tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os Ve Sie-ant-TeMatels | Text oe) engoes 204 : () STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS CE INTRODUCTION Reinforced concrete beam theory is besed on equilibrium, compatibility. and th: stitutive behavior of the materials. steel and conerete. Of particular importan assumption that strain varies lincarly through the depth of a member and that. as a result, plane sections remain plane. This assumption is validated by St. Venant’s prin- ciple, which stipulates that strains induced by discontinuities in load or in member cross section vary in an approximately linear fashion at distances greater than or equal to the greatest cross-sectional dimension f from the point of load application. St. Yenant’s principle underlies the development of beam theory as presented in Chapters Vand 3 St. Venant’s principle, however, oes not apply at points closer than the distance ‘ito discontinuities in applied load or gcometry. This leads to the identification of so- called discontinuity regions within reinforced conerete members near concentrated loads, openings, or ehanges in eross section. Because of their geometry, the full vol- ‘ume of deep beams and column brackets qualify as discontinuity regions. Thus, rein- forced concrete structures may be divided into regions where beam theory is valid. often referred to as B-regions, and regions where discontinuities affect member behay- ior, known as D-regions. A number of D-regions are illustrated in Fig. 10.1 At low stresses, when the conerete is elastie and uneracked, the stresses within D-regions may be computed using finite element analysis and elasticity theory. When conerete racks, the strain field is disrupted, causing a redistribution of the intemal forces. Once this happens, itis possible to represent the internal forces within discon- tinuity regions using a statically determinate truss, referred toa a strut-and-tie model. This allows a complex design probiem to be grectly simplified—produeing a safe solu- tion that satisfies statics. As shown in Fig, 10.2, stru-and-tie models consist of eon- crete compression sirus, steel tension fies, and joints that are referred to as nodal zones (for consistency of presentation, strats are represented by dashed lines and ties are represented by solid lines). is the GEEEN«CODveopmenr oF Strur-aNo-Tie Mopets ‘Surut-and-tie models evolved in the early 1980s in Europe (Refs. 10.1 t0 10.4). Their use is permitted by ACI Code 8.3.4 and defined in Appendix A of the Code (Ref. 10.5), As defined, strut-and-tie models divide members into D-tegions and B-regions. A D- region is that portion of a member that is within a distance equal to the member height 324rwter-oorme-totan [ve Semani-riemaels | text ‘om neaw Donal Soe oon Sones nt tne 322 DESIGN OF CONCRETE-STRUCTURES Chases 10 FIGURE 1041 r | Geometric and load iy I r ; dices for D-repos tt td behyehe toad r r i — h L L ent hed opp al TAY r ot fe h 4 4 oa ie tC 3 il ra i (a) Geometric discontinuitios ib h 4 7 h 4 (2) Loading dsconinustos FIGURE 102 os e Swru-and-tie mod ae ered Nodal zone Idoaiized prismatic strut of wth wrtes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE 10.3 Botle-shaped su The ACT Gate defines a D-rgion han om them Text oe) cengrer, STRUTAND-TIE MODELS 323 16 from a force or geometric discontinuity, as shown in Fig. 10.1. Beregions are, in general, any portions of a member outside of D-regions. The assurmption is that within Beregions stress varies linearly through the member cross section and plane sections, remain plane, Strut-and-tie models are applied within D-regions. Models consist of struts and) ties connected at nodal zones that are capable of transferring loads to the supporis oF adjacent B-regions. The cross-sectional dimensions of the struts ane] ties are de nated as thickness and width. Thickness b is perpendicular to the plane of the truss rmociel and width wis measured in the plane of the model, as shown in Fig. 10.2. a. Struts A strut is an internal compression member: It may consist of a single element, paral- lel elements, or a fan-shaped compression field. Along its length, a strut may be ree= angular ov hotile-shaped, in which case the compression field spreads laterally between nodal zones, as shown in Fig, 10.3. For design purposes, a strat is typically idealized as a prismatic member between two nodes. The dimensions of the cross sec~ tion of the strat are established by the contact area between the strut and the nodal zone. Bottle-shaped struts are wider at the center than at the ends and form where the compression field is free to spread laterally. As the compression zone spreads along the length of ottle-shaped struts, tensile stresses perpendicular to the axis of the strut may result in longitudinal cracking. For simplicity in design, bottle-shaped struts are idealized as having linearly tapered ends and uniform center sections. The linear taper is taken ata slope of 1:2 10 the axis of the compression force, as shown in Fig. 10.3. ‘The capacity of a sirut is a function of the effective concrete compressive strength, which is affected by lateral stresses within the struts. Because of longitudinal sphiting, bottie-shaped struts are weaker than rectangular struts, even though they possess a larger cross section at midlength. Transverse reinforcement is designed to control Lon aitudinal splitting and proportioned using a strut-and-tie mode! that forms within the Strat element, as shown in Fig. 10.3 Tie ‘Strut Crack @) (0) igh frelon dp No guidance is povided wheat use ford. The maber tip is sod inti text Recast somervaiv,abvape ding. a lager D gion ean that dtined by the eetive depthtes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os 304 b. © FIGURE 10.4 Suiivision of nodal zones, Text oe) cengrer, N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapter 10 Ties A tie is @ ension member within a strut-and-tie model. Ties consist of reinforveme (prestressed or nonprestressed) plus a portion of the conerete that is concentric with and surrounds the axis of the tie, The surrounding conerete defines the tie area and the region available to anchor the tie, For design purposes, itis assurned that the eonerete within the tie does not carry say tensile force. Even though the tensile capacity of the cconerete iS not used in design, it assists in reducing tie deformation at Servive load. Nodal Zones. models where the axes of struts, ties, and eon Noles are points within strat-and centrated loads intersect. A nodal zone isthe volume of concrete around a node whe force transfer occurs. A nodal zone may be treated 2s a single region or may be sub= divided into wo smaller zones 10 equilibrate forces. For example. the nodal zone shown in Fig. 10.4a is subivided, as shown in Fig. 10.4h, where two reactions Ry and Ry equilibrate the vertical components of strut Forces C, and Cy For equilibrium, a least three forces must act on a node. Nodes are classified by the sign of these forces (Fig. 10.5). Thus, a C-C-C node resists three compressive forces and a C-C-T node resists two compressive forces and one tensile force. Both a (a) Nodal zone al a (6) Subdvided nodal zonetes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE 105 (Casication of nodes. Text oe) cengrer, STRUTAND-TIE MODELS 325 (a) C-C-C node (0) C-C-Trede T (c) C-T-T node (a) FIT node tensile and compressive forees place nodes in compression because tensile forces are treated as if they pass through the node and apply a compressive Foree on the far side, for anchorage face. Thus, within the plane of a sirut-and-tie model truss, nodal zones are considered to be in a state of iyelrostatic compression, as shown in Fig. 10.6a. Nodal zone dimensions w,y, Wand ws are proportional to the applied compressive forces. The dimension of one Side of a’nodal zone is often determined based on the contact area of the load, for example by a bearing plate, column base, oF beam sup: port. The dimenstons of the remaining sides arv established to maintain a constant level of stress p within the node, By selecting nodal zone dimensions that are propor: tional to the applied loads, the stresses on the faces of the nodal zone are equal." ‘The length of a hydrostatic zone is often not adequate to allow tor anchorage of tie reinforcement, For this reason. an extended nodal zone, defined by the intersection of the nodal zone and the associated strut (shown in Light shading in Fig, 10.6b and e) is used. An extended nodal zone may be regarded as that portion of the overlap reeton between struts and ties that is not already counted as part of a primary node. It increases the length within which the tensile force from the tie ean be transferred £0 the conerete and, thus, defines the available anchorage length for ties. Ties may be developed outside of the nodal and extended nodal zones if needed, as shown to the lefl of the node in Fig, 10.6¢. STRUT-AND-TIE DESIGN METHODOLOGY Strut-and-tie models are used in several ways during the design process, At the con= ceptual design level, sketching a stru-and-tie model provides insight into structural behavior and detailing requirements. Examples of conceptual design can be seen in the evelopment of connection details in Chapter 11. Strut-and-tie models may be used to The sae a Sree Wain HEL ome ot aly posta Since oUF pane eeses rn considtes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os Text oe) cengrer, N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapter 10 Cyne Hn ~ (a) Geometry Cs a Extended node zone Exonded Intoeapts strut nodal zone —r — — I~ critical secton for dovelopment é oft enforcement c (6) Tension fore anchored by pate {) Tension roe anchorad ty bond FIGURE 106 Nodal zones and extended nodal zones. validate design details, such as for special reinforcement configurations. Finally, strut and-tie models may form the basis For detailed design of a member. ‘Application of a detailed strutand-tie model involves completion of the follow- ing steps. 1, Define and isolate the D-regions. 2. ‘Compute the force resultants on each D-region boundary 3, Selecta truss model to transfer the forces across a D-region. 4. Select dimensions for strut-and-tie nodal zones. 5. Verify the capacity of the strut both at midiength and at the nodal interface 66. Design the ties and the tie anchorage 71, Prepare design details and check minimum reinforcement requirements As will be described shortly, the design process requires interaction between these steps.tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os Text oe) cengrer, STRUTAND-TIE MODELS 327 According to ACI Code A.2 5. design using a strut-and-tic mode! requires that Lek, ao. where F, = factored force acting in strut, tie, bearing area, or nodal zone F, = nominal capacity of strut, tie, or nodal zone strength-reduction factor In addition to strength eriteria, service level performance must be considered in design becouse strut-and-tie models, which are based on strength, do not necessarily sitisty serviezability requirements, To this end, the spacing of reinforcement within tues should be checked using Eg. (6.3). ACI Code 11.8.3 limits the nominal shear strength of deep beams to 10- jb, This Limit should be checked prior to beginning a detailed design, as deseribed in Section 10.44, D-region A D-tegion extends on both sides of a discontinuity a distance equal to the member height h. At geometric discontinuities, 4 D-region may have different dimensions on either side of the discontinuity, as shown in Fig, 10.1 Force Resultants on D-region Boundaries Once the D-region is detined, the next step involves determining the magnitude, loca~ ion, and direction of the resultant forces acting on the D-region boundaries. These forces serve as input for the strut-and-tie model and assist in establishing the geome try of the truss model. When one face of a D-region is loaded with a uniform or lin carly varying stress field, or when a face is loaded by bending of a conerete section, it may be necessary to subdivide the boundary into segments corresponding to struts oF ties and then to compute the resultant foree on cach segment, as shown in Fig. 10.7. For example, in Fig, 10.7a, the distributed load along the top of the deep beam is rep- resented by four concentrated loads, umd the stresses at the beam-column interface are represented by concentrated reactions. In Fig. 10.7b, the moments at the faces of the bbeam-column joint are represented by couples consisting of tensile and compressive forces acting at the interfaces between the members and The Truss Model ‘The uss representing the sautand-tie model must fit within te envelope defined by the D-iegion. The selection of struts and ties is made at the diseretion of the designer and, thetefore, multiple solutions are possible, The layout of a uss model is con strained by the geometric requirement that struts must intersect only at nedal zones, Ties may cross struts. An effective mede! will represent a minimum energy distribution through the D-region (Refs. 10.1 and 101.4), i, within the model, forces should follow the stffest load path, Because struts are typically much stiffer than tes, a model with a minimum number of tension ties is generally preferred. Alternative truss mocelsrwter-oorme-totan [ve Semani-riemaels | text oe) Dosige a onerte engoes 204 Scere Tint os 328 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 10 FIGURE 10.7 resoutionoitocesing ~— {7 EEEEE EY Dategion, Applied load Force resultants (a) Distributed toad applied to a deep beam ' ed Applied load Force resultants (6) Moment resisting corner FIGURE 108 Alternatives fora deep beam frase mas (a) Loading (b) Preferred mode! {c) inetficient load path (0) Incompatible lad path for a deep beam are compared in Fig. 10.8, Figure 10.81 shows a deep beam subjected to 8 concentrated load at midspan. Figure 10.8h shows the preferred sirut-and-tie modet for this beam and loading condition. In this case, struts camry the load directly to nodal regions at the supports, which ate, in tum, connected by a single tension tie. The modeltes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os Ve Sie-ant-TeMatels | Text oe) engoes 204 STRUTAND-TIE MODELS 329 in Fig. 10.8c shows an ineffective load path, with a single strut carying the load to node at the bottom of the bear that is supported by two diagonal tension ties, which are. in tur, supported by vertical strats over the supports. In this instance. the mumber of transfer points and tension ties is greater, as is the flexibility of the truss, indicating a solution that is much less effective than that shown in Fig. 10.8. Lastly. Fig. 10.84 illustrates a model with multiple struts and ties. ‘This particular layout is not only unduly complex. but include an upper tension tie that will be effective only afier exten- sive yielding and possible failure of the lower tension tic. ‘Theoretically. there may be a unique minimum energy solution for a strut-and- tie model. Practically, any mode! that satisfies equilibrium and pays attention to struc- tural stiffness wil prove satisfactory. Using the rationale just discussed allows the cesigner to select a logical model that effectively mobilizes tics and minimizes the poten- tial for excessive cracking. Finite element analyses and solutions based on the theory of elasticity forthe full structure can provide an indication of where maximum stresses occur. A truss model that provides struts in regions of high compression and ties in regions of high tension based on these analyses will, in general, provide an efic load path Selecting Dimensions for Struts and Nodal Zones The sts, ts, and nodal zones within the truss that repens a strut adie model fave nite wiis thot mist be consiered wen selecting the dimension ofthe tas ‘he width ofeach truss member depends onthe megniade of the foes nd the dimensions of the adjoining elements, An external elem, sich sa beating plat ot column, can serve to fine anal zone If the bearing are is fo snl ah State pressure esl, and he comesponding wth ofthe stats ill ste suficent to cary the applied lead, The Slaton in ths casei to increase the sie ofthe ear ing surace and, hs, rede the contact pressues, Some dergnes intentionally eee Stus and nods that re are enough fo keep the compressive stresses win this Clos ony the tension es rue detieddeign To minus sacking an tree Complications that my result fom incompatbity i the defomatons due fo sts shortening andes elongating in nearly the same plane he angle between stand tes ata node shouldbe greater han 25°. The dacgn of ral Zones is ased onthe assumption that the principal sess within he itreting stats andes ae parlel to the anes ofthese rss members ‘The wis of the sts andes ae in genera proportional tthe magitue ofthe face in the elements fo or mre sus comerge onthe sume face, such a shown in fig 10. and bits gonealy necessary to resolve the forces ino single fore and to ovens te face ofthe nodal zone so thr it perpendicular fo the combined fines as shown in Fig. 109 and Some geome aangerent prcioe establish ing a purely hyrostatc node In these ease the bith ofthe stt is detrmined by the geome of the bearing pate or tuson ti x shown in Fig. 1010 The thickness ofthe sti, ard nodal Zone gpl ua othe thickness of the ember Tih thik of the heing aes ess than the tienes ofthe Toredce the stand ie thicess x coal enn rtp tose pip plane ofthe member tal continent ape Ctiv sping ln this sane, stuvane mol ay be sed to dec the rafoncePowe-shped ss Is for transverse reinforcement in a manner that is similar «© that used «0tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os 3300 DE: FIGURE 10.9 Text oe) cengrer, N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapter 10 Resolution of Forces in nodal (b) Four forces acting on node 8 (a) Struts AE and EC may ba repiacad by AC t a e t (2) Equivalent node i with resolved forces (c] Equivalent node Capacity of Struts ‘Strut capacity is based on both the strength of the strut itself and the strength of the nodal zone, If stcut does not have sufficient capacity, the design must be revised by providing compression reinforcement or by increasing the size of the nodsl zone. This Inxay, in turn, affect the size of the bearing plate or column, Design of Ties and Anchorage ‘To control eracking in a D-region, ties are designed so that the stress in the reinforce- ment is below yield at service Toads. The geometry of the te must be selected so that the reinforcement fits within the tie dimensions, Anchorage for ties is provided within the nodal and extended nodal zones plus regions om the far side of the node that may be available hased on the geometry of the i aan extended nodal zone and the length available for anchorage of ties /,, In this case, the tie is extended to the Ieft of the nodal zone «© allow for full development of the reinforcement, The shape of the extended nodal zone isa function of the sirut angle - and the width of the tie w,. Figure 10.10 ilustrates the geometry and dimensions of a C-C-T node with a tension tie that contains multi= ple layers of reinforcement, Figure 10.10b shows « C-T-T nodal zone. IF insulfietes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os Ve Sie-ant-TeMatels | Text oe) engoes 204 STRUTAND-TIE MODELS 331 Tie Tr Extenced nodal zone Fr |tie | [= ctical section Lt for development ofreinforcement (0) 0-7T node (a) C-C-T node win eccentric strut FIGURE 10.10 Extended nodal zone definition, g. Design Details and es hin the nodal ancl extended nodal length is available to anchor the reinforcement le ora hook or mechanical anchor zones, the reinforcement must extend beyond them must be used to fully develop the reinforcement. imum Reinforcement Requirements A complete design includes verification that (1) tie reinforcement can be placed in the section, (2) nodal zones are confined by compressive forces or tension ties, and (3) minimum reinforcement requirements are satisfied. Reinforcement within ties must meet the ACI Code requirements for bar spacing (sce Section 3.6c) and fit within the overall width and thickness ofthe tc. Tie details should be reviewed to ensure that are adequately developed on the far side of nodes by tension development length. hooks, or mechanical anchorage. Shear reinforcement requirements are satisfied by ensuring that the factored shear is less than the ACI Code maximum, as described in Chapter 4, longitudinal cracking of bottle-shaped struts is controlled, or the minimum reinforcement requirements described in Section 10.4d are met. ACI Provisions For StRUT-AND-Tie MoveLs ACI Coie Appendix A provides guidance for sizing struts, nodes, and ties, It addresses the performance of highly stressed compression zones that may be adjacent 10 oF crossed! by cracks in a member, the effect of stresses in nodal zones, and the requirements for bond and anchorage of ties, ‘The effective compressive strengih of concrete O.85/" is modified by a facior - 10 account for the effects of cracks (caused by spreading332 tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os Ve Sie-ant-TeMatels | Text oe) engoes 204 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapter 10 ‘compressive resultants) and confining reinforcement in struts and the anchorage of ti in nodal zones, Te balance of this section describes the steps needed to calculate the capacity of struts, verify nodal zones. and design ties and tie anchorage. A strength-reduction factor 15 is used for struts. ties, nodal zones. and bearing areas. Strength of Struts The strength of a strut is limited based! on the strength of the concrete in the strut and the strength of the nodal zones at the ends of the strut. The nominal compressive strength of a strut F,, is gi Fy = SuaAe 0.2) where f, is the effective compressive strength of the concrete in a strut oF nodal zone and A, i the eross-sectional area at one end of the strut, which is equal to the product Of the strut thickness and the strut width, The effective strength of eonerete in a strut is Son = O85: 6f (103) ‘where -, is a factor that accounts for the effeets of cracking and confining reinforce ‘ment within the strut, with values ranging from 1.0 for a strut with a uniform cross- sectional area over its length to 0.4 for strats in tension members or the tension fa cof members (Table 10.1). Intermediate values include 0.75 for struts with a width at midsection that is larger than the width at the nodes (botle-shaped struts) that are crossed by transverse reinforcement to resist the transverse tensile force resulting from the compressive force spreading in the strut and 0.6. for boitle-shapes strats without the required transverse reinforcement, where - is the conection factor related to the unit weight of concrete: 1.0 for normal-weight conerete, 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete, and 0.75 for alblightweight concrete. ., = 0.60 for all other cases, as when parallel diazonal cracks divide the web struts or when diagonal cracks are likely to fur and cross a strut, as shown in Fig. 10.11. Compression steel! may be added to increase the strength of a strat, so thet "as doe * ALL 0.4) ‘where f; is bascd on the strain in the conerete at peak stress. For Grades 40) and 60 reinforcement. TABLE 10.1 values for strut strength Condition ‘Sirur with uniform cross section over Is env engi To ‘Sic wih the wri a midsection larger than the sikh at the Hees 075 Abottle-shaped strut) and with reinforcement satisfying transverse requirements Stew with the width st micseetion larger than the width st the nodes 060: * ooute-shaped str) and reinforcement noe satisfying iansverse requirements Stcus in teasion members oe in the easion flange of members 040 All other eases, Fig. 10.1 000 © equals 0 for nonnalocight const, O85 for sn igheightconerste and 75 fer ll ighuwcightes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE 10.11 ‘Beam cracking conditions for 0. Ve Sie-ant-TeMatels | Text oe) engoes 204 STRUTAND-TIE MODELS 333 — | BS t t one cms f (a) Struts in beam with inclined cracks parallel to strut Struts \ 1 Bo (©) Sts crossed by skew cracks To design transverse reinforcement for boitle-shaped struts, ACT Code A.3.3 permits the assumption that the compressive force in the struts spreads at a slope of ‘ovo Tongitudinal to one transverse along the axis of the strut, as shown in Fig, 10.3h, For £! = 6000 psi, the ACI Code considers the transverse reinforcement requirement to be satisfied if the strut is crossed by layers of reinforcement that satisfy Asin = 0,003 105 Fin = 0.008 105) where A, is the total arca of reinforcement at spacing 4; in a layer of reinforcement with bars at an angle -; to the axis of the strut, and b is the thickness of the stra. ‘The reinforcement may be perpendicular to the strut axis or may be placed in an orthogo- nal grid pattern, The subscript i denotes the layer of reinforcement. The values s, and ; are shown in Fig, 10.12. The ACI Code provides no clear guidance to indicate when a strut shoald be con- sidered as rectangular or bottle-shaped, Some researchers suggest that horizontal struts be represented as rectangular and inclined struts represented as hottle-shaped (Ref. 10.6). Others simply assume a bottle-shaped strut will develop, using the lower values of », for design (Ref, 10.7). Examples in this text use rectangular horizontal struts and bottle-shaped inclined struts. Strength of Nodal Zones ‘The nominal compressive strength of a nodal zone is| Fn = Jaca (10.6)rwter-oorme-totan [ve Semani-riemaels | text oe) Dongs of ove engoes 204 Scere Tint os 334 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 10 FIGURE 10.12 Detsils of reinforcement crossing 9 sinut Sirut axis wo) boundary 5; al where f., is the effective strength of the concrete in the nodal zone and A,, is (1) the area af the face of the nodal zone taken perpendicular to the Line of action ofthe for from the strut or tie or (2) the area of a section through the nodal zone taken perpen dicular to the line of action of the resultant force on the section. The latter condition ‘cecurs when multiple struts intersect a node, as shown in Fig, 109. ‘The etfective concrete strength in a nodal zone is 185: yf 0.7) where /! is the compressive strength of the concrete in the nodal zone, and -, isa fae: tor that reflects the degree of disruption in nodal zones due to the incompatibility of tensile sttains in ties with compressive strains in struts, -, = 1.0 for C-C-C nodes, 0.80 for C-C-Pnodes, and 0.60 for C-F-T or FE-T nodes. Values of -, are summarized in Table 10.2. Strength of Ties Ths nominal strength of ties F,, isthe sum of the strengths of the reinforcing steel and prestressing steel within the te. Fy = Aah + Ante + Af) 108) area of reinforcing stecl yield strength of reinforcing stec! area of prestressing steel if any where A,, i, {f= effective stress in prostressing steel Af, = imerease in prestressing steel stress due to factored load ‘The sum jj. + Af, must be less than or equal w the yield stress ofthe prestressing rei forcement, 4, is ze for nonprestreswed members, The value of Af, may be found by analysisor, in Hew of formal analysis, ACI Code A.4.1 allows 1 vilue 60,000 psi {6 be used for bonded tendons and 10,000 psi to he used! for uaborded tendonstes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os ‘pn inthis ition vesimcan-remates | To omen Canyon STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS. 335 TABLE 10.2 values for node strength Nodal Zone Condition Classification Bounded by seus or beaingawea COO 10 “Anchoring oe te cor as0 Anchoring tno or more iss Cire rrr 080 ‘The effective width of a tie w, depends on the distribution of the tie reinforce- ment. If the reinforcement in a tie is pliced in a single layer, the effective width of a tie may be taken as the diameter of the largest bars in the tie plus twice the the surface of the bars, Alternatively, the width of a tie may be taken as the the anchor plates, The practical upper limit for ie width w,,,,. 8 equal wo the corresponding to the width of a hydrostatic nodal zone given’ as E ver to idth of ith (10.9) Pa where f, isthe effective nodal zone compressive stress given in Eg, (10.6) and bis the thickness of the strut, Ties must be anchored before they leave the extended nodal zone at a point defined by the centroid of the bars in the tie and the extension of the outlines of either the strut or the bearing area, as shown in Fig. 10.10. IF the combined lengths of the nodal zone and extended nodal zone are inadequate to provide for development of the reinforcement. additional anchorage may be obtained by extending the reinforcement beyond the nodal zone, using 90° hooks. or by using a mechanical anchor. Ifthe tie is anchored with a 90° hook, the hooks should be confined by reinforcement extending into the beam from supporting members to avoid splitting of the conerete within the ‘anchorage region, ACI Shear Requirements for Deep Beams Beams with clear spans less than or equal to 4 times the total member depth or with concentrated loads placed within twice the member depth of a support are classified as deep beams, according to ACI Code 11.7 and 11.8.’ Examples of deep beams are shown in Fig. 10.13, ACI Code 11.8.2 allows such members to be designed either by using a nonlinear analysis or by applying the strut-and-tie method of ACI Code Appendix A. While solutions based on nonlinear strain distributions are available (Ref. 10.8), the strut-and-tie approach allows a rational design solution, “ACI Code 11.8.3 specifies thatthe nominal shear in a deep beam may not exceed 10. Frbyd, where b, isthe width of the web and d is the effective depth. ACI Code 10.84 and 10.8.5 provide minimum steel requirements for horizontal and vertical reinforcement within a deep beam. The minimum reinforcement perpendicular to 9 spam is A, = 0.00250, (10.10) [does wl spel he magnitude the oneal a ea cn ee 0 ice te ceep Beam prisons of Secon 14.8 A level of profesional odginet srogired i low mnitde concentra oa is pao at heen of a eam, Deep hea design may othetes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os Ve Sie-ant-TeMatels | Text oe) engoes 204 336 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chae 10 FIGURE 10.13 Deep beam D rezions | D-reqion (a) Deop beam with L= 4n Loewe ft rt (0) Deep beam with a= 2h Is ‘where s is the spacing of the reinforcement. The minimum reinforcement parallel to 2 span is Ay = 0.0015h, (10.18) where s, is the spacing of the reinforcement perpendicular to the longitudinal rein- forcement. Spacings s and s, may not exceed d’$ or 12 in. ACI Code 11.8.6 allows Eq (10.5) to be used im Liew of Eqs. (10.10) and (10.11). For strut-and-tie models, b,, equals the thickness of the element b. APPLICATIONS While there are a number of possible applications for a strut-and-tie model, ACI Code 11.8 and 11.9 specifically allow deep beam and colurnn bracket design to be com- pleted with this method. The following examples examine the details of deep beams ‘and dapped beam end design by the stru-and-tie method. Additional examples of strut-and-tie modeling may be found in Chapter 11 and in Refs, 10.9 and 10.10, Deep Beams Deep beams represent one of the prineipal applications of stutand-tie models, since the alternative under ACT Code 118 is 2 nonlinear analysis. Two examples of deep beam design are presented next, one that includes the application of concentrated! loads at the upper surface of a transfer girder and 2 second that addresses design for distributed as well as concentrated loadsutser-Dare-Dotn Text oe) Dosige a onerte cengrer, Scere Tint os STRUTAND-TIE MODELS 337 EXAMPLE 10.1 Deep beam, A ransfersitder is to carry «wo 24 in. square columns, each wich factored loads of 1200 kips located atthe third points of its 36 ft span, as shown in Fig, 10.144. The beam has a thickness of 211 and a total height of 12 f. Design the beam for the given loads, ‘ignoring the self-wetght, using f= $000 psi and f, = 60.000 psi SouvIION. The span-to-deprh rato forthe beam is 3, thereby qualifying it asa deep beam, A\stru-and-te solution will be used. Definition of Deregion Al ofthe supports and loads are within of each other or the supports, so the entire struc- ture may be characterized as a D-region. The thickuess of the struts and tis is equal to the thickness of the beam b = 24 in, Assuming an effective depth f= 0.9% = 0.9 x 12 = 10.8 fe im the middle thisd of the beam. the maxinuun design shear capacity of the beam is» V, = 10. Frbyd = 0-18 % 10-5000 ¥ 24 X 1088 12 100) = 1650 kips, Ths is greater than 00 kips. Thus, the design may continue, oree resullants on D-region boundaries The 1200 kip column loads on the upper face of the beam are equilibrated by 1200 kip res tions atthe supports as shown in Fig 10.14, Based on an assumed center-to-center distance 1200kips 1200 kips 1200 kins 1200 kins ER 24x 24n cols R 2 i EA 22 ss00 Ks | ts Tension a EEreeoson f[—_».» —__} f t ‘200 ‘aookps 1200p {200m (a) Beam dimensions and loading (6) Beam internal forces and trial truss model No.5 (No. 16) No.5 (No. 16) SANRIO Nos a coche gr cach gar D4 24in Node Ned 2 ‘an Ma 2 No.4 (No. 19) bare 1 ‘tae! 2g aan PAN ae = = siutab | Tes 23 y | 2 | Ml Node T 2 x26im 22ND 11 (No.3) miele (c) Scharate shonin wee of arts to, (0) Rainorconent cote ‘and nodes in final truss mode! FIGURE 10.14 Deep bean design fev Example 10.1338 tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os DE: Text oe) cengrer, N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapter 10 the horizontal steat and the tie of 0.8%, the tial diagonal simats form at an angle 66° and carry a load of 1921 kips. A horizontal 1500 kip compression strut runs between the 10 column loads and a 1500 kip tension tie rans between the botiom nodes. “The truss model Based on the beam geometry and loading, a single truss is sulficient to carry the column Toaus, as shown in Fig. 10.14e. The wuss has a cipezoldal shape. This isan acceptable solu- ‘on since the nodes are not true pins and instability within the plane ofthe tuss is ot aco ccem in a strutandt-tie model. The truss geometry is established by the assumed intersection of the struts ane ties and used to determine Selecting dimensions for strut and nodal zones The nodal stress p is determined by the average stress under the eofumns, Thus, p = 1200 Kips (24 in, % 24 in.) = 2.08 ksi The width of strut ae, Found using pis fe = Fa (h X p) = 1500-24 % 2.08) = 30.0 in IY. yp = 38.5 in, ad, = 30.0 in, The cemter-toscenter distance berwven the hor- ional st ae and the ti #s 12° 30-12 = 9.5 Fl, 0° 0.79. The angle between the diag- ‘onal strut a and the tie is thus 38,3°. Using an angle of 38.0° gives a revised force in steut ‘ab of 1949 kips. Similarly, the revised force in strut ac and the tie is 1536 kips, while the ‘widths are revised 10 Wy = 39.0 in, and, and w,, = 30.7 in (Nove: After iteration, the actual angle becomes 38.2°, The value of 38.0" is cinservative andl is, thus, retained.) Capacity of steuts The horizontal strat ce will be assumed 19 have a uniform cross section, while she diagonal sits will be considered as botile-shaped because ofthe greater width available. Strat capac~ ity is given in Eqs. (10.2) and (10.3). whieh, when combined, g1Ve Fyg = 0.85 jb, where ws the width of the sout ands L0 for a rectangular strut. For strut ac, Fg = 0.78 X 1.0% 0.85 SOOD % 30.7 24 1000 = 2349 kips > 1536 kips ‘Therefore, strut ac is adequate, Similarly. for strut ab. F,, = 0.75 0.95 X 0.85 % $000 x 30.0 x 24 1000 = 2238 hips > 1949 kips From Eqs. (10.6) and (10.7), the capocity ofthe nodal zone is - Fy, = + ,0.85,0,b. At fa, CCC node, -, = 1.0, and at ha C-C-T node, -, = 0.80. This the eipacity of teu, aah is established at nove 8 and Fy, = 0.75 0180 % 085 % 5000 % 39.0 x 24 1000 = 2387 kips = 1049 kips Simitarly, the nodal end capacity of strat ae is 2349 kips with -, = LO. Thus, the eapacicy atthe end of the struts and at the nodes exceeds the factored loads. and thus, the struts are adequate, Design ties und anchorage ‘The tic design consists of thiee steps seletion ofthe area of steel. design ofthe anchorage ‘and validation thatthe tie fits within the available Ge width. The steel area is compated as A, = Fy fy = 1536 (07S % 60) = 34.1 ine, Ths is satisfied by using 22 No. 11 (No. 36), bas. Inving a tora area of = 24.3 in’. Pacing the bars in two layers of ive bars ane dhce layers of four bars. while allowing for 2.5 in. clear cover to the bottom of the beam and 4 clear spacing between layers, cesuits ina total Ge width of 3 LAL +4 454225 = 30,0 in, matching the tie dimension, The anchorage length , foe No. 11 (No. 36)bats (from Table A.10%n Appendi A) is 42 9.2 in. The length of the nodal zone and extended nodal zone is 24 ++ 05 X 30.7 cot 38.0" 13.6 in. which is Iss than (,, The beam geometry does not allow the tie reinforcement to extend lincufly beyond the node; therefore, 90° hooks or mechanical anchors are requitee fon the No. 11 (No. 36} bars. Placement details are covered in the next seetion. Allowing 1.3 in, cover on the sides, No. 5 (No, 16) transverse and horizontal reinforcement, and 2, spacing between No. 11 (No. 36) bars. five No, 11 (No. 26) bars require a total thickness oftes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os Text oe) cengrer, STRUTAND-TIE MODELS 339 Peat Tis within eke 24 in, bear thickness XLS + 4 0,625 + 4 spaces @ 22 141 + S bars 141 3.8 i., which Design details and minimum reinforcement requirements ACI Code 11.8.6 requires that shear reinforcement in deep beams satisfy (a) both Eqs (10.10) anki (10.11) oF (by Eq. 0.5), Using Ba, (10.10), the minimum requires venti= cal sel is A, = 0.002515 = 0.0025 > 24 > 12 = 0.72 in’Ft, This is satisfied by No. 5 No. 16) bars at 10 in, placed on each face, giving a total area of reinforvement equal © 0,74 ini. Similarly, asing Eg, (10.11), the horizontal reinforcement is A, = 0.001595, = 19,0015 % 24 12 = 0.43 in’ ft, which is satisfies! using No.4 (No. 13) bars at 10 in, placed on cach face, giving 048 inf Equation (10.5) produces similar steel requirements. Using the reinforcement selected using Eqs. 40.10) and (10.11), exo No. $ (No. 16) hars (= 380°) give A, = 0.62 in? and two No.4 (No. 13) bars ( = 52.0") give Ay, = 0.40 in’. Equation (10.5) becomes Ay (262 sin 49.1° + 0.40 sin 38.0" . an 4 0.00306 - 0.003 seq] This cnsarcs that sufticicat reinforcement is present to contro! longitudinal splitting inthe bottle shaped struts, as well as satisfying mioimum reinforeement requirements. The large number of No. {1 (No, 36) bass will zequire either the use of mechanical anchorage or staggering the location of the hooks, Mechanical anchors require less space and woald be preferable far concrete placement. but ate oftea wore expensive than standart! hooks. Figure 10.l4d shows staggered hooks for the final design. [n addition, horizontal U-shaped No. 4 (No. 13) bars aze placed at in. (dy = 3% LAL i. Jn.) across the ‘end of the beam to confine the No, 11 (No, 36) hooks. The final beam details are given in Fig, 10.14. EXAMPLE 10.2 Deep eam with distributed loads. In adklition w the concentrated low, the wansfer tides from Example 10.1 carries a distributed factored foal of 3.96 Kips applied song ity top edge, as shovia in Fig. 10.154. Design forthe given loads, plus the sel-weight, using = S000 pst and f, = 60,000 pst SOLUTION. The factored self-weight ofthe beam is 1,2 (12 fk 241 X 0.15 kipst?) = 4.32 kips/ft. Thus, the total factored distributed load és 432 + 8.96 = 8.28 kipslt, resulting in 2 total factored load of 8.28 kipsift 37.7 ft = 312 kips, approximately 13 percent of the col- tum loads. The solution follows Example 10.4 and accounts for the cistributed loads, For this example, the self-weight ofthe beam is combined with the superimposed dead lood. A move conservative solution could place the self weight atthe bottom of the beam and eor- respondingly increase the vertical ension tie requirements to transfer the Toad to the top Flange. The top placement is used inthis case because the selP-weight is a small percentage ofthe total load and the concentrated forces are moved slightly toward the center of the beam for a conservative placement Definition of Deregion ‘The entice beam is a D-region, as shown in Fig, 10.150, The maximum factored shear inthe beam is V, = 1200 + 312. 2= 1360kips< 10 bad ~ 1650 kips, the maximum design shear using d = 10.8 ft Thus, the desiga can continue. Forve resultants on D-region boundaries ‘The 1200 kip column leads are the same as in Example 10.{: however, the lower column reactions are equal to 1360 kips. Mainisining the same lower column size gives a stress at the beam-columnn interface of p = 1360 (24 < 24) = 2.36 ksirwter-oorme-totan [ve Semani-riemaels | text oe) Dosige a onerte cengrer, Scere Tint os 340 —DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chayier 10 1200kns 1200 kins 1200 kips 1200 ips UT uta eee es 24 Da cole e 5 i — Tension === Compression $e. ___} t t 41960 kips 1360 ks 1360 Kips 1360 Kips {a} Beam dimensions and loading (6) Beam intemal forces end truss model No.5 (Ne. 18) No.5 (No. 16) @10n 8 10h each lace sep cach face zor 24 X 241, fo fo dela] fo fr {TT} ff re TAT columns: (Ag Sf M & No.4 (No. 13) bars [7 [LOGS SSA 3s8| TIIIZ @ 4ineach end MAAS f SN \| gs i Z n | ES§ 4 PANS SSNS ge + lg iy? 2a No. 11 (No. 38) bara with 00° hooke inthe layers (6) Struts, ties, and nodes (@) Reintorcement details FIGURE 10.18 ‘Deep beam with listibured loses For Example 10.2 The stress on the column node cannot exceed the effective concrete strength. For a C-C- T node, LOASY! = 0.75 0.80 > O85 % SOOO. 1000 = 2.55 ksi 1360 (24% 24) = 2,36 = 2.5516 ce between the horizontal iru PS he Therefore, the bottom column of 24 x 24 in. giving p is adequate. As in Example 10.1, the centerto-center distara Te ‘onion Desist Cee tenga, Since toot Ene STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS. Md TABLE 10.3 Diagonal strut properties and forces for Example 10.2 Vertical ‘axial Stu End Horizontal Suut__ Load, kips toad, kips___ in Capacity hips Foree,kips he 1989 Ma On os 1974 1536 a 361 ast 0788. 367 99 be 9 Lal 07s os BD 297 ee 686 1 07508 e9 46 3 as on 07506 ws 206 f 22 0% 07806 202 103 Total i force ies and the horizontal tie at midspan is taken 9.5 ft 10 compute the slope of the stat dg a8.» = 380° The ventical dimension for sinuts ag. bg. and eg iy assumed to be 105 4 because they are anchored closer to the top edge of the beam. The total distributed load of 312 kips is represented by nine 34.7 kip concentrated fowds placed at 3 feentets, as shown in Fig. 10.156, Distributed loads eaa be grouped atthe disere- lion ofthe designer. H would be equslly satisfactory to group thern into 12 Toads, placed one per foot. oF combine some load with the column loads, The loads are not combined with the col- ‘uma loads in this example to illusrate design for distributed loads. Using the geometric layout of the loads, srut and te forces are computed and summarized in Fig, 10,13) and Table 10.3 The truss mode! In adalition fo the struts and ties needed to carry the column loads, struts and ties to carry the distributed loads are now inclided in the wuss, The distributed Ioads between the cokinns ace carted by sttuts 1 the bottom chord: tension tes them transfer the vertical compote ofthe load tothe top chord, while the horizontal component is transferred to the bottom tie, The geometry ofthe struts is selected 10 allow tension ties to be placed vertically. The loads anodes a, band ¢ hetween the column ane! the support create a kan of eompeession struis to node g, as shown in Fig. 10.15% andl ¢ Selecting dimensions for strut and nodal zones ‘The fonces in the “fan srt are based on the geometry ofthe strus. The widkhs ofthe strus, ‘ag, bg, and eg are computed based on the contact area at nox g, because the capacity of 3 C-CT node (atthe lower end) is lower than that of a C-C-C node (at the upper end). The ssress on the column at nade ¢ isp = 2.36 ksi. To maintain constant stress in he node, strut day hasa width w= Py ph = 36.1-2.36 % 24) = 0.68 in, The dimensions of struts eh ane fic with no concentrated Yoads acting directly on either end, are governed by the nodal capac- ity since the nodes ir and i are C--T nodes, with -, = 0.60 (Table 10.2), For example, for SMU eh P = fy = 0.73 X O85 X 0.60 5000-1000 = 1.91 ksi and width w,, = F,-pb = 40.4. (1.91 24) = 0.88 in. In this case, the design capacity will exactly equal the Ti tored load. The remaining sirt widths, geometries, and loads are summatized in Table 10.3 Capacity of struts By inspection, the stresses in the fan struts ag, bg, ane cx will be critical as bovtle-shapedl sinuts. Using, = 0.75 fora C-C-Tnode and = 0.75, strut wy hasa design capacity Fy, OSSp tut = 0.75 % 075 % 0.85 % S000 X 0.64 % 24-1009 treater than the applied load of 36.1 kips. The strut Inall eases, the design strength - F,, excceds the applied forocs and the strus are adequate Design ties and anchorage Tie design is similar co that in Example 10.1, except dat the addtional horizontal crust, from the distributed loads increases the force to 1661 kips. The required arca of ste forthe lie is A, = Fy, fy = 1661-(0.75 ¥ 60) = 36.9 in? oF 24-No. 11 (No. 36) bars, Asin Exampletes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os Text oe) cengrer, N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapter 10 10.1, 90° hooks will be required to anchor the tie. The ste! will be placed in four layers of five bars and one layer of four bars. Example 10.1 validated that the reinforcement will fit in the available space The vertical tie bh earties 34.7 hips. The required area of steel For this tie is A, = Fao = 347 (0.75 60) = 0.77 in*, Distributed stel is selocted for vertical ties because the placement of the struts was arbiteary due to the assumptions made in modeling the distrib- ‘ued load. Thus, the 0.77 in? is stibuied over 3 Feet, the center-to-cemter spacing used for the distibuted Toad, The minimum reinforcement in Example 10.1. No. § (No. 16) bars at, 10 in, on each face, provides the required steel, Design details une! minimum reinforcement requirements The minimum reinforcement requirements from Example 10.1 vena dltails are shown in Fig, 10.154, hanged. The final EXAMPLE 10.3, A comparison of Examples 10.1 and 10.2 demonstrates the sensitivity of the design to the applied loading. The addition of the distributed load resulted in an increase in the horizontal tie reinforcement, although the vertical reinforcement, which in the case of Example 10,2 serves as the vertical tie steel, remains unchanged Dapped beam ends Precast and prestressed concrete beams often have dapped or notched ends, such ay shown in Fig, 10.16, to reduce the floor-to-floor height of buiklings. The recess allows structural overlap between the main beams ard the floor beams. While the dapped end is advantageous in controlling building Nloor-to-floor height, it ereates two structural problems, First the shear at the end of the beam must be carried by a much smaller section, and second. the mechanism of load transfer through the notched zone is dif- ficult to represent using conventional design techniques. As a result, dapped-end beams lend themselves to design using strut-and-tie models. Design of a dapped beam end. A 24 in. deep precast concrete T bear has a 10 in. thick ‘web that carries factored end reactions of 67 kips inthe vertical direction and [3 kips in the hhorizootal direction, as shown in Fig. 10,64. The beam end is notched 0 in. vertically and 8 in. along the beam aais. The load is tranyferred to the support through a 4 > 10 in bear- ing plate. Design the end reinforcement using f = S000 psi and f; = 60,000 psi. SoLtHON, The combination of the concer gest the use of a strut-andtie soliton ted load snd the geometric discontinuity sug Definition of D-region The D-region for this beam is approximately one sinuetural depth in from the end of the notch, The bearing plate will have longitudinal reinforcement welded to it (allow for Toad ttansfor Therefore the effective depth atthe notch is taken as 13.0 ia, The maximum allow able shear capacity is V, = + Vy =~ 10: Jeb = 0.75 % 10+ S000 x 10 13.0-1000 = 665.9 kips, This exceeds the 67 kip applie! loud, so the section is adequate wo proceed with the design, Force resultants on D-region boundaries and the truss model Three possible muss layouts are considered, as shovsn in Fig. 10,16, Option 1 includes a vertical strut and a diagonal tension tie tothe lower chord ofthe beam. The presence of sev- eral tension tes in this model suggests that ths is wot a minimum energy solution. Option 2 includes a diggonal compressive strut and a vertical hanger to transfer the load to the bot om chord of the beam, The compression strut below the dapped end transfers the tensiletes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os Text oe) cengrer, STRUTAND-TIE MODELS 343 p24 wie t w L on 13 kps =T | 67 ipo bed a 2) ° (6) Alternative ttuss models 3 No.5 (No. 16) ce closed stirups @ 2 in, Tr (Yel Act saat IW ay | A,» 2.98 in?, 96° hook or 4-3 sin |Il Il ‘mechanical anchor headed studs (IML_—_#”__| (c) Truss geometry and loads (6) Final end design FIGURE 10.16 Dapped beam end design for Example 10.3 reaction tothe main Jongitucinal steel. Option 3 includes an internal triangular truss t0 bal ance the action within the interior ofthe bear. Balsneing nodal forces at an indeterminate imerior foue-member joint poses difficulties in joint detailing, but may be desirable if con- 2.28 aad a DO" hook oe metic agshor at nde Aho min tenon satel, see rset ay ne eh design capacities are summarized in Table 10.4. All exceed the applied Forces, as would be ‘expected with the Low model stress used in this design Design tes and anchorage Forte bd, A, = Fyyy fy = 67 (0.78 % 60) = 1.49 i? Three No. $ (No. 16) strups pro- Sd 1.86 in of sth The maxinuien wid fore hai gy = Fy ph = 67.0-(L68 % 10) ~ 3.99 in, Thuee No. 5 (No. 16) stimups may be placed within a total wid of 2.7 in, and, thus, fit within the maximum tie width tor Ad. Tie ae caries both the horizontal component of strut ab and the 13 kip horizontal reaction. Theretore, Fy = 67 <8 12 = 13.0 ips. requiring an tea of siel expat to 1.28 tn, whieh Is provided by oxo No. 8 (No. 28) tars. The anchorage length of the tes exceeds ihe aailable neal dimensions. Thercloe. te dae s olde tothe pate at node @ and has a full dovelopment lenath tothe eight of node f es bd andy are deteiled as closed stirups, The area of stool and te selected bar sizes for the des ae tabulated in Table 10.4. Stivup forte Ad ure grouped together and should! be added t0 any norial shear reinforcement from the Beegion ofthe beam. Design details and minimum reinforcement requirements Stat cb transfers a horizontal thrust to node «a. Welding the reinforcement for tie ae to the plate anchors the tie, bu itis not sufficient co ensure thot the horizontal component of the suut force is transferred to the tie, Two solutions are possible. First the plate at node a may be replaced with a steel angle, A 3.5 i. tll leg is needed to confine the nodal zone width Alternatively, 2 more comnmon practice in the precast indusity, headed studs are welded tc the plate andthe connection is designed by the shear friction principles described in Seetion 4.9, Headed studs have a yield stress of 50,000 psi and a coefficient of friction between cconerete and steel of 0.7. Thus, the area of studs requires to resis the horizontal components, Of strut ab is Ay = Var = 6148: 12¥-€0.75 % 50 % 0:7) = 1.70 in? Four 3/4 in. ciam- ter X 5 in, long headed studs will be used to provide 1.76 in’. The $ in, length places the ‘head of the stud outside ofthe nodal zone width cof the main longitudinal reinforcement, An area of Grade 60 Stee) = 2.28 in” is needed to provide the force in the ti. which should also be checked against the reinforcement requirements for moment in the B-region. 90° hook oF mechanical anchor is required at node «to provide Full devetopment of the force in te dg. Ifthe besm is prestressed, the prestressing Steel ana the accompanying compression inthe concrete pro Vide an equivalent anchorage. Minimum reinforcement in the dapped end is A, yy, ~ 0.0029b,8 = 0.0025 ¥ 10. 12 0.30 n't. This is satisfied by No. 4 (No, 13) bars ac 12 in, Since the steel in tie falutser-Dare-Dotn Text oe) Dosige a onerte cengrer, Scere Tint os STRUTAND-TIE MODELS 345 excoeds this, no further reinforcement is needed. The final connection is detail 10.164. in Fig ‘Theexamples in this section illustrate both the methodology of strut-and-tie design and the importance of understanding the detailing requirements necced to transfer forces at nodes. Failure to appreciate the nced to provide anchorage for the tic in Example 10.1 cor to supply thrust resistance for the struts in Example 10.3 can lead to failure. In the ccxamples, the contact area was used to establish the hydrostatic nodal pressure. As dis- cussed. an equally acceptable solution would have been to select the maximum stress for cone of the struts. The remaining strut and tie widths would then be adjusted accordingly. REFERENCES 10.1, J, Sehlich, Khater, ML Jere, “went 4 Ceesstnt Designo Seta Conte” J PC, sa 32,03, Mayshune 1987, pp. 74-150, 10.2, Mast, “nk Mgels it Peg” Cone fn, SOL 7.99.12 1985, 99 6-78 10.3, P Mast “lasie Teas fo Reiakeeved Conese Design" J ACI: el 82.0 1, 1985, pp. 46-56 104, J, Seach and K. Sebi, “Design snd Detain of Stacia Concrete Using Sted He Moe's Sir Begineer vl 9, 80. 6, Match 1891, 13 pp. 10S, toning Coe Rerements or Sitar Concrte ne Comments, Appents \, ACI SISA and ACT 318-02, American Conese asia, Fanon Hs MI 202, 106 CM. Dobe ant S. Akzoee “Eramgle la Deep Beam Design in Accnedance wi ACE 318-22 EEsmaples for dhe Design of Sracera! Concate with Sor-avd Tie Models, NC} SP 208, Kat Heine Reine (ed), Americar Concrete Inne Fanringion Hills M2002. pp. 68-80 10. 1. C. Nowak and H-Spreger,“Csanple 8: Deep Near with Opening” Bxanples forthe Devin of Simerical Concrete with Smiraavi-Te Moles. ACV SP 208, KerHeine Relnech (9h). American ‘Concrete lsat, Front ts, Ml, 202, pp. 128-4, 108. L-Chow. H Conway ani G. Winer "Siesses im ep He4mS” Troms ASCE, wal ES, 1953, 486 109. Exim forthe Design of Sracual Concrete wit Strut Te Models, NCI SP 208, Kael Hine Reine (ed), Americar Concrete Inte Fann ingion HK, MP, 2002 10.0, J. MaGrege. Renjorsed Conerer, Mechanics and Design blo, Protice Hl, Upper Sade River Nt. 1957 PROBLEMS 10.1. A deep beam with the dimensions and material properties given in Example 10.1 carries a single 24 X 24 in, column with a factored load of 1600 kips located 12 ft from the left end. Design the beam using a strut-and-tie solution that includes the self-weight of the bear. In your solution, include (a) a sketch of the load path and truss layout, (6) the sizes and geometry of the struts, ties, and nodal zones, and (ec) 2 complete sketch of the final design 10.2. Redesign the column bracket shown in Example 11.5 using the strut-and-tie method. Your strut-and-tie model may be based on Fig. 11.23. Material prop- erties remain the same as in Example 11.5. 10.3. & 36 in. deep single T beam with a dapped end has a web thickness of 6 in ‘The factored end rexetions are 82 kips in che vertieal direction and 18 kips in the horizontal direetion, The horizontal force places the bean in tension. The beam end is noiehed! 12 in, high by 10 in, along the beam axis. Design the end connection using a bearing plate that is 3 in. wide witha thickn of the web, Adjust the bearing plate size if necessary. Sp strengths are f! = 6000 psi and f, = 60,000 ps.rwter-oorme-totan [ve Semani-riemaels | text oe) Dosige a onerte engoes 204 Scere Tint os 346 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 10 104. A transfer girder has an overall depth of 11 ft and spans 22 ft between column supports. In addition to its own weight. it will pick up a uniformly distributed factored load of 3.8 kipsfft from the floor above and will carry a 14 14 in. column delivering a concentrated factored load of 1000 kips from floors above at midspan. The girder width mnst be equal fo or less than 16 in, Design the beam for the given loads, Find the girder width and the arca and geometry of tie steel, and specify the placement details. Material strengths are j = S000 psi and f, = 60.000 psi