Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Corrosion Science
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/corsci
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Corrosion behaviour of X65 carbon steel in supercritical-CO2 (SC-CO2 ) containing H2 O and O2 was studied
Received 27 September 2016 by weight loss test, electrochemical measurements, and surface analysis. A setup was developed for in situ
Received in revised form 21 January 2017 electrochemical measurements in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase by using Ag/AgCl reference electrode. It is
Accepted 29 January 2017
demonstrated that there is no essential difference in the electrochemical corrosion mechanism between
Available online 31 January 2017
SC-CO2 and non-SC-CO2 environments. The presence of small amount of O2 inhibits the formation of
protective FeCO3 lm and promotes the formation of non-protective Fe oxide, which leads to obvious
Keywords:
increase of corrosion rate in SC-CO2 phase.
A. Carbon steel
B. EIS 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
B. SEM
B. XPS
1. Introduction for large quantity and long distance transportation of CO2 in which
CO2 is usually compressed to supercritical state (SC-CO2 ) in order
It is well known that greenhouse effect and global warming, to avoid two-phase ow regime and improve the transmission
which is caused by the huge emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) efciency [9,10]. Currently, there are more than 6500 km of CO2
with increasing consumption of fossil energy, have become one transport pipelines worldwide. In terms of economic consideration,
of the most concerned issues in the world. The climate change the usually adopted materials for CO2 transport pipelines are high
and environmental issues caused by CO2 emissions would result strength low carbon steels, such as X65 and X70 pipelines. These
in extreme weather and natural disaster, which poses great threat carbon steels are susceptible to corrosion. It has been found that
to the survival and development of human beings [1,2]. Therefore, dry CO2 is generally non-corrosive. However, the captured CO2 gas
to reduce CO2 emissions is related to the sustainable development from different industrial sources inevitably contains various impu-
of human society. Presently, to tackle the global climate change, rities. The most concerned impurity is H2 O, followed by O2 , NOx ,
reduce CO2 emissions, has become one of the greatest challenges H2 S, CO, SO2 , etc. [11,12]. Once H2 O separates from SC-CO2 stream
that human beings are confronting with. Carbon capture and stor- to form a free aqueous phase, SC-CO2 will dissolve in H2 O to form
age (CCS) technology, which is the process of capturing CO2 from H2 CO3 , and then cause internal corrosion of pipelines. Meanwhile,
the atmosphere, transporting the captured CO2 to a storage site, impurities could further accelerate the corrosion of pipelines via
and then injecting the captured CO2 into underground geological reducing the solubility of H2 O in SC-CO2 , decreasing the pH value
formation, is considered by the International Energy Agency (IEA) or changing the structure of corrosion products lm [1316]. In
and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to be brief, the corrosion of pipelines is a key problem that cannot be
an important and promising technology to reduce CO2 emissions ignored in the security implementation of CCS.
[36]. Previously, extensive studies on the corrosion issues of carbon
CCS involves three steps: capturing the CO2 produced by indus- steel in the SC-CO2 environment were carried out in the bulk solu-
trial sources, compressing the captured CO2 for transportation, and tion under the background of oil and gas elds [1722]. However,
then injecting the captured CO2 into secure storage site for perma- the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in bulk solution containing
nent storage [7,8]. Pipelines transportation is the preferred method SC-CO2 may be different from the corrosion behaviour in H2 O-
containing SC-CO2 phase. Quite a few works on the corrosion of
pipelines in H2 O-containing CO2 phase in CCS eld have been
reported in the past few years, and related studies are summa-
Corresponding author.
rized in Table 1 [14,15,2333]. Due to the difculty of implementing
E-mail address: zhangguoan@gmail.com (G.A. Zhang).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2017.01.028
0010-938X/ 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y. Tang et al. / Corrosion Science 118 (2017) 118128 119
Table 1
Summary of the research on the corrosion in SC-CO2 phase concerning impurities.
in situ electrochemical measurements in H2 O-containing SC-CO2 end) and a platinum sheet were embedded in the epoxy mould.
phase, most previous studies were focused on weight loss mea- A Ag/AgCl electrode was inserted into the PTFE tube (lled with
surement combining with ex situ surface analysis. However, the 0.1 M KCl) as reference electrode (RE), while the embedded plat-
corrosion of carbon steel in H2 O-containing SC-CO2 phase is an inum sheet was as counter electrode (CE) for the electrochemical
electrochemical process, and electrochemical kinetics information measurements. The potential of Ag/AgCl electrode with 0.1 M KCl at
is more conducive to understanding the corrosion mechanism. So test temperature (50 C) is 0.286 V vs. SHE (standard hydrogen elec-
far, two research groups have performed in situ electrochemical trode). All these electrode surfaces were ush with the epoxy mould
measurements in moist SC-CO2 phase. Thodla et al. [14,32,33] per- surface, and the distance between WE and CE/RE was 0.5 mm, as
formed electrochemical measurements by directly dripping a little shown in Fig. 1. The size of the specimen for electrochemical mea-
water on the electrode surface. However, the corrosion rate was surements is 4 mm 5 mm 3 mm with an exposed area of 0.2 cm2 .
evidently higher than that measured in the H2 O-containing SC-CO2 The pretreatment of the electrode was same as the specimen for
environment without dripping water. Beck et al. [30,31] developed weight loss test.
electrochemical measurements in moist SC-CO2 phase by using Electrochemical and weight loss tests were conducted simulta-
two-electrode system, i.e., carbon steel as working electrode and neously in self-designed 3 L autoclave. Fig. 1 shows the schematic
stainless steel as counter/reference electrode. They also designed diagram of the setup for electrochemical and weight loss measure-
a three-electrode probe covered by an ion conductive membrane ments. Before corrosion test, 100 mL deionized water, which was
coating to provide electrolyte conductivity for electrochemical deoxygenized by pure CO2 (99.99%) over 12 h, was added to the bot-
measurements. However, the coated ion conductive membrane tom of the autoclave to ensure that the SC-CO2 was saturated with
may have impact on the electrochemical measurements, especially H2 O throughout the test. The prepared specimens were mounted
in the mass transfer process of corrosive species. Additionally, it inside the autoclave with its exposed face upwards, and placed
is worth mentioning that the reference electrodes used in these above the water. After closed the autoclave, CO2 or CO2 /O2 mixture
works were metal electrodes. It is not sure that the potentials of gas was injected into the autoclave with a booster pump so that the
these metal electrodes are stable and reliable enough to be used as autoclave was pressurized to the required pressure (8 MPa). All the
reference electrodes. experiments were conducted at 50 C and lasted 96 h. After exper-
In this work, a self-designed setup was developed to study the iment, the four specimens for weight loss test were cleaned with
corrosion behaviour of X65 carbon steel in SC-CO2 phase contain- distilled water. Three of them were for calculating the weight loss
ing H2 O and O2 impurities by in situ electrochemical measurements corrosion rate and one of them was for surface analysis.
(including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), linear
polarization resistance (LPR), and polarization curve measure-
ments) using a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The structure and 2.2. Electrochemical measurements
morphology of the corrosion products lm were also analysed by
surface characterization. Electrochemical measurements were conducted with an elec-
trochemical work station. A three-electrode electrochemical cell
was used with X65 carbon steel as working electrode (WE), plat-
2. Experimental inum as counter electrode (CE), and Ag/AgCl electrode (0.1 M KCl)
as reference electrode (RE). EIS measurements were performed
2.1. Materials and method at open circuit potential (OCP) with a 5 mV AC perturbations in
the frequency from 104 Hz to 102 Hz. Linear polarization resis-
In this experiment, API X65 pipeline steel, with a chemical com- tance measurements were performed from 0.005 V to 0.005 V vs.
position (wt%): C 0.04%, Si 0.2%, Mn 1.5%, P 0.011%, S 0.003%, Mo OCP with a scan rate of 0.1 mV/s. Polarization curve measurements
0.02%, and Fe balance, was used as experimental material. The size were performed from 0.25 V to 0.25 V vs. OCP with a scan rate of
of the specimen for weight loss test was 10 mm 10 mm 3 mm. 0.5 mV/s.
Before the weight loss test, all the specimens were abraded with
400 grit silicon carbide paper, and then degreased with acetone and
rinsed with deionized water. After pretreatment, the specimens 2.3. Surface characterization
were mounted into a Teon (PTFE) mould, with an exposed sur-
face of 10 10 mm2 , and the rest surfaces were sealed with epoxy. After corrosion test, the surface and cross-section morpholo-
For in situ electrochemical measurements, a three-electrode system gies of corroded specimens were observed by scanning electron
was sealed with epoxy. X65 pipeline steel electrode was as work- microscope (SEM).The composition of corrosion products on the
ing electrode (WE). A PTFE tube (with a porous ceramics cap at the specimens surface was analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer
120 Y. Tang et al. / Corrosion Science 118 (2017) 118128
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the setup for in situ electrochemical measurements in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 environment.
3.1. Weight loss corrosion rate measurements 3.3. Polarization curve measurements
Fig. 2 shows the weight loss corrosion rate of X65 carbon steel Fig. 4 shows the polarization curves of X65 carbon steel after
after corrosion in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2 corrosion in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2
for 96 h. It can be seen that the corrosion rate in the absence of O2 for 96 h. It is seen that both the cathodic and anodic process are
was about 0.25 mm/a. In the presence of O2 , the corrosion rates with primarily under activation control regardless the presence of O2
95 mg/L O2 and 475 mg/L O2 were about 0.91 mm/a and 1.52 mm/a, or not [34,35]. The anodic current density increases prominently
respectively, which indicates that the presence of small amount of while cathodic current density increases slightly after adding small
O2 promotes the corrosion of X65 carbon steel. Furthermore, the amount of O2 , which leads to a negative shift of corrosion potential
corrosion rate increases with the increase of O2 concentration. The and an increase in corrosion current density. It is well known that
obtained corrosion rate is close to Chois results with the similar O2 is a strong depolarization agent. Ferrous ions could be oxidized
experimental conditions [26]. Compared to the results in Table 1, to ferric iron ion by O2 , leading to the signicant increase of anodic
there is difference in the corrosion rate, but in the same range. It current density in the presence of O2 . However, for cathodic reduc-
should be noted that the experimental conditions, such as water tion reactions, the reduction of H+ still plays a dominant role in the
content, impurity species and their contents, and corrosion period, presence of small amount of O2 . Therefore, the increase in cathodic
were so different. reaction rate is slight. Therefore, the increase in cathodic reaction
rate is slight. Furthermore, when protective FeCO3 lm is formed
3.2. Open circuit potential and linear polarization measurements on the electrode surface in CO2 -containing environment, the cor-
rosion potential of steel usually shifts in positive direction [36].
Fig. 3(a) shows the time dependence of open circuit potential This situation indicates that the protective FeCO3 lm usually has
(OCP) of X65 carbon steel in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without more inhibitive effect on anodic reaction than cathodic reaction.
and with O2 . It is seen that the OCP at the beginning was much The presence of O2 inhibits the formation of protective FeCO3 lm.
Y. Tang et al. / Corrosion Science 118 (2017) 118128 121
Fig. 3. Time dependence of OCP (a) and polarization resistance (b) of X65 carbon steel in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2.
Table 2
Fitted electrochemical parameters of the polarization curves of X65 carbon steel after corrosion in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2 for 96 h.
Conditions Ecorr (V vs. Ag/ACl (0.1 M KCl)) Icorr (A/cm2 ) ba (mV/dec) bc (mV/dec)
5
8 MPa CO2 0.679 3.24 10 242 222
8 MPa CO2 + 95 mg/L O2 0.713 1.03 104 83 211
8 MPa CO2 + 475 mg/L O2 0.719 1.09 104 173 268
Fig. 4. Polarization curves of X65 carbon steel after corrosion in H2 O-saturated SC-
CO2 phase without and with O2 for 96 h.
Fig. 6. EIS Nyquist (a, c, e) and Bode (b, d, f) plots (measured at open circuit potential) of X65 carbon steel in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2 in the late
stage: (a and b) 8 MPa CO2 , (c and d) 8 MPa CO2 + 95 mg/L O2 , (e and f) 8 MPa CO2 + 475 mg/L O2.
Table 3
Fitted electrochemical parameters of the EIS of X65 carbon steel in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2 in initial period of experiment (32 h).
Conditions Qdl (1 cm2 sn1 ) n1 Rct ( cm2 ) RL ( cm2 ) L (H/cm2 ) Qf (1 cm2 sn2 ) n2 Rf ( cm2 )
8 5
8 MPa CO2 2.52 10 0.96 812.8 2565 2.328 9.88 10 0.75 3145
8 MPa CO2 + 95 mg/L O2 3.938 108 0.92 357.8 2236 0.131 2.68 104 0.85 136.5
8 MPa CO2 + 475 mg/L O2 1.808 108 0.98 258.1 1526 0.032 4.64 104 0.83 225
Table 4
Fitted electrochemical parameters of the EIS of X65 carbon steel in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2 in the late period of experiment.
Conditions Time (h) Qdl (1 cm2 sn1 ) n1 Rct ( cm2 ) Qf (1 cm2 sn2 ) n2 Rf ( cm2 )
Fig. 8. SEM surface morphologies of X65 carbon steel after corrosion (without electrochemical measurement) in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2 for 96 h:
(a and b) 8 MPa CO2 , (c and d) 8 MPa CO2 + 95 mg/L O2 , (e and f) 8 MPa CO2 + 475 mg/L O2.
state of elements. Fig. 11 shows the XPS of X65 carbon steel after Table 6
Binding energy and specication for the elements by XPS analysis of X65 carbon
corrosion in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2 for
steel after corrosion in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2 for 96 h.
96 h. Table 6 lists the corresponding binding energy and specica-
tion for the elements. It is seen that C, O, Fe elements are present Elements Binding energy (eV) Peak At.%
on the electrode surface. The peak of each element was tted to 8 MPa CO2
obtain the information about the valence state of elements. In the C1s 282.2 SiC 64.43
absence of O2 , the C1s peaks at 284.6 eV, 289.3 eV could be assigned 284.6 Adventitious C
289.4 FeCO3
to adventitious carbon and carbonate, respectively. Meanwhile, the
O1s 531.6 FeCO3 30.17
peak of O1 s at 531.6 eV is associated with the oxygen in the carbon- Fe 709.3 Fe 5.40
ate. The tting of Fe 2p3/2 peak indicates that the peaks at 710.7 eV 2p3/2 710.7 FeCO3
and 713.9 eV correspond to FeCO3 and the satellite peak, respec- 713.9 Satellite peak
tively [40]. Therefore, there is only FeCO3 lm in the absence of O2 . 8 MPa CO2 + 475 mg/L O2
In the presence of O2 , the C1 s peaks are also assigned to adventi- C1s 284.6 Adventitious C 32.47
tious carbon and carbonate. For O1s, apart from the peak assigned to 289.2 FeCO3
O1s 529.7 Fe2 O3 55.59
carbonate (531.4 eV), a new peak appears at 529.8 eV, which could
531.4 FeCO3
be attributed to Fe oxide. The Fe 2p3/2 peaks at 710.4 eV, 711.6 eV, Fe 709.0 Fe 11.94
and 713.7 eV could be assigned to FeCO3 , Fe2 O3 , and the satel- 2p3/2 710.3 FeCO3
lite peak, respectively. This indicates that FeCO3 and Fe2 O3 lms 711.6 Fe2 O3
713.7 Satellite peak
simultaneously exist in the presence of O2 .
Y. Tang et al. / Corrosion Science 118 (2017) 118128 125
Fig. 9. SEM cross-section morphologies (a, c, e) and EDS linear scans (b, d, f) of X65 carbon steel after corrosion (without electrochemical measurement) in H2 O-saturated
SC-CO2 phase without and with O2 for 96 h: (a and b) 8 MPa CO2 , (c and d) 8 MPa CO2 + 95 mg/L O2 , (e and f) 8 MPa CO2 + 475 mg/L O2.
Fig. 11. XPS of X65 carbon steel after corrosion (without electrochemical measurement) in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase with and without O2 for 96 h: (a) 8 MPa CO2 , (b)
8 MPa CO2 + 475 mg/L O2.
Y. Tang et al. / Corrosion Science 118 (2017) 118128 127
Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of corrosion mechanism of X65 carbon steel in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase without and with O2 : (a) without O2 , (b) with O2.
relatively compact while Fe2 O3 was loose, as shown in the SEM sur- 5. Conclusions
face and cross-section images. Then, at the area where FeCO3 lm
was formed, O2 was not easy to pass through the relatively compact In this work, a setup was developed for in situ electrochemi-
FeCO3 lm. Therefore, the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ by O2 was just cal measurement in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase by using Ag/AgCl
carried out on FeCO3 lm surface, i.e., Fe2 O3 was formed on FeCO3 reference electrode. It is demonstrated that there is no essential
lm. However, at the area where Fe2 O3 was formed, the reducing difference in the electrochemical corrosion mechanism between
species (such as H+ , H2 CO3 , HCO3 ) could pass through the loose SC-CO2 and non-SC-CO2 environment. The impedance spectra
Fe2 O3 lm, which leads to the formation of FeCO3 lm under the exhibit three time constants, i.e., a capacitive loop in high frequency,
loose Fe2 O3 . Therefore, in the late stage, relatively compact FeCO3 an inductive loop in intermediate frequency, and another capaci-
was formed in the inner layer, while the loose Fe2 O3 was formed tive loop in low frequency in the initial stage. The inductive loop in
in the outer layer. A similar bilayer structure corrosion products intermediate frequency disappears entirely and all the impedance
lm was also reported in the CO2 -H2 O-H2 S environment [24]. The spectra are characterized by double capacitive loops in the late
protective performance of the corrosion products lm formed in period.
the presence of O2 is less than that formed without O2 . Moreover, The weight loss measurement shows that the corrosion rate of
there is no obvious change in the protective performance of the carbon steel in H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase is about 0.25 mm/a. In
corrosion products lm with the increase of O2 concentration due the presence of O2 , the corrosion rates with 95 mg/L and 475 mg/L
to the formation of loose Fe2 O3 lm with both O2 concentrations. O2 are about 0.91 mm/a and 1.52 mm/a, respectively, which indi-
128 Y. Tang et al. / Corrosion Science 118 (2017) 118128
cates that the presence of small amount of O2 promotes the [19] Z. Cui, S. Wu, C. Li, S. Zhu, X. Yang, Corrosion behavior of oil tube steels under
corrosion of X65 carbon steel. The obtained corrosion rate is close conditions of multiphase ow saturated with super-critical carbon dioxide,
Mater. Lett. 58 (2004) 10351040.
to Chois results with the similar experimental conditions. Com- [20] M. Kermani, D. Harr, The impact of corrosion on oil and gas industry, SPE
pared to the results in Table 1, there is difference in the corrosion Prod. Facil. 11 (1996) 186190.
rate (but in the same range) due to the difference in experimental [21] J. Han, S. Nesic, Y. Yang, B.N. Brown, Spontaneous passivation observations
during scale formation on mild steel in CO2 brines, Electrochim. Acta 56
conditions. (2011) 53965404.
In H2 O-saturated SC-CO2 phase, a single compact layer of FeCO3 [22] Z.F. Yin, W.Z. Zhao, Z.Q. Bai, Y.R. Feng, W.J. Zhou, Corrosion behavior of SM
lm is formed, while in the presence of O2 , two layer of corro- 80SS tube steel in stimulant solution containing H2 S and CO2 , Electrochim.
Acta 53 (2008) 36903700.
sion products are observed, i.e., a relatively compact inner layer
[23] Y.S. Choi, S. Nesic, Effect of Water Content on the Corrosion Behavior of
of FeCO3 lm and a loose outer layer of Fe oxide lm. The presence Carbon Steel in Supercritical CO2 Phase with Impurities, CORROSION/2011,
of O2 inhibits the formation of protective FeCO3 lms and promotes NACE International, Houston/TX, 2011, Paper No. 11377.
[24] Y.S. Choi, S. Hassani, T.N. Vu, S. Nesic, A.Z.B. Abas, Effect of H2 S on the
the formation of non-protective Fe oxide, which results in obvious
Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline Steels in Supercritical and Liquid CO2
increase of corrosion rate. Environments, CORROSION/2015, NACE International, Houston/TX, 2015,
Paper No. 5927.
[25] Y. Hua, R. Barker, A. Neville, Comparison of corrosion behaviour for X-65
Acknowledgments
carbon steel in supercritical CO2 -saturated water and
water-saturated/unsaturated supercritical CO2 , J. Supercrit. Fluids 97 (2015)
The authors thank the support of National Natural Science Foun- 224237.
dation of China (Nos. 51371086, 51571097). The authors also thank [26] Y.S. Choi, S. Nesic, D. Young, Effect of impurities on the corrosion behavior of
CO2 transmission pipeline steel in supercritical CO2 -water environments,
the support of analytical and testing center of Huazhong University Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (2010) 92339238.
of Science and Technology. [27] J.B. Sun, C. Sun, G.A. Zhang, X.D. Li, W.M. Zhao, T. Jiang, H.F. Liu, X.K. Cheng, Y.
Wang, Effect of O2 and H2 S impurities on the corrosion behavior of X65 steel
in water-saturated supercritical CO2 system, Corros. Sci. 107 (2016) 3140.
References [28] C. Sun, J. Sun, Y. Wang, X. Lin, X. Li, X. Cheng, H. Liu, Synergistic effect of O2 ,
H2 S and SO2 impurities on the corrosion behavior of X65 steel in
[1] R.K. Pachauri, M. Allen, V. Barros, J. Broome, W. Cramer, R. Christ, J. Church, L. water-saturated supercritical CO2 system, Corros. Sci. 107 (2016) 193203.
Clarke, Q. Dahe, P. Dasgupta, Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. [29] L. Wei, X. Pang, K. Gao, Effect of small amount of H2 S on the corrosion
Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of behavior of carbon steel in the dynamic supercritical CO2 environments,
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014). Corros. Sci. 103 (2016) 132144.
[2] V. Jankovic, D.M. Schultz, Atmosfear: communicating the effects of climate [30] J. Beck, S. Lvov, M. Fedkin, M. Ziomek-Moroz, G. Holcomb, J. Tylczak, D. Alman,
change on extreme weather, Weather Clim. Soc. 9 (2017) 2737. Electrochemical System to Study Corrosion of Metals in Supercritical CO2
[3] D.M. Reiner, Learning through a portfolio of carbon capture and storage Fluids, CORROSION/2011, NACE International, Houston/TX, 2011, Paper
demonstration projects, Nat. Energy 1 (2016) 15011. No.11380.
[4] K. Bennaceur, D. Gielen, T. Kerr, C. Tam, CO2 Capture and Storage: A Key [31] J. Beck, M. Fedkina, S.N. Lvov, M.E. Ziomek-Moroz, G. Holcomb, J. Tylczak, D.
Carbon Abatement Option, IEA/OECD, Paris, 2008. Alman, In situ electrochemical corrosion measurements of carbon steel in
[5] C. Global, Institute, 2014, The global status of CCS (2014). supercritical CO2 using a membrane-coated electrochemical probe, ECS Trans.
[6] A. Bhave, R.H.S. Taylor, P. Fennell, W.R. Livingston, N. Shah, N.M. Dowell, J. 45 (2013) 3950.
Dennis, M. Kraft, M. Pourkashanian, M. Insa, J. Jones, N. Burdett, A. Bauen, C. [32] R. Thodla, A. Francois, N. Sridhar, Materials Performance in Supercritical CO2
Beal, A. Smallbone, J. Akroyd, Screening and techno-economic assessment of Environments, CORROSION/2009, NACE International, Houston/TX, 2009,
biomass-based power generation with CCS technologies to meet 2050 CO2 Paper No. 09255.
targets, Appl. Energy 190 (2017) 481489. [33] F. Ayello, K. Evans, R. Thodla, N. Sridhar, Effect of Impurities on Corrosion of
[7] J. Gibbins, H. Chalmers, Carbon capture and storage, Energy Policy 36 (2008) Steel in Supercritical CO2 , CORROSION/2010, NACE International, Houston/TX,
43174322. 2010, Paper No.10193.
[8] P. Pearson, A.F. Hollenkamp, E. Meuleman, Electrochemical investigation of [34] Q.Y. Liu, L.J. Mao, S.W. Zhou, Effects of chloride content on CO2 corrosion of
corrosion in CO2 capture plantsinuence of amines, Electrochim. Acta 110 carbon steel in simulated oil and gas well environments, Corros. Sci. 84 (2014)
(2013) 511516. 165171.
[9] B. Metz, O. Davidson, H. De Coninck, M. Loos, L. Meyer, Carbon Dioxide [35] G.A. Zhang, Y.F. Cheng, Electrochemical characterization and computational
Capture and Storage, 2005. uid dynamics simulation of ow-accelerated corrosion of X65 steel in a
[10] Z. Liu, X. Gao, J. Li, L. Du, C. Yu, P. Li, X. Bai, Corrosion behaviour of low-alloy CO2 -saturated oileld formation water, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 27162724.
martensite steel exposed to vapour-saturated CO2 and CO2 -saturated brine [36] G.A. Zhang, Y.F. Cheng, Localized corrosion mechanism of X65 steel in
conditions, Electrochim. Acta 213 (2016) 842855. CO2 -saturated formation water, Electrochim. Acta 56 (2011) 16761685.
[11] I. GHG, CO2 Pipeline Infrastructure, Report, 2013. [37] G.A. Zhang, Y.F. Cheng, On the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion of
[12] I.S. Cole, P. Corrigan, S. Sim, N. Birbilis, Corrosion of pipelines used for CO2 X65 steel in CO2 -containing formation water in the presence of acetic acid in
transport in CCS: is it a real problem? Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control 5 (2011) petroleum production, Corros. Sci. 51 (2009) 8794.
749756. [38] G.A. Zhang, M.X. Lu, Y.B. Qiu, X.P. Guo, Z.Y. Chen, The relationship between the
[13] I. Cole, D. Paterson, P. Corrigan, S. Sim, N. Birbilis, State of the aqueous phase formation process of corrosion scales and the electrochemical mechanism of
in liquid and supercritical CO2 as relevant to CCS pipelines, Int. J. Greenh. Gas carbon steel in high pressure CO2 -containing formation water, J. Electrochem.
Control 7 (2012) 8288. Soc. 159 (2012) C393C402.
[14] F. Ayello, K. Evans, N. Sridhar, R. Thodla, Effect of liquid impurities on [39] K.W. Gao, F. Yu, X.L. Pang, G.A. Zhang, L.J. Qiao, W.Y. Chu, M.X. Lu, Mechanical
corrosion of carbon steel in supercritical CO2 , Proceedings of the 8th properties of CO2 corrosion product scales and their relationship to corrosion
International Pipeline Conference IPC, 2010 (2010) 111123. rates, Corros. Sci. 50 (2008) 27962803.
[15] Y. Xiang, Z. Wang, C. Xu, C. Zhou, Z. Li, W. Ni, Impact of SO2 concentration on [40] J.K. Heuer, J.F. Stubbins, An XPS characterization of FeCO3 lms from CO2
the corrosion rate of X70 steel and iron in water-saturated supercritical CO2 corrosion, Corros. Sci. 41 (1999) 12311243.
mixed with SO2 , J. Supercrit. Fluids 58 (2011) 286294. [41] T. Graedel, Gildes model studies of aqueous chemistry. I. Formulation and
[16] Y. Zhang, X. Pang, S. Qu, X. Li, K. Gao, Discussion of the CO2 corrosion potential applications of the multi-regime model, Corros. Sci. 38 (1996)
mechanism between low partial pressure and supercritical condition, Corros. 21532180.
Sci. 59 (2012) 186197. [42] Y. Xiang, Z. Wang, M. Xu, Z. Li, W. Ni, A mechanistic model for pipeline steel
[17] S. Nesic, Key issues related to modelling of internal corrosion of oil and gas corrosion in supercritical CO2 SO2 O2 H2 O environments, J. Supercrit. Fluids
pipelinesa review, Corros. Sci. 49 (2007) 43084338. 82 (2013) 112.
[18] F. Song, A comprehensive model for predicting CO2 corrosion rate in oil and [43] Y.S. Choi, S. Nesic, Determining the corrosive potential of CO2 transport
gas production and transportation systems, Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010) pipeline in high pCO2 -water environments, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control 5
689700. (2011) 788797.