Chemistry - Moles

A Demonstration to describe the

concept of moles more briefly.
Part 1: Chemical
Quantities
 Introduction
How did you determine the number of M&Ms in
the bag without actually counting?
 Atoms
Can you determine
the number of atoms
of an element even
though you can not
actually count them?

Yes IF there is a
conversion factor that
allows you to convert
between mass and
number of atoms.
Moles
The SI base unit that
measures amount of
substance

Avogadros Number:
6.02 x 1023 atoms
 Moles and Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of an element
in grams contains one mole of
atoms (Avogadros number of
atoms)

Example: There are 6.02 x

1023 (or 1.0 moles) of atoms in
12.011 g of carbon
 Moles as Conversion Factors
Use moles/grams (or grams/moles) as a
conversion factor

Ex: 16.0 g oxygen

-----------------------------
1 mole oxygen
 Example 1
How many moles of helium atoms are in
6.8 grams?
 Example 2
How many grams is equal to 1.51 moles of
iron?
 Examples 3, 4, and 5
17.6 grams of chlorine is equal to how
many moles?

How many moles of nickel do you have if

you have 65.1 g?

React 1.9 moles of sodium with chlorine

gas to get sodium chloride. How many
grams of sodium do you need?
 Calculating Molar Mass
Atomic Mass of an element = molar mass

Molar mass of a compound must be

calculated
 Calculating Molar Mass
How many oxygens are in a
DOZEN water molecules?

How many hydrogens?

Calculating Molar Mass
One mole of WATER
MOLECULES (H2O)
is one mole of oxygen
atoms and two moles
of hydrogen atoms

Calculate the mass of

one mole of water
molecules
Calculate the molar mass of
Boron Trifluoride

Sodium Iodide

Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Copper (III) Sulfate

 REMEMBER!
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of an
element/compound.

Molar mass has units of grams/mole.

Molar mass can be used as a conversion

factor to find grams or find moles.
 What you should know so far:
Explain the concept of a mole and give a definition

Explain how one mole of an element is related to atomic mass

Find the molar mass of an element (using correct units)

Determine the number of grams/moles of a given element using

molar mass

Calculate the molar mass of a compound

Determine the number of grams/moles of a given compound

using molar mass
Making A Solution
You want to make a solution
by dissolving 4.00 moles of
potassium nitrate in water.
How many grams of the
compound will you need?
 Example!
Calculate the number
of moles in a 13.8-g
sample of butane
lighter fluid. The
formula for butane is
C4H10.
Find the mass of: Find the number
of moles.
0.702 mol Be.

187 g Al

2.40 mol N2.

0.264 g

0.160 mol H2O2.

Li2HPO4

5.08 mol NaNO3.

333 g SnF2

 How many grams are in 5.66 mol of
CaCO3?
 How many moles are in 508 grams of
ethanol, CH3CH2OH?
Part 2: Moles of a
Gas
 Gases
Solids/liquids are packed
tightly together and more
space is needed if
atoms/molecules are larger

Atoms/molecules in gases
are far apart, so larger
atoms/molecules do not
need more space
Mole-Volume Relationship
Avogadros Hypothesis
equal volumes of gases
contain equal numbers of
particles

1 mole of any gas takes up

the same volume as long
as
 STP
as long as the gases
are at the same
pressures and
temperatures

STP, or standard
temperature and
pressure means 0oC
and 1 atmosphere, which
is air pressure at sea
level
Calculating Moles of a Gas
At STP, a mole of any gas
takes up 22.4 liters.

Use 22.4 L/mol as a

conversion factor!
 Example 1
How many liters will a
0.19-mole sample of
oxygen gas take up?
 Example 2
A blimp has a volume of 95 kL (95,000 L). If it is
filled with helium at STP, how many moles of the
gas are contained within the blimp?
 Examples 3 and 4
Find the number of moles in a What is the volume
sample of chlorine gas stored of 0.18 moles of
in a 14.2-liter tank at STP. xenon at STP?
 During Last Weeks Episode

Look up molar mass of elements /

calculate molar mass of compounds

Convert moles-grams using molar mass

as the conversion factor (elements and
compounds)

Convert moles-liters of a gas using molar

volume (22.4 L/mol)
 Mass (g)
Conversion Factor:
molar mass

MOLES Conversion Factor:

Avogadros number
Conversion Factor:
molar volume 6.02 x 1023 atoms/mol
(22.4 L / 1 mol)

Volume (L) # Atoms

 Challenge Problem
Calculate the mass of
16.4 L of chlorine gas
at STP.
Part 3: Molarity
Molarity
Molarity is a measure of how
concentrated a solution is

Amount of solute per volume of

solution

High concentration / high

molarity
 Molarity
Measured in units of moles/liter

mol/L = M

A 2.5 M solution has 2.5 moles of salt in one liter of

water
 Molarity Problems
To make one liter of a
2.5 molar solution of
sodium chloride, how
many grams of sodium
chloride do you need?
 Molarity Problems
SET MOLARITY How many moles of
PROBLEMS UP AS A silver nitrate (AgNO3)
PROPORTION! are in 0.4 L of a 6.0 M
solution?

How many grams of

silver nitrate is that?
 Molarity Problem #3
How many grams of lead(IV) chloride must
be dissolved in 50 mL of water to make a
0.1 M solution?

Remember: 0.1 M = 0.1 mol/L

 Molarity Problem #4
If you dissolve 56 g of sugar (sucrose,

C12H22O11) into a liter of water, what is the

molarity of the solution you created?
Part 3: Percent
Composition
Section 10.3, page 305
 Methane, CH4, is made of solely hydrogen and
carbon. What percent of the compound is
hydrogen? What percent is carbon?
Percent Composition
Remember that some atoms are
larger, by mass, than others

Mass of each atom must be taken

into account when calculating
percent composition
 Percent Composition
Percent composition = % (by mass) of
each atom in a compound

mass of element
% composition = --------------------------- x 100%
mass of compound
 Example 1
15.1 grams of oxygen combine with 1.9 g
of hydrogen to make water. Find the
percent composition of each element.
 Example 2
A sample of glucose is synthesized from
58.00 g carbon, 9.73 g hydrogen, and
77.27 g oxygen. Find the percent
composition for each element.
 Percent Composition and
Chemical Formulas
Allows you to find the %
composition of an element
in a compound without
knowing the mass of that
element

molar mass of element

% composition = --------------------------------------- x 100%
molar mass of compound
 Example 1
What percentage of a sample of table salt,
sodium chloride, is sodium?
 Example 2
Determine the percent composition of iron
(III) oxide.
 Example 3
Hypochlorous acid is one of the active
sanitizers in pool-cleaning products. Its
formula is HClO. What percent of the
compound is oxygen?
 Using Percent Composition
to Calculate Mass

To calculate mass of one

element in a specific mass
of a compound, multiply
the mass of the compound
by the percent composition
of that element.
Using Percent Composition
to Calculate Mass
Example:

Carbon is 27.3% of
CO2. Of 45.1 g of
CO2, what mass is
carbon?

27.3% x 45.1 g = 12.3 g

 Example 1
Find the number of grams of sodium in
10.1 g of sodium sulfate.

HINT! First write the formula for sodium sulfate,

then find the % sodium.
Thank You

A Presentation by Irfad Imtiaz

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