No. Article: Author(s): How to recognize it?

Keywords:
1. The Discourse Basis for Lexical Paul J. Hopper and Sandra A. They discuss classification, there's a look at some discourse, categories,
Categories in Universal Grammar Thompson earlier categorizations, but namely this has to do prototypical(-ity),
with verbs and nouns and how they are constituted semantic(-ally),
by discourse. Semantic property VS function and grammatical, linguistic,
the real life situation/discourse setting the semantic form; transitivity
rules/meanings. time stability
-fox, specific fox-semantic/pragmatic ; non-
prototypical environments neutralize the contrast
betw.categories
-N or V become N or V only in discourse, without
discourse they only have a propensity to become
that
2. The Classical Approach to John. R. Taylor Here, he discusses Aristotle's classical approach, category, features,
Categorization and its four features (necessary and sufficient classical, categorization,
conditions, all members of a category being entity, man
exemplary, binary features and clear cut
boundaries.
3. English Word Classes David Crystal He investigates the problems of classification, too words, classes, word,
many classes or very general rules, extremes which criteria, English, class,
both in the end do not satisfy. He proceeds to grammatical, complacency
criticize unreal dichotomies and suggests a
balance between the over and under-classification.
4. The Importance of George Lakoff Lakoff recognizes classification/categorization as categorization, prototype,
Categorization essential to human thought and that it is always Wittgenstein, Rosch,
present, more unconsciously than vice-versa. categorizing
Categories also must be abstract, disembodied and
independent from people.
5. Parts of Speech Otto Jespersen He first talks about some old systems, case
definitions, gender definitions, form definitions and
some unreal dichotomies(Varro). English takes the
middle ground between languages with strictly
formal criteria for word classes and languages
without strict criteria, such as Chinese. In the
second part he discusses the fine line between
proper and common names.
-designation, connotation, designation
6. Vagueness Bertrand Russel All symbols are vague, all observations have a
margin of error, the example with two glasses of
 water; color red, baldness, meter, occurrences,
proper names, truthfulness, logical words; lack of
precision, maps being more precise representation
of the world than language; photographs
-properties of language attributed to the world-
erroneous;
7. Family Resemblances Ludwig Wittgenstein The main idea is that not all members of a group
share one common property, but they are rather
intertwined without that single thread that holds
the category together. He mentions numbers,
colors and games.
=blurred and sharp photographs; Frege; colors, leaf,
games
8. Categories Aristotle Highly philosophical language, discrete and
continuous quantities, common boundaries.
9. Concepts Gottlob Frege A bit more comprehensible definition of the
Aristotelian model and criteria for categories;
vagueness
Sharp boundaries of concepts
10. Discreteness Ronald W. Langacker Conditions are often matters of degree, prototype
vs criterial notion, a lot of false dichotomies,
integrated systems where are the features work
TOGETHER
11. Syntactic Constructions as John. R. Taylor He mentions the constructions of the possessive construction, transitive,
Prototype Categories genitive and transitive verbs and their more or less sentence, constructions,
marginal and central members with loads of patient, prototype, agent,
examples and semantic criteria for prototypical relation, subject,
members of these constructions. possessive genitive;
transitive construction
metaphor
12. Prototypes in linguistic theory John. R. Taylor Prototypes, WORD, conceptual and ling.categories Transformations, double
Linguistic categorization prototypes, clitics, affixes, word classes, N, NP raising, nouns
Semantic and syntactic def.of classes; region/domains, verbs
4 types of syntactic properties temporal relation, time
Chomsky, modules stability, Hopper and
Possessive construction; decategorialization; Thompson; realis/irrealis