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Literature:
G.Hiller & U.Uwer, Quark Flavor Physics,
in Physics at the Terascale, ed. I.Brock & T.Schoerner-Sadenius,
Wiley (2011)
1
1. Quark masses and CKM matrix
Quark mass terms in Lagrangian (after spontaneous symmetry breaking:
Yukawa coupling
L quarks
Y d Y d L d R uLYu uR h .c .
2 Short-hand
~ U,D U,D
notation for
Mass matrix: M Y
2
L quarks
Y
2
d Y
j ,k
L
j
d
jk
dRk uLjYujkuRk h.c .
~D ~U
d M jk d u M jkuRk
L
j k
R L
j
Yukawa matrices and thus the mass matrices are in general not diagonal
in generation space! In fact for the Standard Model they are not!
2
Diagonalization
Diagonalization using unitary transformations to obtain mass eigenstates ~
q A
~ V q
q with q u, d A R, L
A A ,q A Set of 4 matrices!
and VA ,qVA,q 1
Matrices VA,q are determined by:
3
CKM Matrix
If up-type and down-type Yukawa matrices cannot be diagonalised simultaneously,
there is an net effect of the basis change on the charged current interaction (which
connects u/d-type) :
The charged-current interaction gets a flavor structure which is encoded in the
Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix (CKM):
The element (VCKM)ij connects the LH u-type quark of the ith generation
with the LH d-type quark of the jth generation. We label the matrix element
according to quark flavor instead to the generation index.
4
CP violation
CP
5
Parameters of CKM matrix
Independent parameters:
6
Unobservable Quark Phases
Real numbers
Under phase transformation:
8
Wolfenstein Parametrization
d s b
d ' V Vus Vub d
u ud
s' Vc cd Vcs Vcb s
b' tV b
td Vts Vtb
, A, , with = 0.22
|Vub|e-i
Vud Vus Vub
1 2 A3 i
2
VCKM Vcd Vcs Vcb 1 2
2
A2
O
4
V
Vtb A3 1 i A2
td Vts 1
|Vtd|e-i
CP
u Lj Vji diL
T
CP (T) violation Vji Vji
i.e. Complex elements
Remark: For 2 quark generations the mixing is described by the real 2x2
Cabbibo matrix no CP violation! To explain CPV in the SM
Kobayashi and Maskawa have predicted a third quark generation.
10
CP Violation in the Standard Model
Requirements for CP violation
m
2
t
mc2 mt2 mu2 mc2 mu2
mb2 ms2 m2
b md2 m2
s md2 J CP 0
where
i j,
Jarlskog
JCP Im ViV jViV * *
j
determinant
11
Unitarity Triangles
Unitarity condition of the CKM matrix can be described by an triangle
relations in the complex plane:
Triangles with approximately equal sides.
Vub* Vtb Vud* Vtd
VudV Vcd V Vtd V 0
*
ub
*
cb
*
tb
(db) V V *
ub ud
VV *
tb td (ut)
(db)
V V V V V V 0
*
us ub
*
cs cb
*
ts tb
(sb) Vus*Vts
Vcb* Vcd
VudVus* Vcd Vcs* Vtd Vts* 0 (ds) (sb) (ct)
Vus*Vub Vcs*Vcb Vcd* Vtd Vcb* Vtb
VudVtd* VusVts* VubVtb* 0 (ut) Vts*Vtb Vcs*Vts
13
Determination of CKM matrix elements
Vus Kaon-decays
e
W e
W e
K0
s u
K
s
e
d d u
Problem: Kaon and pion form factors (see also the section on pion decay)
e
Vcd D-meson decays W e
D 0
c d
u u
Form faktor! 14
Determination of CKM matrix elements
( d D X Y ) ~ Vcd
2
D-decays
e
Form factors!
W e
W e
c s c
D0 K Ds e
d d s
15
Determination of CKM matrix elements
Semi-leptonic B decays
Vcb
e e
Vub
W e W e
u
B 0 b c
D
B 0 b
d d d d
16
Determination of CKM matrix elements
In the Wolfenstein parametrization at order O(4) (6) only 2 (3) of the CKM
matrix elements have non-trivial phases: Vtd, Vub (Vts).
General remark:
B decays provide access to the modulus of 4 CKM elements and of two
CKM phases. Thats the reason B decays are studied very intensively.
17
2. Mixing of neutral mesons
The quark mixing results into several interesting loop effects:
Standard Model predicts at loop-level: Flavor Changing Neutral Currents
(forbidden at tree-level)
P 0 : K 0 ds D0 u c Bd0 db Bs0 sb
0 0
B B
d B 0 (t ) i B 0 (t ) Flavor states
i 0 M 0
B (t ) B (t ) = No mass
dt 2 eigenstates
Diagonalizing H: H
Mass eigenstates:
BL p B 0 q B 0 with mL,L light
1 1
19
Flavor eigenstates: B0 ( BL BH ) B0 ( BL BH )
2p 2q
Mixing of neutral mesons
P (B B ) P (B B )
0 0 0 0
4
1 t
e eL t
2e
H L H t / 2
cos mt
CPT
2
1 q t t t / 2
P (B B )
0 0
e e L
2e H L H
cos mt m mH mL
4 p
2
1 p t t t / 2
P (B B ) e e 2e cos mt
0 0 L H L H
4 q
CP - violation in mixing: q
P (B B ) P (B B ) 1
0 0 0 0
20
B0-B0 Mixing
1,2
e 1 cos mt
1 t
P (B B )
0 0
1
2 m mH mL
0,8
Simplification for
0,6
1 t H L
P (B B ) e (1 cos mt )
0 0
0,4
2
0,2
1,50
0 2 4 6 8 10
1
0,5
m
Mixing 0
asymmetry
-0,5
oscillation P (B0 B0 ) P (B0 B0 )
-1 frequency P (B0 B0 ) P (B0 B0 )
-1,5 t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t / 9 BB 10
21
Standard Model Prediction
Vtd Vtb
d t cu b
Bd0 Bd0 B0 B0 md ~ mt2 O(6 )
b t cu d
Vtb Vtd
GF2 m 2
md 2 mB fB2BB (VtdVtb )2 mW2 B F 2t
6 mW
e.w. correction
22
Prediction for Bs mixing
Vts Vtb
s t b
Bs0 Bs0 B0s Bs0 ms ~ mt2 O(4 )
b t s
Vtb Vts
ms ~ (VtsVtb )2
B oscillation:
Deactivation of GIM(*) suppression because of large top mass:
What would be the mixing if all quarks had the same masses?
23
Missing FCNC and GIM mechanism Historical retrospect
In case of approx. equal quark masses, total amplitude vanishes: GIM suppression.
mt2
For large top quark mass: A( b s )SM VtbV 2
*
ts
GIM suppression
mW inactive
25
Discovery of B0 mixing
First e+e- B factory at DESY: ARGUS 1987
at s 10.58 GeV :
(BB ) 1nb
e e ( 4S ) B B 0 0
e ( 4s ) b Bd0
Bd0
e b
Unmixed: B0B 0
B0B0 B 0 D* B D
0 *
Mixed:
Same D 0 S D 0
B B
0 0
charge
K
K 26
Historical remark:
The observation of the Bd meson mixing put the first lower limit on the top
mass: mtop > 50 GeV. (GIM suppresison is inactive)
If the top mass was lower the GIM mechanism would lead to a small m,
i.e. the B would oscillate very slowly and would decay before mixing.
The GIM mechanism is a result of the unitarity of the CKM matrix. Only
different quark masses lead to a non-perfect cancellation and are the
soruces of observable FCNCs at loop level.
27
Experimental Status of Bd meson mixing
1,2
0,2 2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
1,5
1
P( B 0 B 0 ) P( B 0 B 0 )
0,5
P( B 0 B 0 ) P( B 0 B 0 )
0 md
-0,5
-1
-1,5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
md 0.506 0.006 0.004 ps-1
t
B
0.774
B
28
Bs Mixing measurement at LHC
very fast mixing K-
+
-
b Hadron
-
Bs +
K+
Ds
t = /c K-
t 3344 fs -
b Bs
b s
s
Figure of merit: D2 ~ 4.3%
K+
u
u
Tagging efficiency ~34%
Dilution D = (1 - 2) ~ 32%
= mistag probability
30
LHCb Bs Mixing Result
Unbinned Log-likelihood fit
4.6
31