw mV 3 b2
= 1.0
0.6

r max(t)

0.4

0.2

0, , I , [_.- 7--- I , ,

0.04 0.1 0.2 0.4 4 fO 20 40

-D
Fig.5 EFFECT OF DRAIN DIAMETER AND DRAIN SPACfNG ON MAXIMUM ()

PORE PRESSURE RATIO

 10

what spacing of drains should be chosen to limit the pore pressure ratio

to a given greatest value r . To facilitate this choice, a series of

g
curves Figs. 6 to 9 have been computed which show the variation of the

greatest pore pressure ratio r developed as a function of the spacing

g

ratio alb for values of N /NR, equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, and for a range of

eq t
k d
values of the parameter T
ad
= --.
y. m 3a
2
.
For any particular soil and a
w v
given diameter of sand drain, N /N n and T will be known and thus the
eq Iv ad
value of a/b corresponding to a given allowable value of r can be read
g
directly from the curves. A similar series of plots showing the greatest

average pore pressure ratio in the soil, (r) , are shown in Figs. 10-13.
g

Example

Suppose, for example, that a soil layer having the properties

-5
k 10 m/sec

and

is subjected to an earthquake which can be considered as applying 24

uniform stress cycles in a period of 70 seconds and it is known that under

undrained conditions, the soil would liquefy under this sequence of stress

applications after 12 cycles (i.e. after 35 seconds) so that N /N n

eq Iv
= 2.

If gravel drains of 2' (0.61 m) diameter were considered then, noting

3
that Yw = 9.8 kN/m :

t 10- 5 X 70
k d
Tad -Y m a2 9.8 x 4.2 x 10- 5 x (0.305)2
18.3
w v3

Now referring to Fig. 7, if a value of r 0.6 were considered to be allow-

g

able, it may be seen that

b/a < 0.25

 10 q

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

alb
Fig.6 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RATIO
AND DRAIN SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR Neq/N.e = I
 10 b

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

o/b
Fig. 7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RATIO
AND DRAIN SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR Neq/N,2 =2
 10 C

1.0 r-----=~__r.::~~-~-~___,---__,_---......__--_

0.8 k td
T.ad--Y- m a 2
w V3

0.6

rg

0.4

0.2

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

alb
Fig. 8 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREATEST PORE PRESSURE
RATIO AND DRAIN SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR Neq/Nj =3
 10 d

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

alb

Fig.9 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RATIO

AND DRAIN SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR Neq/N = 4
 toe

I. 0 ~---..,.----.....-----,-----.-----..........-----.

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0./ 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

alb
FIg. /0 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREATEST AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE
RATIO AND DRAIN SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR Neq/N ~ = I
 lof

1.0("'-"'----r-----r----~--_r__--___,_---
.....

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

alb

Fig.11 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREATEST AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE

RATIO AND DRAIN SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR Neq/N = 2
 1.0 .------,-----,------,r----.,.----~------,
T - k td
ad - - y m a 2
w V3

0.8

5
0.6

("r}g

0.4

0.2

OL--:~____::~-~:::::=r:3----.J
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
alb
Fig. 12 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREATEST AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE
RATIO AND DRAIN SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR Neq/N~ =3
 10 h

/.0 .---~---~--_r--------r----...,.------.

0.8

0.4

0.2

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

alb
Fig.13 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREATEST AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE
RATIO AND DRAIN SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR Neq/N.e = 4
 11

so that a spacing of 8 ft would have to be adopted. A comparison with

Fig. 11 shows that a similar spacing would have been adopted if a greatest

average pore pressure ratio (r)

g
= 0.6 had been considered allowable.

EFFECT OF PERMEABILITY OF FILLING MATERIAL

In the calculation of the previous results it has been assumed that

the material within the gravel drain was infinitely permeable. The effect

of this assumption can be examined by assuming a finite permeability for

this material and again solving Eqn. 5. To simplify the analysis it has

been assumed that radial drainage also occurs in the filling material but

there is an infinitely pervious pipe at its center. (If no such pipe were

present the generated excess pore water pressures within the drain-layer

system would redistribute because of their different properties and then

dissipate to a final non-zero value, since no pore water could escape.)

To illustrate the effect, the case of a sand deposit with N INn 2 and
eq N
T = 1.25 with a spacing ratio alb 0.2 was analyzed for a range of
bd
values of kf/k where k denotes the permeability of the filling material.
f
For the sake of simplicity it was assumed that the filling material had

the same liquefaction characteristics as the sand. The results of the

analysis are shown in Fig. 14 and it can be seen that the drain operates

perfectly provided it has a permeability of the order of 200 times that

of the sand. Thus it would appear that for most sands, medium to fine

gravels would provide adequate filling material for the drains.

 1.0, I I I , i

k td
Tad = yw m 02 =1.25
V3

0.81- Neq/NR=2
b/o = 5

0.6

rmax (t) kf/k=

10
0.4

OJ

0' , , , , , !

0.04 0.1 0.2 0.4 I 2 4

t/td
Fig.14 EFFECT OF PERMEABILITY OF DRAIN MATERIAL ON RATE OF
PORE PRESSURE DISSIPATION -
.0.
 12

EFFECT OF VERTICAL DRAINAGE

The preceding analyses have been based on the assumption that vertical

drainage played an insignificant role in the functioning of the drains. To

illustrate this effect, consider the case of a 20 ft layer of the material

described in the previous example resting on an impermeable layer and buried

beneath a pervious fill 50 ft deep, both materials having a unit weight of

1201bs/ft 3 Suppose also that the vertical permeability of the sand is

one third of its horizontal permeability.

It was assumed that 8" diameter sand drains were placed in this mater-

ial at an effective spacing of 6 ft. The problem was analyzed first assuming

that only radial drainage could occur and that the soil had a uniform initial

effective stress equal to that at its midsection, and secondly allowing the

initial effective stress to vary throughout the layer and allowing both

vertical and horizontal drainage to occur. The results of these analyses

are compared in Fig. 15, and are virtually indistinguishable within the

accuracy of plotting.

Of course there may be many situations in which vertical drainage may

have a significant effect but it is conjectured that for many of these cases

it will be sufficiently accurate to use the relationship:

Greatest pore Greatest pore pressure Degree of consolidation

pressure ratio ratio for purely radial x for purely vertical
developed drainage of midsection drainage of the layer

Thus the data in Figs. 6 to 13 could still be used to evaluate the efficiency

of any proposed drainage system.

 12 q

0.6 r------.,.------,r------,.-----r-----~---_

- - Computed for radial drainage only

a Computed for both rod ial and
0.5 vertical drainage

0.4

0.2

0.1

0
2 4 10 20 40 100 200 .
t/t d
Fig. 15 EFFECT OF COMBINED RADIAL AND VERTICAL DRAINAGE ON
MAXIMUM PORE PRESSURE RATIO
 CONCLUSION

In many cases, the installation of a drainage system as described in the

preceding pages offers an attractive and economical procedure for stabilizing

an otherwise potentially liquefiable sand deposit. In fact, the method has

already been used in one case involving the construction of stone columns

in a relatively loose sand deposit and it is currently being proposed for

stabilization of a medium dense sand layer which is known to have developed

some degree of liquefaction in a recent earthquake but which appears to be

too dense for stabilization by further densification using currently available

procedures.

The simplified theory presented in the preceding pages provides a con-

venient basis for evaluating the possible effectiveness of a gravel drain

system in such cases. Where appropriate, additional analyses may readily be

made using the computer program LARF but for most practical cases, it is be-

lieved that the results presented in Figs. 6 to 13 will provide an adequate

basis for design and selection of a suitable drain system for effective sta-

bilization of a potentially liquefiable sand deposit.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The studies described in the previous pages were supported by Grant

N. ENV75-21875 from the National Science Foundation and by a grant from the

Australian-American Education Foundation. The support of these agencies is

gratefully acknowledged.
 14

REFERENCES

(1) Ambraseys, N. and Sarma, S. (1969) "Liquefaction of Soil Induced by

Earthquakes," Bull. Seis. Soc. of America, Vol. 59, No.2, 1969, pp.
651-664.

(2) DeAlba, Pedro, Chan, Clarence K. and Seed, H. Bolton (1975) "Determination
of Soil Liquefaction Characteristics by Large Scale Laboratory Tests,"
Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Report No. EERC 75-14, May 1975.

(3) Lee, Kenneth L. and Albaiso, Aurelio (1974) "Earthquake Induced Settle-
ments in Saturated Sands," Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering
Division, ASCE, Vol. 100, No. GT4, Proc. Paper 10496, April 1974, pp.
387-406.

(4) Seed, H. B. and Idriss, 1. M. (1967) "Analysis of Soil Liquefaction:

Niigata Earthquake," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Division, ASCE, Vol. 93, No. SM3, Proc. Paper 5233, May 1967, pp. 83-108.

(5) Seed, H. B. and Idriss, 1. M. (1971) "Simplified Procedure for Evalu-

ating Soil Liquefaction Potential," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and
Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. SM9, Proc. Paper 8371, September
1971, pp. 1249-1273.

(6) Seed, H. B. Idriss, 1. M., Makdisi, F., and Bannerjee, N. (1975) "Repre-
sentation of Irregular Stress Time Histories by Equivalent Uniform Stress
Series in Liquefaction Analyses," Earthquake Engineering Research Center,
Report No. EERC 75-29, October.

(7) Seed, H. B. and Lee, K. L. (1966) "Liquefaction of Saturated Sands

during Cyclic Loading," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Division, ASCE, Vol. 92, No. SM6, Proc. Paper 4973, November, 1966,
pp. 105-134.

(8) Seed, H. B., Martin, P. P. and Lysrner, J. (1975) "The Generation and
Dissipation of Pore Water Pressures During Soil Liquefaction, If Earth-
quake Engineering Research Center, Report No. EERC 75-26, August 1975.

(9) Wong, Robert T., Seed, H. Bolton and Chan, Clarence K. (1975) "Cyclic
Loading Liquefaction of Gravelly Soils," Journal of the Geotechnical
Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, No. GT6, Proc. Paper 11396, June.

(10) Yoshimi, Yoshiaki and Kuwabara, Furnio (1973) "Effects of Subsurface

Liquefaction on the Strength of Surface Soil," Soils and Foundations,
Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 19,
No.2, June 1973, pp. 67-81.

(11) Zienkiewicz, o. C. (1971) "The Finite Element Method in Engineering

Science," McGraw-Hill.
 15

NOTATION

2a Diameter of sand drain.

2b Effective spacing of sand drains.

dt Increment of time.

k Isotropic permeability.

Horizontal permeability.

Vertical permeability.

Coefficient of volume decrease.

~3
N Number of cycles.

N Number of uniform stress cycles equivalent to the earthquake.

eq
N Number of cycles to liquefaction.
e
r Pore pressure ratio.
u
r (t) Maximum pore pressure ratio at time t.
max
(r ) Greatest average pore pressure ratio.
g
t Time.

Duration of the earthquake.

t Time at which liquefaction occurs under undrained conditions.

u
Dimensionless time factor.

Dimensionless time factor.

Parameter describing pore pressure generation in sand.

Volume strain.

Unit weight of water.

cr'o Initial mean bulk, or vertical, effective stress.

 16

APPENDIX A

A computer program LARF, ~iquefaction ~alysis for ~adial !low, has

been written to integrate Eqn. 6 numerically using the finite element ap-

proach. The program consists of a main program LARF and 6 subroutines

DATA, STIFF, DGNL, SETUP, DUG, SYMSOL. The action of the program is shown

schematically in the flow chart, Fig. 16. The finite element discretisation

for such problems is well known (see Zienkiewicz, 1971) and so is not de-

tailed here; details of the numerical determination of the source function

au fat have been given by Seed et. al. (1975).

g

Input Details

Data for the program LARF must be input as described in Table 1 and

read by means of the subroutine DATA. An illustrative example is given

later. The data may be in any set of consistent units.

Output Details

The output of program LARF consists of the values of the maximum pore

pressure ratio, average pore pressure ratio and greatest pore pressure

ratio as well as the values of the excess pore pressures at all the node

points.
 ib Q

READ
DATA

SET UP
STIFFNESS
MATRIX

-
SET UP
EQUATIONS
FOR TI ME STEP
DT

SET UP
DO FOR
LOAD VECTOR ALL TIME INCREMENTS

SOLVE
DO FOR ALL
APPROXIMATING INCREMENTS OF
EQUATIONS SIZE DT

OUTPUT
PORE PRESSURES
ETC.

STOP

Fig./6 FLOW CHART FOR LARF

 17

TABLE 1

SEQUENCE FOR READING DATA

No. of
DATA DESCRIPTION FORMAT
CARDS

1. 1 Read unit weight of water GAMAW. F10.4

2. 1 Read duration of earthquake TD. FlO.4

3. 1 Read initial vertical effective FlO.4

stress ESV.

4. 1 Read the number of nodes NR. I4

5. NR Read the node number (J), R I4,3FIO.4

coordinate R(J), number of
equivalent cycles ENE(J), and
number of cycles to liquefaction
ENL(J) for each node.

6. 1 Read number of different time I4

steps, NINT.

7. NINT Read number of time steps NDELT(I), I4,F10.4

and magnitude of that time step
DELT (I)

8. NR-l Read element number JR, horizontal I4,2E12.6

permeability of the element PERMR(JR)
and compressibility of the element
COMX (JR)
 18

Special Details

At the moment the program is set up to cope with

(a)' A maximum number of 50 nodes NRA

(b) A maximum number of 10 different time increments NINTA.

If desired, this can be changed by altering the statements

NRA = 50 to say NRA = 100

NINTA = 10 to say NINTA 20

and the replacement, in the common blocks and dimension statements, of

50 by 100

49 by 99

10 by 20

The finite element nodes should be numbered from the drain outwards.

It will always be assumed that the innermost node is free to drain and

thus has no excess pore pressure and that the outer-most node lies on an

impermeable boundary. The elements are bounded by pairs of adjacent nodes

and are numbered from the inner-most to the outer-most.

Example

To illustrate the use of LARF, consider the drain system discussed in

the earlier example. Suppose, in the finite element discretisation, that

7 equally-spaced nodes are chosen and that the solution is calculated at 30

distinct times, the first 20 at 3.5 second intervals, the subsequent 10 at

five second intervals. Force, distance and time will be expressed in terms

of k Newtons, meters and seconds respectively.

It will be assumed for definiteness that the initial effective stress

has a value of 100 units although it should be noted that the pore pressure

ratios are independent of this value.

 19

The above problem should be regarded merely as illustrative. In any

practical situation, the error due to choice of time step should be reduced

to an acceptable level by an independent study (series of trial runs)

examining the effect of changing the step size.

 20

LISTING AND SAMPLE DATA FOR PROGRAM LARF

PROGRAM LARF(INPUT.OUTPUT)
COtf10N/NDATA/~R.NRA.R(SO).ESV.N.M
COMMON/TDATA/NINT~NINTA~DELT(10)~NDELT(10)
COt~ON/EDATA/MR.MRA.PERMR(49).COMX(49).GAMAW
COMMON/EQD/ENE(SO).ENL(SO).TD
DIMENSION AA(50~2)~AAQ(50~2)~DIAG(50~2)
DIMENSION U(SO).8Q(SO).UGT(SO)
HF~A ='=:;,]
HIHTA=lD
rlF,~A =1i k I~I- 1
HA =tiF~n
tlA=2
c
C READ IHPUT DATA
C
CALL D~\TH
ICH=1
IF (t"1. GT. HA) GOTD 19
ICH=2
IF ([1. GT. tlAI GOTD 19
C
r SET UP STIFFNESS MATRIX
C
CALL STIFF(AA.NA.MAI

DO 210 1=I.rl
U( I' =[1.0
210 CONTI tHJE
T=[1.0
F~GF'Ef:iT=D. [1
DO 200 JT= 1. HHIT
DT=DEL TeJTI
HT=tJDEL T I JTI
K[:f<= 1
C
C SET UP APPROXIMATING EQUATIONS
C
CALL SETUPCALPHA.DT.AA.DIAG.U.AAQ.NA.MAI
DO 200 IT= L NT
T=T+DT
c
C
,~
CALCULATE LOAD VECTOR
CALL LVECTCALPHA.DT.T.AA.DIAG.U.UGT.BQ.HA.MA)
,-.
r SOLVE APPROXIMATING EQUATIOHS
C

C
r CALCULATE MAXIMUM. AVERAGE AND GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RATIOS
r
F~rlf:j><=D . [I
DD ID I=1.tl
U (II =E:[I (1:1
AP =U ( I ) .E!~;\/
IFCAR.GT.PMAX) RMAX=AR
1[1 COHTIilUE
IFCRtNX.GT.RGREATI RGREAT=R~~X
fiF'Ei::I=D. [:
:::iurl<I.O
 21

DO 1~; J::2 .. H
QUANT=O.S*(R(])+P(]-l))*(R(])-P(]-l))
RF' ER = I:' F' E~I +{i URtj T
15 '::;Uti<::;UiHD. 5:+ CUI J) +U I J -1' : : -:DL:RHT
UR\,I= ':; Uit/RRE ~I./E ~:; \,1
1-'
C OUTPUT PORE PRESSURE RRTIOS
1-'
PRINT 93.T.RMRX.URV.RGRERT
q~ FORMRTI~//26X.*TIME = *.Fl~.4/
2* MRXIMJM PORE PRESSURE RATIO :l: . F 10.4./
1* AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE RATIO *., F lD, 4./
3* GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RATIO t .. F lD. 4//)
F'P INT 94
94 FORMRTI* EXCESS PORE WRTEP PPESSUPEII,*,/)
PP I tH 95 .. ::: I. UI I) ) 1= 1. tn
95 FOF~tl~iT( S 12::. 14. F 1D. 4) )
200 CotH I tWE
GDTO 3S1
C
r DIRGNDSTICS FDP LRRF
19 COllT ItjUE
PR ItH 29 .. ICH
29 FORMATI*DIAGNOSTICS FOR STILL ICH=*.I4)
39 CCltHItJUE
Et"~D
~;UE:PDUT I t~E IIHTH
COMMON/NDATA/NR.NRA.PCSD).ESV.N.M
CO~10N/TDATA/NINT.NINTA.DELTC1D).NDELT(10)
CDtH1DH'EDATR'tlF'. tlF:A. F'EF'tlF' C49). cmt< (49) .' GRtlALJ
COMMON/EQD/ENE(50)~ENL(50)~TD
r
r,-. READ DATA
L
c
r RERD THE UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER
C
PERD ? 1. I:;Rt1RLJ
71 FORMRT(8F10.4)
PP ItjT 1CiS. GArl~iLJ
106 FORMATC//* UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER :t,_ FlO. 4//)
r
C READ DURATION OF THE EAPTHQUAKE
C
107 FOF'tlfHC.'j DURATIOij OF EAF'THOUAKE' *.. Fl0.4//)
F'EAD 71. TD
F'F' UH lD7' TD
C
C F'EAD THE I in TIAL \,IEF~TI CAL '::;WE~::;:::;
c
F'EAD 71. E:::,\,I
r", T ~ .. I"T- 11-;:,7 r ,-' r, ,r
rr::.llillL':I.'c..:)\'
103 FORMAT(//+ INITIAL EFFECTIVE STRESS =*~FI0.4//)
r
1- F~EAD THE i:U:1E:EF~ OF tlDDE'::;
C
PEt=1D 1." ~. .I p
Fir? It"~T 1D 1.. HF:
101 FORMRT( /* NUMBER OF HODES =*.14,/)
ICH=l
IF ( t] I< I::; T . l"'H~: rLI i::; CJ Tel 19
1"'1F.: =j',~e-l
 22

H=IIP
ICH=::'
11==:
C
C READ THE NODAL DATA
C
RP 1HT 1121::'
102 FORMRTC/~~ HODE R COOPDINATE EOU I'v'(rLErH NUi1BER:.
11< OF C"(CLE~:;>I<
1 ::t:: t~ Ur..IE: EF: :;+::.u 16 >< ," ::+::t"-~ Ur-rE: EF: CJ F C t.( [ : LE~=; TO L10UEFACTION*//l
DO 66 I=LtiR
READ 72.j.PCjl,ENECjl.ENL(jl
PRINT 73,j.PCj).ENECjl.ENLCj)
72 FORMRTCI4.3~10.4l
(-:1 FDF.:r"lriT (3)< .. 14.. s><.c F 1[1.4 .. 6>< .. F lEi. 4 .. t:>< . FlO. 4)
66 CDIIT ItlUE
r
C PEAD TIME STER DATA
r
FHHi 1.ljHH
PR lilT 115" 11 ItlT
115 FO~MAT(//+: NUMBER OF DIFFERENT TIME STEPS =+:.14//)
IcH=4
IFCtlltlT"GT.II1HTA) [;DTO 19
DO 17 I=l .. tIItH
READ 5.NDELTCIl.DELTCI)
5 FORMATCI4.F10.4)
F'F' nn 117 .. IHIEl T( I). DEL T( I)
117 FOF~rlr:n Ct: tlUilE:E~i DF ~=;TEPi=; = W. 14 .. +: TI ilE I HCF'U1EIH=>j~ .. F1[1.4)
17 cmnIIIUE
C
C
C FiEAD THE ELEIIEIH DATA
C
F'F~ rtH W:;
105 FOF'rli:iT C//'1: ELErIEI"lT l~urlE:ER F'EF.~rlEAEr ILI T( Cm'1F'REi=;~3 IE: ILI n''!://')
DCI 15 JF~ =: 1.. r-'1F~:
F'EAD 7'::J .. I. F'Er;:JP ( I) .' CDr!>: I I)
79 FORMATC14.::'EI2.5)
PRINT 104 .JR.PERMR(JR).CO~G(JR)
104 FORIlfHC::::><. 14 . 5::. E12.5 . 4::.. E1::'.5)
15 CDtlTltlUE
10 COtlTIllUE
1 FOF'rli:iT (2 14)
RETURtl
19 CDIITIIIUE
F'RliH29.1CH
29 FORMRTC+: DIAGHDST1C SU8ROUTIHE DATA 1CH =*.14)
Etm
SU8ROUT1HE ST1FFCAA.HR.MA)
COMMOH/NDRTA/HP.HRA.RC50l.ESV.H.M
CDMMOH/EDRTA/MR.MRA.PERMR(49).CO~<C49).GAMAU
DI rIEtI~::; IOIj AA (I~(;." r"li:~)
c
C SET UP STIFFHESS M~TRIX A
C
DD 16 I = I. Ii
DD U; J=I,,11
16 ::11:1 CI" j) =[1 [:
DIJ 4iJ IT' = ." I If;:
DF: :::.:F~ ': .Tf?+ 1. -P (JP)
RBRR:-PCJR +0.5+DR
RH=PERt1R( R)*RBAR/DP~GAM~W
 23

IH=J F'
IE:= I~I+
HH I I Ie;. f~ ~i .' +AH
HAl ]';.:,. 1:1 H -r;H
AiH I[:. H E: ." -H~~H
40 [OtiT I ii
FETUf?ii
EtiD
CALCULATE THE LOAD VECTOR
~:;UE:F~CiUT I iIE L\/CCT (r~l_FIHH." DT.. T.. ~;:~ .. DlAG .. U;to UGT .. 80 .. NA.- j'lA)
[OMMON/NDATA/NR.NRA.R(501.ESV.N.M
[OMMON/TDATA/NINT.NINTA.DELT(lOI.NDELT(lOI
[Cf"""1t-"lD i"~ .:'E D~~ Tt=:I.l.. 1F~." r'lfJ H." PEPt"1F~ (49) COIt:< (49) ." C;At"1~IU
JI

[DtHi[llLEDIi/HiE I ~)O I. ENL 150 I. TD

DIMENSION 8AINA.MAI.8Q(NAI.UINAI
DIMENSION UGT(Nql.DIAGINA.MAI
EF":>O. 0 1
E~:;O =:::~=;\i
DO 24f] f< = 1. [iF'
E'3=E':;O-U li<)
IFIES.LT.EPSI U(K)=ESO
UA\l=U (i< I
[ALL DUGIENEIKI.ENLIKI.TD.UAV.ESV.T.DT.UGH)
UC;T(t<:) =UI:;H
IFIES.LT.EPSI UGTIK)=O.O
24[1 [mH ItlUE
D[l3DD I=l . ti
Hl= I-I

DUil=D.O
Llrl=I+l-ll
IF::: L I r,'1. LT. 1) L I r 1= 1
IF ( L I r1. [j T. 1['"'1) Gi] TD (( (
D[I 33D I<.=L. III. Iii
DUj1 =DUIi +D1(: ,:; 11< . 1- f: +1:1+: IU:: 1< I +U GTIKI I
330 '3Uti <:;UIHr~A' 1<. I-f< +1) :ttl If< I
(( ( [mHltiUE
Llli=ll!-I-l
IFIL!I1.GT.tD LIrl=jl
DC! 3~~D ]-::::~I .. Llf":r
DUN=DUN+DIAGI!.K-!+II*IUIKI+UGTIK)1
320 SU~~=SUN+Aq(I .. V-I+l)*U(K)
3008QI!I=DUN-SUN*DT*ALPHA
Ell] ( 1::: ::::1] [I
F~ ETU ~I. i-\
EtiD
SUBFJUTINE DGNL(DIRG~U~NR~MA)
COMMON/NDATA/NR~NRR~R(50)~ESV~N~M
[OMMON/EDATA~1R.MRA.PERMRI491.CO~t<1491.G~M~W
DIMENSION DIRG(NA~~1A)
DI r1Ei,I~:::; I Ctl U(tiA)
DO 1:=; I =1.- t,]
Dl] 1. 5 J = 1." r"1
15 D!AGII,JI=0.0
DCI 2 :~:I c: J F? ::: 1." rIF:
DP=R(.]R~l)-P(,lR)
RBAR~,:?(JR)+S,,5~':DR
! A=JF'
T rl _ T "~', I 1
1D - 111"'-1
QUANT=0,,5*COMXCJP)*DP*RBAR
Ii I He; : : I r::i." 1:: =D I He. I ~i ,. 1) +C!Ui;HT
 24

DI HG( I E:." 1) = Ii I HEi ( IE:.- 1) +0 Ui:=:i HT

220 CDHT Ii1UE
F'ETUPi1
EHD
SUBROUTINE SETUPCALPHA.DT.AA.DIAG.U.AAQ.NA.MA)
CDt'1riDtI.lIDATH.'l{F~: .. t~F~A .. F? (SO)." E~:;\/ .. tj rj
COMMDN/EQD/EHE(50).ENLC50).TD
DIMENSION AACNA.MA).AAQCNA.MA).DIAGCNA.MA)
DI 1'"I[::iI:::; IDtl U(:~n:::
C
r SET UP APPPOXIMATING EQUATIONS
C
ALF'HA=0.5
CALL DGNLCDIAG.U.NA.MAl
BETA i. O-ALF'H~I
DO 350 I = 1. H
DD 360 J=1.ll
360 AAQCI.J)=AACI.Jl*DT*BETA+DIAG(I.J)
350 COHT I11UE
1< =1
DD 42:0 J= 1. 11
L=K-J+1
IFCL.GT.Ol AAQCL.J)=O.O
430 AAQCK.J)=O.O
AAQ Cf<. 1) =1.0
RETURI1
Elm
SUBROUTINE DUGCENE.ENL.TD.U.ESV.TT.DT.UGH)
C
r CALCULATE SOURCE TERM
C
UI:;H=O.O
IFCTT.GT.TD) GOTO 25
ALPHA=O.?
BETA=1.0,ALF'HA
PI =3. 14159265
>::>::= 1 .0
F~U =U,/"E'::;\i
ARG=O.5*Cl.0-COSCPI*RU))
Rt10 =~IR!:;+::+:ALPHA
DR=DT/TD*ENE/EHL
RI1 1 =RIHJ+IW
ARG=2.0*RH1**BETA-1.0
IFCARG.GT.XX) ARG=XX
RU=O.5+ASIHCARG)/PI
UI:; H=F' U+E ~::; \i- U
25 COl1T It1UE
RETUF~t1
END
~::;UE:ROUT ItiE ~:;'(lt:;OL CA. E:. t1H " r'll'1. NA. f'1A. Kf<f<)
DIMEHSION ACNA.MA).BCNA)
c
c SOLV~ SIMULTAHEOUS EQUATIONS
C
EF'~:;=D. 1][1[100 1
ICH=1
IF(I~l,~"C;T"tii:::l) [jDTi] 19
ICH=2
I~CMM.GT.MA) GOTO 19
IF (I-<I'::::~:::: [;T :l) C;ClTO 2DDD
u

1000 DC! 2:::0 Il= 1.. Iil]

DD 26D L=2. rill
ICH=3
 25

IF ( HE: ::; ( l~ ;:: H.- 1) ) . LT. EP ~=; ) r:; I] TO 19

C=A I fl. L) . . AI H. 1)
I =tHL-1
IFIHH-I) 260.240.240
240 J=O
[II] 250 f< =L. tli1
J=J+1
250 AI I. J I =f21 I I. J) -- C+:A IH. f< )
260 AIH.LI=C
2:::0 cmn I flUE
2000 [II] 290 N=l.NN
[II] 2:::5 L =2 . tHi
I=H+L-1
IFCNN-I) 290~285~285
2B5 E: ( I) :-::E: ( I ) -~J (H." L) :;{<8 (H)
290 E: UD =E: UD ./A UL 1)
tl=fHl
300 H=H-1
IFIHl 350.500.;50
350 [II] 400 K=2.MM
L=HH-1
IFIHH-L) 400.370.370
370 BIHI=BIHI-AIH.KI*8IL)
400 emn I HUE
C;i]TCi 3D~J
500 F'ETUf?H
19 emnIHLiE
PP IHT 29. ICH
29 FI]F.~rlAT (*D I AI:;t"~CI~:;T I c~=; FDR ~;'Y'11:;OL*:- 14)
Etm
9.B
70.0
1[10 . 0
7
0.3050 24. [1 12.0
2 0.4575 24. [1 12.0
0.61[10 24.0 12.0
4 0.7525 24.0 12.0
._'co 0.9150 24.0 12.0
6 1.0675 24.0 12.0
7 1.2200 24.0 12.0
.-,
.:::
20 3.5
1[1 5.0
1+0.10000E-04+0.42000E-04
2+0.10000E-04+0"42000E-O~~
3+0.10000E-04+0.42000E-04
4+0.100J0E-04+0.42000E-04
5+0.10000E-04+0.42300E-04
6+0.1000CE-04+C.4208JE-04

**EHD OUTF'UT
**EtlD CiUTF'UT
 26

SAMPLE OF OUTPUT FROM PROGRAM LARF

UNIT WEIGHT OF WATER

DURATION OF EARTHQUAkE

INITIAL EFFECTIVE STRESS

NUMBER OF NODES 7
 27

r'WDE P COORDINATE ~QUIVALENT r'~Ui1E:EF~ OF ~=:'y'CLES

rlU rm EF: NUMBER OF CYCLES TO L IDU:~Fr:CTIOH

.-; ,1 ,-::'1--::;,-::,1"7..
305[: .::... ,:~+ 1'':'.1 1'.:..11::..1 r~..1
..1t:"7t:" - ...1 ,-::,,"7-1'-::"-::1 '-::"-::""';'-11":'''
2 .:..t._lf ._1 .:::"+ tJt.:..ILIU f..lUt.:)r.:J
?
'-'
..- i I~I-::'
D 11'.:)1'.:) DDDD
4 7625
r, 1 C' I-:'~
DODD
,:;J 1_11'.:..1 D[1[1[1
1 067') 00[;0
1 22[1C OO>~;O

NUMBER OF DIFFERENT TIME STEPS = 2

tW rlE: EF'
0F 1:=:TE Pl:=; 20 TIME INCREMENT= 3.500121
rWrlE:EF' or '::;TEPl::; 10 TIME IHCREMENT= 5.0000

ELEMEHT HUMBER PERMEABILITY COMPRESSIBILITY

1
,-,
.1i2i[iDC1E-D4 . '-~::2DD[1E -1]4
~, ttlDDDC1E-D4 . 42D!][1E-D4
3 . 1Di][1DE -[14 .420W]E-04
",
'-t .lDDDCiE-D4 .42000E-04
c
'-' .ICii]i=iOE-04 . 4~20DO'::-D4
t: .42DODE-D4

TIllE 3.5000
MAXIMUM PORE PRE SURE RRTIO .1213
AVERAGE PORE PRE S!jR~ RATIO .1074
GREATEST PORE PRE SURE RATIO . 121;:::

....., ..... .....,.....,.....,

D. ( ,j.j( ( 3 10.220[1 4 11. 417'0 11.9231
6 12.1262 12.17::::3

TIi1E ? . [.lOCH]
MAXIMUM PORE PRE SURE RATIO .1946
RVERAGE POPE PRE SURE RATIO .1626
GREATEST PORE PRE SURE PATIO .lSi.:::.l6

1 ""7
'-' 14.167'4 4 17.E1520 ._'c 18.5596
6 ("
 28

10.50D
nA>< IflUl1 r DF
f21'.,/EPf2II::;E i:':~iP .?or.::
I::; PEr:I TE : :; T F' Ci I,'

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE(IJ

1 D. 2 11 . 26~?::': 17" 4549 4 21.2D29 .5 23.4170

6 24~55B3 ? 24. :=:93:2

TIf1E
nAXIMUM PCiRE PRESSURE RATICi " 2~i2D
AVERAGE PORE PFESSURE RATIO '-l~l-l"-!
" ';:.':1 1:"-:1.::;
GREATEST PCiRE PRESSURE RATIO '-11-'1'-'1'-;:'
'::::''::::1 ,::::. i;:..i

EXCESS PORE ~~TER PRESSURECIJ

D. 2 12" 570::: :3 2[1.111:3 4 24.6700 t=

...J 27.3695
29.2CiCi7

TIllE 17.50D[1
nRXInUn PORE PPESSURE RATICi "":="-/(-;;'7-1
.':1'::::' C ':..1
AVERRGE PCiRE PRESSURE RATICi
GRERTEST PORE PRESSURE RRTICi

D" 13.9745 3 22.2455 4 27.4612 5 30.52:36

6 32" 29::.\3 7 32.7966

TIllE 21. DOi]D

flr:I>< Iflurl POF'E PFE:::;'::;UFE F.~HTID
A!V'EP~II:;E PCiF-:E PPE:::;::;UFE
'lil'i-,-': In:-
F'ATW .2907
"2:::::;:)7
i:;F?EHTE~=;T r r~:. c. .:1 .:' U i':, C. PATID " ,_I._ILI._I

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURECIl

.-, t=
.::::. 14. 965~! 24.1157 4 29. :::624 ._' 33.3::155
(' 35" ;::341

TIrlE 24. DOC:

n
MRXI~JM PCiPE PRESSURE RATIO C)
.-IC-
~-i_1

RVERRGE PCiRE PRESSJRE RRTIO 112

GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RATICi :::43

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURECI)

 29

c:
1 O. 1 C' II .i71"':'~
1._1. '::14':11::...1 :3 25.6709 4 31.9117 '-' 35.7654
6 37. ::::296 3::::.4496

Tlr"'1F
MRXIMJM PORE PRES UR RRTIO .4013
RVERAGE PORE PRES UP R~TIO .3290
GREATEST PORE PRES UP RRTIO .4D73

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURECI)

1 [1 . '-,
.:::.
1{- 71,17
ID. f 1':'+':1
'? 27 . 06::~D 4 33.7039 c:
37.8346
6 40. [;631
'-' '-'
40.7346

TIriE 31.5000
MRXIMJM rORE PRE SURE RATIO .4275
RVERRGE PORE PRE SURE RRTIO .344::::
GREATEST PORE PRE SURE RATIO .4275

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURECI)

O. 2 17.446:::: 4 35.2;:::45 5 39. 666E1

6 42. f3352 (

TItiE 35. [H] [1 [1

MRXIMUM PORE PRE SURE RRTIO .4455
AVERRGE PORE PRE SURE RATIO
GRERTEST PORE PRE SURE RATIO .4455

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSUREC!)

O. 2
..., 1::::.0637 3 29.3601 4 36.6906 5 41.2954
6 43.7949 44.55Ci7

TIiiE 3B.501]1]
MRXI~UM PORE PRE 1-': !.I r-
.=IUr::.C. PHTIO .4617
AVERAGE PORE PRE F'ATW .3715
GRERTEST PORE PRE F:AT Ii] .4617

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURECI)

[I. 2 1:::.6417 3 30.3244 4 37.95::[2 5 42.7642

6 4 45 ..3793 ( 4f.;. 1714
 30

TIriE 42.00DD
t18>< Ir'lUt'1 PORE [=1 F: E~=; ~=; UF.~ F'RTIO .4764
8'.,/EF:8C;E PDF:[ F'PE~=;~=;Uj? F:HTICI " 3::~t?.9
GF: El:=j TE ~::; T F'ClF:[ PPE~=; ~=; UF:: PATICI .4764

EXCESS PORE W8TER PR~SSURECIl

[1 2 19 1493
u 3 31.2111 4 39.1053 5 44.0967
6 4C. :::: 194 47 . 1;44::'~

TIflE 45.500D
PORE PRESSURE RRTIO
M~XIt'1Ut'1
,,"1,-'11-::,,'7-
':"~_::I Li :::"i

RVERAGE PORE PRESSURE RATIO .3934

GREATEST PORE PRESSURE R8TIO -4~::1 c::]

EA:ESS PORE WATER PRESSURECIl

D. 32.0125 440.1573 5 45.3173

6 4:::.13:=:4

TlflE 49. DDCiD

t'1AXlt'1Ut'1 PORE PRESSURE R8TIO .5Ci24
AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE RATIO .4031
GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RAT~O .5024

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURECIl

'-, 20.0539 32.7574 4 41.125D C'

46.4435
'-'
(' 5Ci" ?,~.t~:3

TIllE 52" 5[I[H]

MAX It'1UM PORE PRESSURE RATIO .5148
8VER8GE PORE PRESSURE R8 T IO .4121
GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RATIO . 51Ll:3

EA:ESS PORE ~~TER PRESSURECIl

1 Fi 2[1" 457:::: 3 3':.4441 4 42.025:::: C'

,-' 47.4909
6 50 "4:~:[i~=; (' ::~ 1" 4D36

i ). I"'ii-:.
M8Xlt'1UM PORE PRESSURE RATIO
AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE RATIO =
GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RATIO '-I /~ '-:-1
._i 0:::. .... "I".:..:~

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSUREC!)

 31

c
D. '-II"":i 1-,71"-
':::'U .. 0':11D 3 4 42 . :3676 ._' 4:3.4725
6 ~~ 1.5543

rlA:< IrlUrl PI] F' E E f?HTIJ] .5352

A'/ERHI:;E F'DF:E PFE~=;::;U
rlrlrl-'I-'! t
E F:HT IJ]
r C7C'-1
GF.~EfiTE~:;T PDF:E r ro::. c. .:1 .:1 u c. ._1.':1._.1":::'

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURECI)

1 21.1:::6:2 3 34.6954 4 43.6625 ._'c 49. 39i:r9

6 53.5224

TIr1E 63.[11][10
MAXIMJM pnRE DRESSURE RHTIO .545D
HVERRGE PORE PRESSURE RHTIO . 45t, j
GREHTEST PDRE PRESSURE RHTID .5451]

1 D. ::3 35.272[1 4 44.4167 5 50.2:3[1[1

6 53.5153

TitlE br;. 50~;0

MAXIMUM PORE PRESSURE RRTIO .5544
RVERRGE RDRE PRESSURE RRTID .4434
GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RRTIO .5544

EXCESS PORE WRTER PRESSURECI)

D. '-,
.:::. 2 i. 13 4 45 . 1390 51. 124D
CC
6 54"4324 ._1._1.

T I fIE
MRXIMJM PORE PRESSURE RRTIO
AVERAGE PDRE PRESSURE RRTIO
GRERTEST PORE PRESSURE RHTID

E~:ESS PORE ~~TER PRESSURECI)

c
2 22. 149D 36 .. 3521 4 45.:=:348 ._' 51.93::::::
6 55" 31.[::5 ? 56.3519
 32

TIME 73.0000
f'1A>< IrlUf1 PDF~E PPE:::; Ui? R~ITW .4b,::::b
r:1"'/EF~RGE PDF~E PRE':; UR F'RT II] .31355
I:;PERTE::;T PDF'E UP PATle: C ..- 7 =
._ID:I._1

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE(I)

,'701 '-1:-1 71-r7r.0I

t..:.J" 2 ':::'0." Cit" t..J 5 42. 411~:
6 45.3651] (" 46.2b3i2i

TIriE
MAXIMJM PI]RE PRESSURE F~r:::iT I D 37E~5
RVERRGE PI]RE PRESS~RE F~i2ITI I] .2973
GREATEST PORE PRESSUR~ C ..-7::
,_11'::1.':1_.

EXCESS PORE ~~TER PRESSURE'])

D. 430.1186 5 34.4567

TIrlE ::::5. [1[1[1[1

MAXIMUM POPE PPESSURE RRTIO .31]62
AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE RRTIO '-I .'1'-~ ,,1
.:::..:...}.::::..:...t
GREATEST PORE PPESSURE PRTIO C"--.:':=
_.ID':I._!

E~:ESS PORE WATEP PRESSURE'!)

11. 305~1 3 4 24.5::::71 5 2::: . 08i::9

3D ~ 624t~

TIr"'lE 9D.ODDC
MAXIMUM PORE PRESSURE RATIO .2495
AVERAGE PI]RE PRESSURE PRTIO 1~i('4
GREATEST POPE PRESSUPE RRTIO 562~5

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE'I)

.-,
D. .:::. 9.3619 :3 15. r;D33 4 19.970::: 5 22. i::52D
6 24.4601 24~9523

TIrlE 95.o[IDI]
MAXIMUM PORE PRESSURE RRTII]
AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE RATIO
GREATEST PORE PRESSURE RATIO

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE'I)

 33

'"7-,-::,"'"1 c
-:'
'"
t:' 1 '7 .1
._1 1 ( ,:...
1 '-,
1.:::.. l' L l L 16. "2874 .-J 18.61[13
6 2[1.3[142

TIrlE 10D.[1 DD
r'lR:: Iflurl F'i]F'E PF::E PHTICi .1 ':::,3
A\,.' EF.: ACiE F'DF.'E PF.'E
,-' r, r ...., Tr ,-. T r,r,r
ii
,- ,, PATTi] .1 D:::
t.J~.CH I c:' I F'J]F~E rrc.c .5 35

EXCESS POPE WRTER

..- i 1-' 1-:' c

O. 2 D. 1 J 1 ( 3 lCl.33B9 4 13.2437 ._' 15.150:::
6 15.211D i6.535Ci

Tlr','lE 105. [i~3rJ~J

MAXIMUM PORE PPESSURE R~TIO .1346
AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE RATIO . 1[165
GREATEST PORE PPESSUR~ RATIO .5635

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE(I)

1 2 4.9909 3 4 10.7913 12.3332

5 (" 13.46D2

TIrlE 1121. [i[1[i[j

MAXIMUM ~ORE PRESSURE RATIO .1[19:;
AVERAGE PORE PRESSURE RATIO
GPEATEST POPE PPESSURE RRTIO .5635

EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE(I)

O. 4.09:::7 6.B523 c
1 2 3 4 ._' 10.0432
5 1D.7442 ( lD.9S:::S

TItlE 115. DODC1

MRXI~JM PORE PRESSURE PATIO 1'::"1 Ci C! .-)
L'L'_''::':'
AVEPAGE POFE PPESSURE RATIO - . [i?DS
GPEATEST POPE PPESSUPE PHTIO .5635

EXCESS ~U~l WATER PRESSURE'I)

D. ..,2
"7 ~ i 1 ..;
..::. ..::.. 1 i~-t
C
_1. ,_i.:7L._1
1::'1-''11.':"
4 7.1~509
c
._' :::. 1743
6 E:.9227
 34

TlflE 120.CHJ 0
MRXIMUM PORE PRE S R RRTIO .Ci7' S
RVERAGE PORE PRE S? RATIO .CiS 5
GREATEST POPE PRE S R RRTIO .56 ::1

EXCESS POPE WRT~R PRESSUPECI)

1 Fl. 2 2.7145 ::3 4.5419 4 6.6569

6 ?1212
 EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER REPORTS

EERC 67-1 "Feasibility Study Large-Scale Earthquake Simulator Facility,"

by J. Penzien, J. G. Bouwkamp, R. W. Clough and D. Rea - 1967
(PB 187 905)

EERC 68-1 Unassigned

EERC 68-2 "Inelastic Behavior of Beam-to-Column Subassemblages Under

Repeated Loading," by V. V. Bertero - 1968 (PB 184 888)

EERC 68-3 "A Graphical Method for Solving the Wave Reflection-Refraction
Problem," by H. D. McNiven and Y. Mengi - 1968 (PB 187 943)

EERC 68-4 "Dynamic Properties of McKinley School Buildings," by D. Rea,

J. G. Bouwkamp and R. W. Clough - 1968 (PB 187 902)

EERC 68-5 "Characteristics of Rock Motions During Earthquakes," by

H. B. Seed, I. M. Idriss and F. W. Kiefer - 1968 (PB 188 338)

EERC 69-1 "Earthquake Engineering Research at Berkeley," - 1969

(PB 187 906)

EERC 69-2 "Nonlinear Seismic Response of Earth Structures," by M.

Dibaj and J. Penzien - 1969 (PB 187 904)

EERC 69-3 "Probabilistic Study of the Behavior of Structures During

Earthquakes," by P. Ruiz and J. Penzien - 1969 (PB 187 886)

EERC 69-4 "Numerical Solution of Boundary Value Problems in Structural

Mechanics by Reduction to an Initial Value Formulation," by
N. Distefano and J. Schujman - 1969 (PB 187 942)

EERC 69-5 "Dynamic Programming and the solution of the Biharmonic

Equation," by N. Distefano - 1969 (PB 187 941)

EERC 69-6 "Stochastic Analysis of Offshore Tower Structures," by A. K.

Malhotra and J. Penzien - 1969 (PB 187 903)

EERC 69-7 "Rock Motion Accelerograms for High Magnitude Earthquakes,"

by H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss - 1969 (PB 187 940)

EERC 69-8 "Sturctural Dynamics Testing Facilities at the University of

California, Berkeley," by R. M. Stephen, J. G. Bouwkamp,
R. W. Clough and J. Penzien - 1969 (PB 189 Ill)

Note: Numbers in parentheses are Accession Numbers assigned by the

National Technical Information Service. Copies of these reports may be
ordered from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia 22151. Accession Numbers should be quoted on orders for reports.
 2

EERC 69-9 "Seismic Response of Soil Deposits Underlain by Sloping

Rock Boundaries," by H. Dezfulian and H. B. Seed - 1969
(PB 189 114)

EERC 69-10 "Dynamic Stress Analysis of Axisymmetric Structures Under

Arbitrary Loading," by S. Ghosh and E. L. Wilson - 1969
(PB 189 026)

EERC 69-11 "Seismic Behavior of Multistory Frames Designed by Different

Philosophies," by J. C. Anderson and V. V. Bertero - 1969
(PB 190 662)

EERC 69-12 "Stiffness Degradation of Reinforcing Concrete Structures

Subjected to Reversed Actions," by V. V. Bertero, B.
Bresler and H. Ming Liao - 1969 (PB 202 942)

EERC 69-13 "Response of Non-Uniform Soil Deposits to Travelling Seismic

Waves," by H. Dezfulian and H. B. Seed - 1969 (PB 191 023)

EERC 69-14 "Damping Capacity of a Model Steel Structure," by D. Rea,

R. W. Clough and J. G. Bouwkamp - 1969 (PB 190 663)

EERC 69-15 "Influence of Local Soil Conditions on Building Damage

Potential During Earthquakes," by H. B. Seed and I. M.
Idriss - 1969 (PB 191 036)

EERC 69-16 "The Behavior of Sands Under Seismic Loading Conditions,"

by M. L. Silver and H. B. Seed - 1969 (AD 714 982)

EERC 70-1 "Earthquake Response of Concrete Gravity Dams," by A. K.

Chopra - 1970 (AD 709 640)

EERC 70-2 "Relationships Between Soil Conditions and Building Damage

in the Caracas Earthquake of July 29, 1967," by H. B. Seed,
I. M. Idriss, and H. Dezfulian - 1970 (PB 195 762)

EERC 70-3 "Cyclic Loading of Full Size Steel Connections," by E. P.

Popov and R. M. Stephen - 1970 (Not available from NTIS)

EERC 70-4 "Seismic Analysis of the Charaima Building, Caraballeda,

Venezuela," by Subcommittee of the SEAONC Research Committee,
V. V. Bertero, ~. F. Fratessa, S. A. Mahin, J. H. Sexton,
A. C. Scordelis, E. L. Wilson, L. A. Wyllie, H. B. Seed,
and J. Penzien, Chairman - 1970 (PB 201 455)

EERC 70-5 "A Computer Program for Earthquake Analysis of Dams," by

A. K. Chopra - 1970 (AD 723 994)

EERC 70-6 "The Propagation of Love Waves Across Non-Horizontally

Layered Structures," by J. Lysmer and L. A. Drake - 1970
(PB 197 896)

EERC 70-7 "Influence of Base Rock Characteristics on Ground Response,"

by J.Lysmer, H. B. Seed and P.B. Schnabel - 1970 (PB 197 897)

..;~
 3

EERC 70-8 "Applicability of Laboratory Test Procedures for Measuring

Soil Liquefaction Characteristics Under Cyclic Loading,"
by H. B. Seed and W. H. Peacock - 1970 (PB 198 016)

EERC 70-9 "A Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil Liquefaction

Potential," by H. B. Seed and I. M. Idriss - 1970
(PB 198 009)

EERC 70-10 "Soil Moduli and Damping Factors for Dynamic Response
Analysis," by H. B. Seed and 1. M. Idriss - 1970 (PB 197869)

EERC 71-1 "Koyna Earthquake and the Performance of Koyna Dam," by

A. K. Chopra and P. Chakrabarti - 1971 (AD 731 496)

EERC 71-2 "Preliminary In-Situ Measurements of an Elastic Abosrption

in Soils Using a Prototype Earthquake Simulator," by R. D.
Borcherdt and P. W. Rodgers - 1971 (PB 201 454)

EERC 71-3 "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Inelastic Frame Structures,"

by F. L. Porter and G. H. Powell - 1971 (PB 210 135)

EERC 71-4 "Research Needs in Limit Design of Reinforced Concrete

Structures," by V. V. Bertero - 1971 (PB 202 943)

EERC 71-5 "Dynamic Behavior of a High-Rise Diagonally Braced Steel

Building," by D. Rea, A. A. Shah and J. G. Bouwkamp - 1971
(PB 203 584)

EERC 71-6 "Dynamic Stress Analysis of Porous Elastic Solids Saturated

with Compressible Fluids," by J. Ghaboussi and E. L. Wilson -
1971 (PB 211 396)

EERC 71-7 "Inelastic Behavior of Steel Beam-to-Column Subassemblages,"

by H. Krawinkler, V. V. Bertero and E. P. Popov - 1971
(PB 211 335)

EERC 71-8 "Modification of Seismograph Records for Effects of Local

Soil Conditions," by P. Schnabel, H. B. Seed and J. Lysmer -
1971 (PB 214 450)

EERC 72-1 "Static and Earthquake Analysis of Three Dimensional Frame

and Shear Wall Buildings," by E. L. Wilson and H. H. Dovey
- 1972 (PB 212 904)

EERC 72-2 "Accelerations in Rock for Earthquakes in the Western

United States," by P. B. Schnabel and H. B. Seed - 1972
(PB 213 100)

EERC 72-3 "Elastic-plastic Earthquake Response of Soil-Building

Systems," by T. Minami and J. Penzien - 1972 (PB 214 868)

EERC 72-4 "Stochastic Inelastic Response of Offshore Towers to Strong

Motion Earthquakes," by M. K. Kaul and J. Penzien - 1972
(PB 215 713)
 4

EERC 72-5 "Cyclic Behavior of Three Reinforced Concrete Flexural

Members with High Shear," by E. P. Popov, V. V. Bertero
and H. Krawinkler - 1972 (PB 214 555)

EERC 72-6 "Earthquake Response of Gravity Dams Including Reservoir

Interaction Effects," by P. Chakrabarti and A. K. Chopra -
1972 (AD 762 330)

EERC 72-7 "Dynamic Properties of Pine Flat Dam," by D. Rea, C.-Y. Liau
and A. K. Chopra - 1972 (AD 763 928)

EERC 72-8 "Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems," by E. L.

Wilson and H. H. Dovey - 1972 (PB 222 438)

EERC 72-9 "Rate of Loading Effects on Uncracked and Repaired Rein-

forced Concrete Members," by V. V. Bertero, D. Rea, S. Mahin
and M. Atalay - 1972

EERC 72-10 "Computer Program for Static and Dynamic Analysis of Linear
structural Systems," by E. L. Wilson, K. J. Bathe, J. E.
Peterson and H. H. Dovey - 1973 (PB 220 437)

EERC 72-11 "Literature Survey - Seismic Effects on Highway Bridges,"

by T. Iwasaki, J. Penzien and R. Clough - 1972 (PB 215 613)

EERC 72-12 "SHAKE--A Computer Program for Earthquake Response Analysis

of Horizontally Layered Sites," by Per B. Schnabel, John
Lysmer and H. Bolton Seed - 1972 (PB 220 207)

EERC 73-1 "Optimal Seismic Design of Multistory Frames," by V. V.

Bertero and H. Kamil - 1973

EERC 73-2 "Analysis of Slides in the San Fernando Dams during the
Earthquake of February 9, 1971," by H. B. Seed, K. L. Lee,
I. M. Idriss and F. Makdisi - 1973

EERC 73-3 "Computer Aided Ultimate Load Design of Unbraced Multistory

Steel Frames," by M. B. EI-Hafez and G. J. Powell - 1973

EERC 73-4 "Experimental Investigation Into the Seismic Behavior of

Critical Regions of Reinforced Concrete Components as
Influenced by Moment and Shear," by M. Celebi and J.
Penzien - 1973 (PB 215 884)

EERC 73-5 "Hysteretic Behavior of Epoxy-Repaired Reinforced Concrete

Beams," by M. Celebi and J. Penzien - 1973

EERC 73-6 "General Purpose Computer Program for Inelastic Dynamic

Response of Plane Structures," by A. Kanaan and G. H.
Powell - 1973 (PB 221 260)

EERC 73-7 "A Computer Program for Earthquake Analysis of Gravity Dams
Including Reservoir Interaction," by P. Chakrabarti and
A. K. Chopra - 1973
 5

EERC 73-8 "Seismic Behavior of Spandrel Frames - A Review and Outline

for Future Research," by R. Razani and J. G. Bouwkamp -
1973

EERC 73-9 "Earthquake Analysis of Structure-Foundation Systems," by

A. K. Vaish and A. K. Chopra - 1973

EERC 73-10 "Deconvolution of Seismic Respose for Linear Systems," by

R. B. Reimer - 1973 (PB 227 197/AS)

EERC 73-11 "SAP IV Structure Analysis Program for Static and Dynamic
Response of Linear Systems," by K. -J. Bathe, E. L. Wilson
and F. E. Peterson - 1973 (PB 221 967)

EERC 73-12 "Analytical Investigations of the Seismic Response of Tall

Flexible Highway Bridges," by W. S. Tseng and J. Penzien -
1973 (PB 227 816/AS)

EERC 73-13 "Earthquake Analysis of Multi-Story Buildings Including

Foundation Interaction," by A. K. Chopra and J. A. Gutierrez
- 1973 (PB 222 970)

EERC 73-14 "ADAP A Computer Program for Static and Dynamic Analysis
of Arch Darns," by R. W. Clough, J. M. Raphael and S.
Mojtahedi - 1973 (PB 223 763/AS)

EERC 73-15 "Cyclic Plastic Analysis of Structural Steel Joints," by

R. B. Pinkney and R. W. Clough - 1973 (PB 226 843/AS)

EERC 73-16 "QUAD-4 A Computer Program for Evaluating the Seismic

Response of Soil Structures by Variable Damping Finite
Element Procedures," by I. M. Idriss, J. Lysmer, R. Hwang
and H. B. Seed - 1973

EERC 73-17 "Dynamic Behavior of a Multi-Story Pyramid Shaped Building,"

by R. M. Stephen and J. G. Bouwkamp - 1973

EERC 73-18 "Effect of Different Types of Reinforcing on Seismic

Behavior of Short Concrete Columns," by V. V. Bertero, J.
Hollings, O. Kustu, R. M. Stephen and J. G. Bouwkamp - 1973

EERC 73-19 "Olive View Medical Center Material Studies, Phase I," by
B.Bresler and V. Bertero - 1973

EERC 73-20 "Linear and Nonlinear Seismic Analysis Computer Programs

for Long Multiple-Span Highway Bridges," by W. S. Tseng and
J. Penzien - 1973

EERC 73-21 "Constitutive Models for Cyclic Plastic Deformation of

Engineering Materials," by J. M. Kelly and P. P. Gillis -
1973 (PB 226 024/AS)

EERC 73-22 "DRAIN - 2D Users Guide," by G. H. Powell - 1973

(PB 227 016/AS) ~31
 6

EERC 73-23 "Earthquake Engineering at Berkeley - 1973" - 1973

(PB 226 033/AS)

EERC 73-24 "Seismic Input and Structural Response During the 1971
San Fernando Earthquake," by R. B. Reimer, R. W. Clough
and J. M. Raphael - 1973

EERC 73-25 "Earthquake Response of Axisymmetric Tower Structures

Surrounded by Water," by C. Y. Liaw and A. K. Chopra -
1973

EERC 73-26 "Investigation of the Failures of the Olive View Stair-

towers During the San Fernando Earthquake and their
Implications on Seismic Design," by V. V. Bertero and
R. G. Collins - 1973

EERC 73-27 "Further Studies on Seismic Behavior of Steel Beam-Column

Subassemblages," by V. V. Bertero, H. Krawinkler and E. P.
Popov - 1973 (PB 234 172/AS)

EERC 74-1 "Seismic Risk Analysis," by C. S. Oliveira - 1974

EERC 74-2 "Settlement and Liquefaction of Sands Under Multi-

Directional Shaking," by Robert Pyke, C. K. Chan and
H. Bolton Seed - 1974

EERC 74-3 "Optimum Design of Earthquake Resistant Shear Buildings,"

by D. Rea, K. S. Pister, A. K. Chopra - 1974 (PB 231 172/AS)

EERC 74-4 "LUSH--A Computer Program for Complex Response Analysis of

Soil-Structure Systems," by John Lysmer, Takekazu Udaka,
H. Bolton Seed and Richard Hwang - 1974

EERC 74-5 "Sensitivity Analysis for Hysteretic Dynamic Systems:

Applications to Earthquake Engineering," by D. Ray - 1974
(PB 233 213/AS)

EERC 74-6 "Soil-Structure Interaction Analyses for Evaluating Seismic

Response," by H. B. seed, J. Lysmer and R. Hwang - 1974

EERC 74-7 "Response of Radiation-Shielding Blocks to Earthquake

Motions," by M. Aslam, W. G. Godden and D. T. Scalise -
1974

EERC 74-8 "Shaking Table Tests of a Steel Frame - A Progress Report,"

by R. W. Clough and David Tang - 1974

EERC 74-9 "Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members

with Special Web Reinforcement," by V. V. Bertero, E. P.
Popov and T. Y. Wang - 1974

EERC 74-10 "Applications of Reliability-Based, Global Cost Optimization

to Design of Earthquake Resistant Structures," by E. Vitiello
and K. S. Pister - 1974
 7

EERC 74-11 "Liquefaction of Gravelly Soils under CY9lic Loading

Conditions," by R. T. Wong, H. B. Seed and C. K. Chan -
1974

EERC 74-12 "Site-Dependent Spectra for Earthquake-Resistant Design,"

by H. B. Seed, C. Ugas and J. Lysmer - 1974 (PB 240 953)

EERC 74-13 "Earthquake Simulator Study of a Reinforced Concrete Frame,"

by P. Hidalgo - 1974

EERC 74-14 "Nonlinear Earthquake Response of concrete Gravity Dams,"

by N. Pal - 1974

EERC 74-15 "Modeling and Identification in Nonlinear Structural

Dynamics, I - One Degree of Freedom Models," by N. Distefano
and A. Rath - 1974 (PB 241 548)

EERC 75-1 "Determination of Seismic Design Criteria for the Durnbarton

Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. I: Description, Theory
and Analytical Modeling of Bridge and Parameters," by
F. Baron and S.-H. Tang - 1975

EERC 75-2 "Determination of Seismic Design Criteria for the Durnbarton

Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. 2: Numerical Studies
and Establishment of Seismic Design Criteria," by F. Baron
and S.-H. Tang - 1975

EERC 75-3 "Seismic Risk Analysis for a Site and a Metropolitan Area,"
by C. S. Oliveira - 1975

EERC 75-4 "Analytical Investigations of Seismic Response of Short,

Single or Multiple-Span Highway Bridges," by Ma-chi Chen
and J. Penzien - 1975 (PB 241 454)

EERC 75-5 "An Evaluation of Some Methods for Predicting Seismic

Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Buildings," by Stephen A.
Mahin and V. V. Bertero - 1975

EERC 75-6 "Earthquake Simulator Study of a Steel Frame Structure,

Vol. I: Experimental Results," by R. W. Clough and David
T. Tang - 1975

EERC 75-7 "Dynamic Properties of San Bernardino Intake Tower," by

Dixon Rea, C-Y. Liaw and Anil K. Chopra - 1975

EERC 75-8 "seismic Studies of the Atriculation for the Durnbarton

Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. I: Description, Theory
and Analytical Modeling of Bridge and Components," by
F. Baron and R. E. Hamati - 1975

EERC 75-9 "seismic Studies of the Articulation for the Dumbarton

Bridge Replacement Structure, Vol. 2: Numerical Studies of

1/
Steel and Concrete Girder Alternates," by F. Baron and
R. E. Hamati - 1975
 8

EERC 75-10 "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Nonlinear Structures," by

Digambar P. Mondkar and Graham H. Powell - 1975

EERC 75-11 "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam-Column Sub-

assemblages Under Cyclic Loads," by O. Kustu and J. G.
Bouwkamp - 1975

EERC 75-12 "Earthquake Engineering Research Center Library Printed

Catalog," - 1975

EERC 75-13 "Three Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems," Extended

Version, by E. L. Wilson, J. P. Hollings, and H. H. Dovey
- 1975

EERC 75-14 "Determination of Soil Liquefaction Characteristics by

Large-Scale Laboratory Tests," by Pedro De Alba, Clarence
K. Chan and H. Bolton Seed - 1975

EERC 75-15 "A Literature Survey - Comprehensive, Tensile, Bond and

Shear Strength of Masonry," by Ronald L. Mays and
Ray Clough - 1975

EERC 75-16 "Hysteretic Behavior of Ductile Moment Resisting Reinforced

Concrete Frame Components," by V. V. Bertero and E. P.
Popov - 1975

EERC 75-17 "Relationships Between Maximum Acceleration, Maximum

Velocity, Distance from Source and Local Site Conditions
for Moderately Strong Earthquakes," by H. Bolton Seed,
Ramesh Murarka, John Lysmer and I. M. Idriss - 1975

EERC 75-18 "The Effects of Method of Sample Preparation on the Cyclic

stress-strain Behavior of Sands," by J. Paul Mulilis,
Clarence K. Chan and H. Bolton Seed - 1975

EERC 75-19 "The Seismic Behavior of Critical Regions of Reinforced

Concrete Components as Influenced by Moment, Shear and
Axial Force," by B. Atalay and J. Penzien - 1975

EERC 75-20 "Dynamic Properties of an Eleven story Masonry Building,"

by R. M. Stephen, J. P. Hollings, J. G. Bouwkamp and
D. Jurukovski - 1975

EERC 75-21 "State-of-the-Art in Seismic Shear Strength of Masonry -

An Evaluation and Review," by Ronald L. Mayes and Ray W.
Clough - 1975

EERC 75-22 "Frequency Dependencies Stiffness Matrices for Viscoelastic

Half-Plane Foundations," by Anil K. Chopra, P. Chakrabarti
and Gautam Dasgupta - 1975

EERC 75-23 "Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Framed Walls,"

by T. Y. Wong, V. V. Bertero and E. P. Popov - 1975

c;WL..
-, Io,;i<"
 9

EERC 75-24 "Testing Facility for Subassemblages of Frame-Wall

Structural Systems," by V. V. Bertero, E. P. Popov and
T. Endo - 1975

EERC 75-25 "Influence of Seismic History on the Liquefaction

Characte~isticsof Sands," by H. Bolton Seed, Kenji Mori
and Clarence K. Chan - 1975

EERC 75-26 "The Generation and Dissipation of Pore Water Pressures

During Soil Liquefaction," by H. Bolton Seed, Phillippe
P. Martin and John Lysmer - 1975

EERC 75-27 "Identification of Research Needs for Improving a Seismic

Design of Building Structures," by V. V. Bertero - 1975

EERC 75-28 "Evaluation of Soil Liquefaction Potential during Earth-

quakes," by H. Bolten Seed, 1. Arango and Clarence K. Chan
1975

EERC 75-29 "Representation of Irregular Stress Time Histories by

Equivalent Uniform Stress Series in Liquefaction Analyses,"
by H. Bolton Seed, I. M. Idriss, F. Makdisi and N. Banerjee
1975

EERC 75-30 "FLUSH - A Computer Program for Approximate 3-D Analysis

of Soil-Structure Interaction Problems," by J. Lysmer,
T. Udaka, C.-F. Tsai and H. B. Seed - 1975

EERC 75-31 "ALUSH.- A Computer Program for Seismic Response Analysis

ofAxisyrmnetric Soil-Structure Systems," by E. Berger,
J. Lysmer and H. B. Seed - 1975

EERC 75-32 "TRIP and TRAVEL - Computer Programs for Soil-Structure

Interaction Analysis with Horizontally Travelling Waves,"
by T. Udaka, J. Lysmer and H. B. Seed - 1975

EERC 75-33 "Predicting the Performance of Structures in Regions of

High SeisITlicity," by J. Penzien - 1975

EERC 75-34 "Efficient Finite Element Analysis of Seismic Structure -

Soil - Direction," by J. Lysmer, H. Bolton Seed, T. Udaka,
R. N. Hwang and C.-F. Tsai - 1975

EERC 75-35 "The Dynamic Behavior of a First Story Girder of a Three-

Story Steel Frame Subjected to Earthquake Loading," by
Ray W. Clough and Lap-Yan Li - 1975

EERC 75-36 "Earthquake Simulator Study of a Steel Frame Structure,

Volume II - Analytical Results," by David T. Tang - 1975

EERC 75-37 "ANSR-I General Purpose Computer Program for Analysis of

Non-Linear Structural Response," by Digambar P. Mondkar
and Graham H. Powell - 1975

~3
 10

EERC 75-38 "Nonlinear Response Spectra for Probabilistic Seismic Design

and Damage Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures,"
by Masaya Murakami and Joseph Penzien - 1975

EERC 75-39 "Study of a Method of Feasible Directions for Optimal Elastic

Design of Framed Structures Subj ected to Earthquake Loading,"
by N. D. Walker and K. S. Pister - 1975

EERC 75-40 "An Alternative Representation of the Elastic-Viscoelastic

Analogy," by Gautam Dasgupta and Jerome L. Sackman - 1975

EERC 75-41 "Effect of Multi-Directional Shaking on Liquefaction of

Sands," by H. Bolton Seed, Robert Pyke and Geoffrey R.
Martin - 1975

EERC 76-1 "Strength and Ductility Evaluation of Existing Low-Rise

Reinforced Concrete Buildings - Screening Method," by
Tsuneo Okada and Boris Bresler - 1976

EERC 76-2 "Experimental and Analytical Studies on the Hysteretic

Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular and T-Beams,"
by Shao-Yeh Marshall Ma, Egor P. Popov and Vitelmo V. Bertero
- 1976

EERC 76-3 "Dynamic Behavior of a Multistory Triangular-Shaped Building,"

by J. Petrovski, R. M. Stephen, E. Gartenbaum and J. G.
Bouwkamp - 1976

EERC 76-4 "Earthquake Induced Deformations of Earth Dams," by Norman

Serff and H. Bolton Seed - 1976

EERC 76-5 "Analysis and Design of Tube-Type Tall Building Structures,"

by H. de Clercq and G. H. Powell - 1976

EERC 76-6 "Time and Frequency Domain Analysis of Three-Dimensional

Ground Motions, San Fernando Earthquake," by Tetsuo Kubo
and Joseph Penzien - 1976

EERC 76-7 "Expected Performance of Uniform Building Code Design Masonry

Structures," by R. L. Mayes, Y. Omote, S. W. Chen and R. W.
Clough - 1976

EERC 76-8 "Cyclic Shear Tests on Concrete Hasonry Piers," R. L. Mayes,

Y. Omote and R. W. Clough - 1976

EERC 76-9 "A Substructure Method for Earthquake Analysis of Structure-

Soil Interaction," by Jorge Alberto Gutierrez and Anil K.
Chopra - 1976

EERC 76-10 "Stabilization of potentially Liquefiable Sand Deposits

Using Gravel Drain Systems," by H. Bolton Seed, and John
R. Booker - 1976
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA 11. Report No. 1
2
.
3. Recipient's Accession No.
SHEET ." EERC 76-10
4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date
April 1976
"Stabilization of Potentially Liquefiable
6.
Sand Deposits using Gravel Drain Systems"
7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Rept.
H. Bolton Seed and John R. Booker No. 76-10
9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
Earthquake Engineering Research Center
University of California, Berkeley 11. Contract/Grant No.
1301 S. 46th Street
Richmond, California 94804 ENV75-21875
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address 13. Type of Report & Period
National Science Foundation Covered
1800 G Street
Washington, D. C. 20550 14.

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstracts
In many cases, the . .
1nstallat10n 0 f a system 0 f '
vert1cal columnar d '
ra1ns 0 ff ers
an attractive and economical procedure for stabilizing an otherwise potentially
liquefiable sand deposit. In fact, the method has already been used in one case
involving the construction of stone columns in a relatively loose sand deposit and it
is currently being proposed for stabilization of a medium dense sand layer which is
known to have developed some degree of liquefaction in a recent earthquake but which
appears to be too dense for stabilization by further densification using currently
available procedures.
The report presents a simplified theory which provides a convenient basis for
evaluating the possible effectiveness of a gravel drain system in such cases. Where
appropriate, additional analyses may readily be made using the computer program LARF
described in the report but for most practical cases, it is believed that the results
presented in chart form will provide an adequate basis for design and selection of a
suitable drain system for effective stabilization of potentially liquefiable sand
deposits.

17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms

17c. COSATI Field/Group

18. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This 121. No~_ of Pages
Report)
Release Unlimited UW'-j ASSIFIED
20. Security Class (This
11 Page
UNCLASSIFIED
FORM NTIS35 (REV. 3-72) USCOMMbc 14952P72