International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431

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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Review

Heat transfer and ow characteristics of spiral n-and-tube heat

exchangers: A review
Parinya Pongsoi a, Santi Pikulkajorn b, Somchai Wongwises a,
a
Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Engineering and Multiphase Flow Research Lab. (FUTURE), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkuts University
of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
b
Somchai Industry Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10150, Thailand

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the present study, an attempt has been made to summarize and analyze the results of an examination
Received 6 March 2014 of the air-side performance of spiral (or helical) n-and-tube heat exchangers. Currently, the spiral n-
Received in revised form 21 July 2014 and-tube heat exchanger is a favored type of heat exchanger for the waste heat recovery unit (WHRU),
Accepted 22 July 2014
a kind of economizer system. The present paper is broadly divided into an experimental section and
Available online 29 August 2014
numerical and simulation sections. A signicant fraction of the papers herein reviewed pertains to the
effect of n congurations, tube arrangements, operating conditions, and other factors on the air-side
Keywords:
performance of the spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers. Approximately 40 published articles related to
Review
Spiral n
spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers are briey described. Moreover, the air-side performance correla-
Heat transfer tions of spiral n and circular n-and-tube heat exchangers are compiled into this work for practical
Flow industrial applications.
Performance 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Heat exchanger
Extended surface

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
2. Experimental works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
2.1. Effects of fin pitch, fin thickness, fin material, fin pattern, fin alignment, and fin outside diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
2.1.1. Conventional spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
2.1.2. Serrated spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
2.1.3. Crimped spiral fin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
2.1.4. L-footed spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
2.2. Effects of number of tube rows, tube arrangement, tube diameter, longitudinal tube pitch, and transverse tube pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
2.2.1. Conventional spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
2.2.2. Serrated spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
2.2.3. Crimped spiral fin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
2.2.4. L-footed spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
2.3. Effects of operating conditions, and others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
2.3.1. Conventional spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
2.3.2. Serrated spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
2.3.3. Crimped spiral fin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
3. Numerical and simulation works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
3.1. Effects of fin pitch, fin thickness, fin material, fin pattern, fin alignment, and fin outside diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
3.1.1. Serrated spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
3.2. Effects of number of tube rows, tube arrangement, tube diameter, longitudinal tube pitch, and transverse tube pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
3.2.1. Serrated spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Corresponding author. Tel.: +66 24709115.

E-mail address: somchai.won@kmutt.ac.th (S. Wongwises).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.07.072
0017-9310/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
418 P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431

3.3.Effects of operating conditions and others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

3.3.1. Conventional spiral fin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
5. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Conflict of interest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

Nomenclature

Amin minimum free ow area, m2 SD diagonal ow area, m2

Ao total surface area, m2 ST transversal area, m2
cc correlation of circular n-and-tub heat exchanger T temperature, K
cs correlation of spiral n-and-tub heat exchanger T ratio temperature, dimensionless
df n outside diameter, m Tdew dew point temperature, K
dh hydraulic diameter, m Twi inlet water temperature, K
do tube outside diameter, m Vfr air frontal velocity, m/s
Eu Euler number, dimensionless w humidity ratio, dimensionless
f fanning friction factor, dimensionless W ratio of heat transfer area of a row of tubes to frontal
Fo Fourier number, dimensionless free ow area, dimensionless
fh n height, m x ratio of dust-air mixture, dimensionless
fp n pitch, m Zo air-side thermal resistance at clean condition (t = 0),
ft n thickness, m K/W
h heat transfer coefcient, W/(m2 K) Ztotal total air-side thermal resistance, K/W
j Colburn factor, dimensionless
LMTD logarithmic mean temperature difference, K Greek symbols
m mass ow rate, kg/s d dimensionless term of time
Nrow number of tube rows dfr frost thickness, m
Nu Nusselt number, dimensionless e heat exchanger effectiveness, dimensionless
PD diagonal pitch, m b empirical constant, dimensionless
PL longitudinal tube pitch, m s dimensionless term of temperature
PT transverse tube pitch, m DP pressure drop, Pa
Pr Prandtl number, dimensionless n1 heat exchanger performance index, W/Pa
Q heat transfer rate, W n2 system performance index, W/Pa
Rd ratio of diagonal free cross-sectional area to frontal free n3 dimensionless system performance index, dimension-
cross-sectional area, dimensionless less
Redc Reynolds number based on n collar outside diameter
(dc), dimensionless
Subscripts
Redh Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter (dh), a air
dimensionless fs frost surface
Redo Reynolds number based on tube outside diameter (do),
in inlet
dimensionless tp tube plate
Ri dimensionless group used in correlation for in-line tube w water
bundles, dimensionless

1. Introduction
A heat exchanger is thermal equipment, which is built for ef-
cient heat transfer between two uids of different temperatures.
Many types of heat exchangers are used in industrial processes.
The survey found that one of the favorable kinds of heat exchang-
ers was the n-and-tube heat exchanger.
About three quarters of a century ago, a paper of Harper and
Brown [1] was referenced as an NACA report. It was an excellent
work on the interesting interplay between convective and conduc-
tive heat transfer in an extended surface. They called this surface a
cooling n, which later became known merely as a n, as
reported in [2]. Fin-and-tube heat exchangers are widely used in
a variety of applications in the waste heat recovery units (WHRU),
HVAC&R systems, and other units and systems. The International
Energy Agency (IEA) and Industrial Energy-related Technologies
and Systems (IETS) presented a report on the topic of Industrial
Excess Heat Recovery Technologies & Applications in 2010 [3].
Fig. 1 illustrates the relation between energy uses and energy
losses in energy systems across 16 industrial sectors in the United
States (US) [3]. It can be seen that ve industrial sectors (petroleum
rening, chemicals, forest products, iron and steel, and food and
beverage) cover the energy inputs to energy systems by more than
80%. The energy loss in these ve industries totals about 15% of the
energy consumption in US industry. As can be seen, the worlds
thermal power depends mainly on fuel. Thus, the importance of
energy saving and energy efciency is dramatically growing thanks
to globalization. In order to delay global warming, one of energy-
saving approaches has been to use the economizer. It is absolutely
necessary that this equipment be used to recover heat. The econo-
mizer is a mechanical device used to reduce energy loss by recy-
cling energy produced within a system. Consequently, this
equipment has an important effect on energy use trends in each
industrial sector, as shown in detail in Fig. 1. It can be seen that
the effect of potential energy savings from using an economizer
has been signicant in consumption of energy from fuel in the
 P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Fig. 1. Energy uses and energy losses in the energy systems of United States (US) (data from [3]).
US. The economizer can improve cost savings and cost-effective-
ness. It also can help us see the worlds primary mode of energy
consumption. Understanding the relative signicance of energy
systems in each industrial sector is a key to identifying energy sav-
ings opportunities and strategies for implementation, such as
recovery of excess heat by economizer systems. This reviewed
work would like to add the concepts about energy savings
supported by economizers. For the sample case, during the com-
bustion process in stream boilers or hot oil boilers, waste heat in
the exhaust gas or ue gas passes along a recuperator (i.e., air-side
economizer). The economizer will preheat the inlet uid for the
boiler, as shown in Fig. 2. The air-side economizer will generally
be more energy-efcient than the water-side economizer [4]. Thus,
an economizer is a device to increase a boilers efciency. More-
over, it is also useful for applications from small-sized equipment,
such as electronic components, to large-scale equipment employed
in vehicles, aircraft, and heavy industries. This reects the fact that
the heat transfer enhancement technology is a fundamental com-
ponent of high-efciency design.
The primary interest is to determine how the extended surface
(i.e., the n) will enhance the air-side heat transfer performance of
this kind of heat exchanger. It is very important to consider the
heat transfer rate (heating or cooling), which is normally limited
by the thermal resistance on the air side of the heat exchanger.
Improving the n geometry or n pattern is one way to augment
the heat transfer rate of the n-and-tube heat exchanger, but this
method may require more fan power because of the loss associated
with the pressure drop. In order to solve the aforementioned prob-
lems, nding the optimized n conguration would be valuable in
designing and creating the heat exchanger. In addition, we must
realize that the effect of n congurations, tube arrangements,
and operating conditions has signicance for the air-side heat
419
transfer performance and ow characteristics of n-and-tube heat
exchangers. Until now, many researchers have investigated those
effects of plain ns, wavy ns, louver ns, slit ns, compounded
ns, circular (or annular) ns, and several spiral ns on the air-side
performance. Currently, the spiral n-and-tube heat exchanger
earns its popularity in waste heat recovery system applications,
as shown in Fig. 3. This is because of the easy manufacturing pro-
cess of the spiral n, which is quite common in industrial services.
The conventional spiral n is a simple type of the spiral ns. The
main difference between the conventional spiral n with several
spiral n types is that the feature of n base. Fig. 4 can elucidate
the shape of conventional spiral n. The tube surface at the base
of conventional spiral n is not covered by the n, leading to the
risk of tube corrosion. Furthermore, the shape of conventional
spiral n is mostly similar to the circular n congurationthis
work, for instance, has also included some details of the circular
n for the sake of completeness. The research works in the eld
of the spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers are approximately 40
published articles [542].
As mentioned above, there are many reasons leading to interest
in the spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers. Therefore, this present
study will focus on reviewing articles for the spiral n-and-tube
heat exchangers, which has never before been seen in the published
literature. In addition, detailed descriptions of the schematic dia-
gram of the economizer and the photos of the spiral n pattern will
be shown in Fig. 5. Especially, this present review paper is com-
prised of comprehensive lists of the experimental section, as well
as numerical and simulation sections, to investigate the open liter-
ature for researchers and engineers in the eld of the spiral n-and-
tube heat exchangers. The present study has managed the group of
the n pitch, n thickness, n material, n pattern, number of tube
rows, tube arrangement, tube diameter, longitudinal tube pitch, and
420 P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431

Firebox

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the boiler with economizer system.

Spiral finned tube

Fig. 3. Spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers in various congurations.

transverse tube pitch effects. Fig. 6 shows the geometric parameters
and schematic diagrams of the n pitch (fp), n thickness (ft), n
material, and n outside diameter (df), number of tube rows (Nrow),
tube inside diameter (di), tube outside diameter (do), longitudinal
tube pitch (PL), and transverse tube pitch (PT) of spiral n-and-tube
heat exchanger. This investigation is support to real applications in
industries. Finally, and probably most importantly, the authors also
gather information about air-side heat transfer performance corre-
lations for heat exchanger designers.
2. Experimental works
2.1. Effects of n pitch, n thickness, n material, n pattern, n
alignment, and n outside diameter
2.1.1. Conventional spiral n
Hamakawa et al. [5] studied the effects of n pitches (fp) on the
spiral-nned tube bank on the pressure drop characteristics. The
spiral n seems to have a greater heat transfer coefcient than
 P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431 421

Conventional spiral fin

Tube

Base of fin

y
x

Tube Conventional spiral fin Conventional spiral finned tube

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram for tube, conventional spiral n, and conventional spiral nned tube.

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of economizer and the photos of the spiral nned tube.

L PL
Inlet

df

A
Outlet
Air flow

( N row = 2) Outlet
df d o di
Inlet

A
ft fp ( N row = 2) ( N row = 3) ( N row = 4) ( N row = 5,6,7...)
Inlet Inlet Inlet

PL df
Section A-A

Fin pitch (fp) Tube inside diameter (di)

Fin thickness (ft) Tube outside diameter (do)
Fin outside diameter (df), Longitudinal tube pitch (PL)
Number of tube rows (Nrow) Transverse tube pitch (PT)
Outlet Outlet Outlet

Fig. 6. Schematic diagrams for the n pitch (fp), n thickness (ft), n material, and n outside diameter (df), number of tube rows (Nrow), tube inside diameter (di), tube outside
diameter (do), longitudinal tube pitch (PL), and transverse tube pitch (PT) of spiral n-and-tube heat exchanger.
Table 1

422
Air-side performance correlations for spiral n-and-tub heat exchangers.

Spiral (or helical) n-and-tube heat exchangers

Authors Fin types Surface Correlations Range of parameters/
-year- condition comment
Nuntaphan et al. [18,19] Crimped spiral n Dry and wet j Colburn factor and f friction factor correlations
-2005- Dry surface
(Staggered tube arrangement) Dry surface
!0:1452  1:1874  0:8238  0:0010 Staggered tube
0:1295 ft PL PT df N row 4
j 0:1970 Redo
fp  ft PT do do
V fr 0:51:5 m=s
do 21:727:2 mm
!0:2468  1:8680  0:3011  0:4470
0:2679 ft PL PT df f p 3:256:50 mm
f 2:1768 Redo
fp  ft PT do do P T 5084 mm

P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431
P L 24:248:2 mm
(In-line tube arrangement)
!0:8363  1:9926  2:2810  2:172
0:0637 ft PL PT df
j 3:9048  104 Redo
fp  ft PT do do Inline tube
N row 4
!0:5215  1:2235  0:6334  1:2000
0:4172 ft PL PT df V fr 0:51:5 m=s
f 0:1635 Redo
fp  ft PT do do do 17:327:2 mm
f p 3:256:50 mm
Wet surface P T 5071:4 mm
(Staggered tube arrangement)
 2:5950 !0:7905  0:2391  0:2761
do ft PL do
j 0:0208 Rem
do
PT fp  ft PT df Wet surface
Staggered tube
where
! N row 4
   
do ft PL V fr 0:51:5 m=s
m 0:2871 0:5322  1:2856 0:1845
PT fp  ft PT do 21:727:2 mm
f p 3:256:50 mm
 0:3956 !0:3728  1:2804  0:1738
do ft PL do P T 5084 mm
0:5636
f 17:02 Redo P L 24:248:2 mm
PT fp  ft PT df

Genic et al. [27] Conventional spiral Dry f friction factor correlations

-2006- n Staggered tube arrangement
! Staggered tube
17:7 For normal
f 0:43 0:3
W 0:8
 R0:3
d ; Normal
Redo Redo 550130; 000
P T =do 6 3:5
! P L =do 6 3:5; Rd P 1
530 For denely  packed
f 2:7 W 1:8
 R4d ; Densely-packed
Re0:3
do Redo 510029; 000
Rd < 1
In-line tube arrangement
In  line tube
!
8:5 Redo 6000200; 000
f 0:4 0:3
 W 0:75  R0:7
i
Redo Ri 0:52
Nuntaphan and Kiatsiriroat Crimped spiral n Wet Z Air-side thermal resistance correlation
[20] 1
Z total
-2007- Zo
1  ebt
Z total Z o Z f

where
 b
fs
b 8:5523  1014 d1:2693 x3:7617 sa
ft Staggered tube
f p 3:256:5 mm
ma 0:140:26 kg=s
md t T ai  T dew
x ; d ; s f s =f t 7:12515:250
ma t total T ai  T wi
d 01
x 0:00150:0200
   
fs f s 0:4400:774

P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431
a 5:3765 5:7671d  0:4146  0:32754d s
ft ft N row 4

b 4:1118 4:2367s 338:03sx

and
Tdew = Dew point temperature
Ztotal = Total air-side thermal resistance
Zo = Air-side thermal resistance at clean condition (t = 0)
Naess [17] Serrated spiral n Dry Nu Nusselt number and
-2010- Eu Euler number correlations
For ST/SD < 1
 0:263  0:13 !0:14  0:2
PT df  do  2f t df  do  2f fp  ft
Nu 0:107 Re0:65
do Pr
1=3
  
do 2f t do 2f t fp  ft do 2f

For ST/SD > 1 Staggered tube

 !  0:13 !0:14  0:2 f p 4:546 mm
S
3:23 S t df  do  2f t df  do  2f fp  ft
Nu 0:141 Re0:65
do Pr
1=3
 0:43 9:75  e d
   do 19:0731:77 mm
do 2f t fp  ft do 2f
P T 46:190:8 mm
P L 23:150:9 mm

   !  0:18  0:74
P
8:2 3:24 PT df  do  2f t fp  ft
Eu 0:24 min 1:0; 0:52 964:5  e L
 
Re0:5 do 2f t do 2f

where
ST = Transversal area
SD = Diagonal ow area
Lee et al. [6] Conventional spiral Dry j Colburn factor correlation
-2010- n Staggered n alignment
Redh 3401050
 0:7147
fp f p 5:012:5 mm
j 0:5183
1:1184 Redh N row 0:1684
dh f t 0:2 mm
N row 15
In-line n alignment
df 24:5 mm
 0:6626
0:3972 f p do 8:0 mm
j 0:3452 Redh N row 0:2026
dh P T P L 30 mm
(continued on next page)

423
 424
Table 1 (continued)

Spiral (or helical) n-and-tube heat exchangers

Authors Fin types Surface Correlations Range of parameters/
-year- condition comment

Lee et al. [7] Conventional spiral Frosting Nu Nusselt number correlation (For helical coil tube)
-2011- n
Redh 1001500
f p 5:020:0 mm
!0:2911 f t 0:15 mm
0:6157 dh
Nu 0:1620 Redh 0:2404
N row Fo0:0308 N row 15
fp
df 24:5 mm
do 8:0 mm
P T P L 30 mm

P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431
where Fo = Fourier number
Pongsoi et al. [23] Crimped spiral n Dry j Colburn factor and f friction factor correlations
-2012-
Redo 300013000
0:4287
j 0:4132 Redo do 16:35 mm
f p 2:46:3 mm
 0:4321 N row 25
0:1485 fp
f 0:3775 Redo P T 39 mm
do
P L 35 mm

FaJiang et al. [8] Conventional spiral Dry Nu Nusselt number and

-2012- n Eu Euler number correlations
Redo 500055000
 0:263  0:194  0:168  0:132
PT PL fp fh do 32 mm
Nu 0:138 Re0:68
do Pr
0:33
do do do do P T =do 23:3
P L =do 23:3
 0:475  0:138  0:325  0:212
PT PL fp fh f p =do 0:220:5
Eu 2:926 Re0:228
do
do do do do f h =do 0:220:5

Pongsoi et al. [26] L-footed spiral n Dry j Colburn factor and f friction factor correlations
-2013-
Redc 400015000
0:4059
j 0:2150 Redc dc 16:85 mm
f p 2:44:2 mm
 0:4771 N row 2
0:2156 fp
f 0:4852 Redc P T 39 mm
dc
P L 35 mm

Lee et al. [28] Conventional spiral Frosting dfr Frost thickness correlation
-2013- n
Redh 4001200
do 8 mm
1:2031
df 24:5 mm
dfr 9:1251 Re0:2011
dh Fo0:3941 w1:1121 T 
f p 515 mm
P T P L 30 mm
T a;in 315  C

where T = Ratio temperature, (Ttp  Tfs)/(Tfs  Ta)
and w = Humidity ratio
 P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431
the circular n because of the inuence of downstream rotational
vortices. Moreover, the ow around a spiral-nned tube was
visualized by the smoke wire technique. However, signicant dif-
ference between both was not found in the experiment. It is shown
that j factor of tested spiral n is about 5% different from the circu-
lar n. This may be because the downstream rotational vortices are
diminished at high Reynolds.
Lee et al. [6] studied the air-side heat transfer performance of
spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers at a low Reynolds number.
They investigated the effect of n pitch (fp) and effect of n align-
ment (i.e., alignment of inline and staggered ns) on the air-side
heat transfer performance in terms of the j Colburn factor for
spiral n and tube heat exchangers. It was found that the n pitch
was correlated with the j Colburn factor. The j Colburn factor
increased with the increase of the n pitch at the same Reynolds
number. The staggered n alignment had a j Colburn factor about
13.24% higher than that of inline n alignment because of better
ow/mixing activated by the horseshoe vortex around the spiral-
nned tube. Their results also reported the variations of the ther-
mal and velocity boundary layer as well as heat transfer coefcient
along the plain plate surface with air velocity considered as exter-
nal ow. Additionally, they also provided both empirical correla-
tions of the j Colburn factors and f friction factor, developed
separately for all samples within the experimental range, as shown
in Table 1. For spirally-coiled spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers
operating under frosting conditions, Lee et al. [7] reported that
the heat transfer rate (Q) increased as the n pitch decreased under
frosting conditions. The decrease in the n pitch (fp) from 20.0 to
7.5 mm, the air-side pressure drop per unit length (DP/L) increased
n pitch by about 655.7% at the elapsed time of 110 min and
903.3% at the elapsed time of 150 min. They also proposed the
air-side heat transfer performance correlation (as included in
Table 1) and the Nusselt number (Nu) increased with increasing
n pitch because the thermal and velocity boundary layers became
thinner. FaJiang et al. [8] presented Nusselt number (Nu) and Euler
number (Eu) correlations on the air-side heat transfer performance
and ow characteristics of spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers, as
shown in Table 1. The n pitches (fp) have a signicant effect on
air-side performance. It was also found that an increase in Rey-
nolds number resulted in the enhancement of the Nusselt number
and the degradation of the Euler number.
2.1.2. Serrated spiral n
A series of these papers [913] investigated the vortex shedding
and vortex generation characteristics of serrated spiral-nned tube
banks and single n tube. The ow around the serrated spiral n
and vortex shedding from the nned tube were experimentally
investigated. Ryu et al. [14] provided extensive experimental
results for the effect of a serrated spiral-nned tube on the ow
characteristics of near-wake ow behind a circular cylinder using
a constant-temperature anemometer and ow visualization. It
was shown that the ns outside diameter and n pitch had a sig-
nicant effect on the vortex-shedding frequency. Kawaguchi et al.
[15] examined the effects of n pitches (fp) on air-side heat transfer
performance and friction characteristics of the serrated spiral-
nned tube. Hofmann et al. [16] published the effects of n pattern
(i.e., I-shaped and U-shaped n geometries), n pitch, n thickness,
and n outside diameter on heat transfer and ow characteristics
of serrated spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers. They suggested
that the design of optimal serrated spiral n and tube heat
exchangers must take into account the disadvantages and advanta-
ges of geometrical factors. Naess [17] experimentally investigated
the effects of n pitch and n outside diameter on the characteris-
tics of heat transfer and pressure drop for serrated spiral n-
and-tube heat exchangers having staggered tube layouts. It was
indicated that the n pitch increased with increasing heat transfer
425
coefcient at the same Reynolds number. The n outside diameter,
however, had an insignicant effect on the heat transfer coef-
cient. In addition, this studys results were used to develop
empirical correlations in term of Nusselt number and Euler num-
ber, as shown in Table 1.
2.1.3. Crimped spiral n
The experimental data were reported by Nuntaphan et al.
[18,19]. They described the air-side heat transfer performance
and friction characteristics of crimped spiral n-and-tube heat
exchangers. Their results presented the analysis of the effects of
the tube diameters (do), n pitches (fp), transverse tube pitches
(PT), and tube arrangements (i.e., in-line tube and staggered tube
arrangements) on the air-side heat transfer performance of the
crimped spiral n heat exchanger. Furthermore, they proposed a
correlation between the Colburn factor (j) and friction factor (f)
in the case of low Reynolds numbers under dry and wet surface
conditions, as illustrated in Table 1. In addition, the heat transfer
coefcient (ho) for the dry surface was higher than that for the
wet surface. Nuntaphan and Kiatsiriroat [20] reported experimen-
tal results for the effect of y-ash deposit on thermal performance
of crimped spiral n and tube heat exchangers. It was found that
the n pitch (fp), dust-air content, and air inlet temperature have
signicant effects on the fouling of crimped spiral n and tube heat
exchangers under dehumidifying. Furthermore, the thermal-resis-
tance correlation was proposed, as shown in Table 1. Considerable
efforts for investigating n pattern by experiment have been
reported by Tang et al. [21]. This work studied the air-side heat
transfer performance and ow characteristics of ve kinds of n
and tube heat exchangers having the number of tube rows of 12
and the tube outside diameter of 18 mm. The crimped spiral n,
plain n, slit n, vortex generators (VGs) n, and mixed n were
tested to compare the n pattern effect. It was conrmed that
the crimped spiral n provides higher air-side heat transfer perfor-
mance (in terms of j Colburn factor and Nu Nusselt number)
and friction characteristics (in terms of DP-pressure drop and f
friction factor) than those of the other kind of ns. Pongsoi et al.
[22,23] was the only experimental work that examined the effects
of n pitches (fp) and n materials on the air-side heat transfer and
ow characteristics of crimped spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers
having a multipass parallel and counter cross-ow conguration at
a high Reynolds number (300013,000). The results illustrated no
signicant effect for both n pitches and n materials on the heat
transfer performance of crimped spiral n and tube heat exchang-
ers. This may be because the high Reynolds number accentuates
good mixing, which eventually leads to a better air-side heat trans-
fer characteristics irrespective of changes in n pitch (fp). The n
pitches do, however, have a signicant effect on the friction factor
(f). Moreover, the air-side performance correlations of crimped
spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers at a high Reynolds number
were developed for heat exchanger designers, as found in Table 1.
For analysis of optimal n pitch, Pongsoi et al. [24] applied an
experimental study to investigate the optimized n pitch for
crimped spiral n and tube heat exchangers by using three perfor-
mance indices (viz., f1, f2, and f3) at a high Reynolds number. It
could be seen that the optimum n pitch is 4.2 mm (or 6 fpi).
2.1.4. L-footed spiral n
Pongsoi et al. [25,26] presented experimental results for the
effects of n outside diameter and n pitch upon the air-side heat
transfer performance and ow characteristics of L-footed spiral n-
and-tube heat exchangers having a multipass parallel and counter
cross-ow conguration at a high Reynolds number. It was
conrmed that the pressure drop increases when the n outside
diameter (df) increases for the same Reynolds number. And then
the n pitch has no signicant effect on the air-side heat transfer
426 P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431
performance (j Colburn factor). In contrast, the n pitch had sig-
nicant inuence on the heat transfer rate, air-side pressure drop,
and friction factor. Additionally, their correlations were proposed
in terms of the j Colburn factor and f friction factor for L-footed
spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers in the range of Reynolds num-
bers of 4000 to 15,000, as follows in Table 1.
2.2. Effects of number of tube rows, tube arrangement, tube diameter,
longitudinal tube pitch, and transverse tube pitch
2.2.1. Conventional spiral n
Genic et al. [27] developed new correlations to correlate the
existing experimental data and other correlations of air pressure
drop in spirally-nned tube bundles with in-line and staggered
tube arrangements (as indicated in Table 1). New correlations
cover wide range of Reynolds numbers and geometrical parame-
ters of helically nned tube heat exchangers. In a series of papers,
Lee et al. [6,7] also pointed out the effect of the number of tube
rows on the air-side heat transfer performance of spiral n-and-
tube heat exchangers and of spirally coiled n-and-tube heat
exchangers, respectively. It was found that the number of tube
rows has a signicant effect on the j Colburn factor. Thickness
of thermal and velocity boundary layers was studied as an
inuence on the air-side heat transfer performance. Lee et al.
[28] studied frost growth characteristics of helically coiled spiral
n-and-tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions. The frost
thickness and growth rate were investigated by varying the n
pitches. According to the results, the effect of n pitches is more
obvious at smaller n pitches. This may be due to the substantial
effects of the thermal and velocity boundary layers interruption
between the ns.
2.2.2. Serrated spiral n
Hofmann et al. [29] carried out an experimental investigation
aiming at the effect of the number of tube rows on the air-side per-
formances of serrated spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers by vary-
ing the Nrow from 2 to 8. It was conrmed that the number of tube
rows has a signicant effect on the Nusselt number (Nu). Naess
[17] investigated the effects of tube diameter, longitudinal tube
pitch, transverse tube pitch, and tube arrangement on the heat
transfer and ow characteristics for serrated spiral n-and-tube
heat exchangers. The result showed that tube arrangement has
no signicant effect on the air-side performance.
2.2.3. Crimped spiral n
Pongsoi et al. [23] experimentally studied the effect of the num-
ber of tube rows (Nrow) on air-side performance for crimped spiral
n-and-tube heat exchangers. The pressure drop increases with an
increasing Reynolds number. The reason can be explained by the
increase in the blocking ow area which results from an increase
in the number of tube rows (Nrow).
2.2.4. L-footed spiral n
Experiments by Pongsoi et al. [25] investigated the effects of the
number of tube rows (Nrow) on air-side heat transfer performance
and friction characteristics of L-footed spiral n-and-tube heat
exchangers. It may have been found that the number of tube rows
had an insignicant effect on the air-side performance (j Colburn
factor and f friction factor) at a high Reynolds number.
2.3. Effects of operating conditions, and others
2.3.1. Conventional spiral n
Lee et al. [7] carried out experiments aiming to determine the
effect of airside heat transfer performance of helically coiled spiral
n-tube-heat exchangers under frosting conditions. They
measured these performances by varying the n pitches and the
number of tube rows. Lee et al. [28] provided extensive test results
for frost formation and growth in a helically coiled spiral n-and-
tube heat exchangers under frosting conditions. It was found that
the relative humidity has a signicant effect on the frost growth
among all parameters tested. Furthermore, the work showed a cor-
relation with frost thickness for prediction, as shown in Table 1.
2.3.2. Serrated spiral n
Martinez et al. [3032] presented the methodology for design-
ing serrated spiral n-and-tube heat exchanger based on the loga-
rithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD) method with
comparison against experimental results. The comparative analysis
of air-side and tube-side performances of the serrated spiral n-
and-tube heat exchanger by various mass ow rates of ue gases
and water was discussed. Moreover, the authors also studied the
optimal geometry of spiral segmented ns by nding the optimal
equilibrium point between dimensionless overall heat transfer
coefcient and pressure drop.
2.3.3. Crimped spiral n
Wongwises and Naphon [33,34] investigated the air-side heat
transfer performance and ow characteristics of a spirally coiled
nned tube heat exchanger under dry-surface and wet-surface
conditions. In addition, they tested heat exchangers that consisted
of a crimped spiral-nned tube. Naphon [35] pointed out the heat
transfer performance and friction characteristics of the helically
coiled heat exchanger with and without crimped spiral nned
tube. It was indicated that the average heat transfer rate (Q) and
friction factor (f) increased with an increasing rate of hot-water
ow. Moreover, the mass ow rate and inlet hot water tempera-
ture have a signicant effect on the heat exchangers effectiveness
(e). Then, Srisawad and Wongwises [36] tested the helically coiled
crimped spiral-nned tube heat exchanger, focusing on the air-side
performance in dry-surface conditions. It could clearly be seen that
the inlet water temperature, water ow rate, and Reynolds number
of air have a signicant effect on the heat transfer performance.
3. Numerical and simulation works
3.1. Effects of n pitch, n thickness, n material, n pattern, n
alignment, and n outside diameter
3.1.1. Serrated spiral n
Lemouedda et al. [37] simulated the heat transfer performance
and ow characteristics for three-row serrated spiral n-and-tube
heat exchangers based on CFD code STAR-CCM+(V.4), in which
they found the existing problem. They also studied the effects of
n pattern (i.e., n serration, n twisting, and number of n seg-
ments) on air-side performance. It was conrmed that the serrated
spiral-nned tube heat exchangers have better air-side heat trans-
fer performance than the spiral-nned tubes. Hofmann and Walter
[38] conducted three-dimensional simulations on heat transfer and
ow characteristics of segmented serrated spiral-nned tube heat
exchangers. They studied the effect of Reynolds number and n
pattern (viz., U-nned tube and I-nned tube) on heat transfer
and ow characteristics over the Reynolds number range 3500 to
50,000.
3.2. Effects of number of tube rows, tube arrangement, tube diameter,
longitudinal tube pitch, and transverse tube pitch
3.2.1. Serrated spiral n
Mcilwain [39] used CFD to study the effects of number of tube
rows (Nrow = 24) on the heat transfer performance and friction
 P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431 427

characteristics for serrated spiral-nned tube heat exchangers at

air velocity of 110 m/s. Spiral fin 57%
3.3. Effects of operating conditions and others

3.3.1. Conventional spiral n

Wang et al. [40] investigated the transient response of a
spiral-nned tube with its base subjected to the variation of uid
temperature. They used the methods of Laplace transforms derived
by the Keller and Keller to analyze the transient response of a spiral-
nned tube. Furthermore, they also indicated that the exact solution
for unit step input and sinusoidal base heat ux was obtained.

4. Discussion

A recently published paper by Goldstein et al. [41], in 2005,

made a comprehensive review of recent developments in the eld
of heat transfer. In another paper, Nagarani et al. [42] listed a set
of heat transfer problems for thermal system design based on space
availability and cost. They reviewed the literature and survey prac-
tices that provide the basis for guidelines in the general techniques
of this work. In heat transfer eld, the circular n is a specic type of
n, used to transfer heat in a radial direction. Circular ns are often
used to increase the heat transfer area of the heat exchanger. More-
over, circular-nned tube heat exchangers are commonly used in
industry. Comparison of articles published between spiral ns
and circular ns illustrates the approaches in the future scaling
trends of both n types. The authors compiled the articles pub-
lished in the eld of circular n-and-tube heat exchangers [43
68]. It is indicated that the circular n can provide understanding
and improvement of the knowledge basic for applications of other
ns. Figs. 79 are investigated based on the Scopus database from
1990 to 2013. Fig. 7 illustrated a research popularity comparison
between spiral and circular ns. It showed that, up to 2005, the
research eld of circular ns was much more popular than that of
spiral ns. During this period, both fundamentals of uid ow
and heat transfer engineering were explored by many researchers
Fig. 8. Ratio of articles published for spiral and circular nned tube heat
exchangers.
for circular ns. Little research was conducted, however, on spiral
ns. After 2005, the number of studies on spiral ns grew dramat-
ically. Many researchers were devoted to studying spiral ns
because of their higher heat transfer coefcient, rate of heat trans-
fer, and n mechanical strength in comparison with those of circu-
lar ns. Moreover, the manufacturing or fabrication processes of
spiral ns are much simpler than those of circular ns, yielding
lower production cost. According to Fig. 7, it is clear that the
amount of research in spiral ns will grow continually because of
its several advantages. Furthermore, Briggs and Young [67] and
Robinson and Briggs [68] have both proposed the well-known air-
side performance correlations of circular n-and-tube heat
exchangers for validation and comparison with others n
congurations, as found in Table 2. In order to carry out the
baseline study for guiding the research, it was well established that

35

Fin types
30
Spiral fin

25
Number of articles

Circular fin
20

15

10

0
<2000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Years
Fig. 7. Comparison between number of articles published for spiral and circular n.
428 P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431

Numerical &
Simulation
11%

Number of articles

17 Experiment
89%

8
6
2
1 1
Field research
A B C A B C
Experiment Numerical &
Notes Simulation
A ; Effect of fin configurations
B ; Effect of tube arrangements
C ; Effect of operating conditions and others

Fig. 9. Number of articles published in eld of spiral n and tube heat exchangers.

Table 2
Air-side performance correlations for circular n-and-tub heat exchangers.

Circular n-and-tube heat exchangers

Authors Fin types Surface condition Correlations Range of parameters/comment
-year-
Briggs and Young [67] Circular n Dry j Colburn factor correlation
-1963- h i
f f
0:13 6 2 dpdto 6 0:63
f
h i
" #0:2  0:11 d d
f p  f t f p  f t 0:09 6 12 f do o 6 0:69
j 0:134 Re0:319
do d d
 
f 2 o ft 0:011 6 df ot 6 0:15
 
1:54 6 PdTo 6 8:23

Robinson and Briggs [68] Circular n Dry f Friction factor correlation

-1966-
Redo 200050; 000
h i
df do
  0:927  0:515 0:35 6 12 do
6 0:56
2Amin PT PT  
f 18:93N row Redo 0:316 ft
Ao do PD 0:011 6 do 6 0:25
 
1:86 6 PdTo 6 4:60

where PD = Diagonal pitch

there was more research on spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers
than on circular ns, as seen in Fig. 8. It must be noted that the
research on n-and-tube heat exchangers for spiral ns (of 57%)
is more plentiful than for circular ns (of 43%). Research on the
spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers, however, has consisted of
the conventional spiral n, serrated spiral n, crimped spiral n,
and L-footed spiral nabout 12%, 21%, 20%, and only 4%, respec-
tively. These research areas are also essential to a survey. This might
be leading up to the article about spiral n-and-tube heat exchang-
ers in future research. As mentioned above in the experimental sec-
tion, as well as in the numerical and simulation sections, the effects
of n congurations, tube arrangements, operating conditions, and
other factors on the air-side heat transfer and ow characteristics
for spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers are considered for this
review papers presentations. From the foregoing reviews of nd-
ings in this study, one can nd that most of the studies focused
on experimental studies of air-side heat transfer performance and
friction characteristics for spiral n-and-tube heat exchangers.
Only a few efforts, however, have focused on numerical and simu-
lation studies, as illustrated in Fig. 9. To conclude, it is clearly seen
that the eld of experimental research works has been up to 89%,
which is very popular for scientists and researchers.
 P. Pongsoi et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 79 (2014) 417431 429

.1000

friction factor (f)

f

j
.0100
Tube
Fin types Arrangement
Spiral fin Nrow fp (mm) factors
j Fajiang et al. [8]
Colburn factor (j)

Conventional staggered 2 2.50

Crimped staggered 2 2.50 j, f Pongsoi et al. [23]
L-footed staggered 2 2.50 j, f Pongsoi et al. [26]
.0010 Plate fin
Circular staggered 2 2.50 j Briggs and Young [67]
Circular staggered 2 2.50 f Robinson and Briggs [68]
Plain staggered 2 2.50 j Wang and Chang [69]
Plain staggered 2 2.50 f Wang et al. [70]
Slit staggered 2 2.50 j, f Wang et al. [71]
Wavy staggered 2 2.54 j, f Kim et al. [72]
.0001
1000 10000 18000
Reynolds number (Redo)

Fig. 10. Comparison of air-side performance between spiral n-and-tube heat exchanger and plate n-and-tube heat exchanger.

Fig. 10 shows the comparison of air-side performance (i.e., j
Colburn factor and f friction factor) obtained from various corre-
lational and experimental data for spiral and plate n-and-tube
heat exchangers (conventional spiral n [8], crimped spiral n
[23], L-footed spiral n [26], circular n [67,68], plain n [69,70],
slit n [71], and wavy n [72]). This comparison investigates the
geometrical parameters of the test sample for the tube outside
diameter (do) of 16.35 mm, n pitch (fp) of 2.5 mm, n outside
diameter (df) of 34.8 mm, transverse tube pitch (PT) of 39 mm, lon-
gitudinal tube pitch (PL) of 35 mm, n thickness (ft) of 0.25 mm,
and number of tube row (Nrow) of 2. As expected, the Colburn j fac-
tor and friction f factor decrease with increasing Reynolds number.
The result also shows the same trend in the j and f factors. In addi-
tion, it can be noted that crimped spiral n-and-tube heat exchan-
ger has given higher j Colburn factor than L-footed spiral n and
plate n. This may be because the base of crimped spiral n pro-
vides better good mixing of turbulent ow across the space
between ns than L-footed spiral n and plate n. Moreover, it is
found that j factor obtained from crimped spiral n is about 26
61%, different from the other n types. For the friction factor, as
expected, crimped spiral n, plain n and wavy n seem to give
higher f factors, compared with L-footed spiral n, circular n,
and slit n. The reduction of blockage ow area of L-footed spiral
n and circular n decrease pressure drop, which affects the f fac-
tor. The f factor of crimped spiral n, plain n and wavy n is more
than that of the L-footed spiral n, circular n, and slit n by about
30110% at high Reynolds number.
Energy-saving solutions are needed for commercial applica-
tions. Therefore, the group of research on spiral n-and-tube heat
exchangers should be encouraged in order to improve the knowl-
edge and understanding of efciency and optimal design. Hence,
the economizers are part of the heat exchanger equipment
intended to reduce energy consumption or to perform another use-
ful function, such as preheating a uid.
5. Conclusions
The authors suggest that the spiral-nned tube heat exchanger
may present a challenging subject for further investigation. To
reduce the weight and size of heat exchangers (compact heat
exchanger), the various n congurations, tube arrangements,
operating conditions, and other factors have been investigated to
improve the air-side performance. We hope that future research
will use this study as a foundation for enhancing our understand-
ing of those effects on the air-side performance of the spiral n-
and-tube heat exchangers. Moreover, the main objective of this
paper will lead to a well-designed heat exchanger, effective heat
transfer behavior, and cost savings. In addition, this work will play
a dening role in future research for bringing it to commercializa-
tion and industrial applications.
Conict of interest
None declared.
Acknowledgments
The authors are indebted to the Thailand Research Fund, the
National Science and Technology Development Agency and the
National Research University Project for the supporting.
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