43.INTERPRET This problem is about the increase in entropy as the ice is melted and heated up.

DEVELOP During the melting process at T1 0C, the change in entropy is

Q mL f
S1
T1 T1
During the warming to T2 15C, the change in entropy is (see Exercise 21) S2 mc ln(T2 /T1).
EVALUATE The total change in entropy is
Lf T
S S1 S 2 m c ln 2
1
T T1
334 kJ/kg 288 K
(9.4 104 kg) (4.184 kJ/kg K) ln 136 MJ/K
273 K 273 K
ASSESS As expected, the entropy change is positive in both melting and heating processes.

45.INTERPRET This problem is about entropy change with varying temperature while keeping pressure fixed.
DEVELOP From the first law of thermodynamics (dQ dU dW ) and the properties of an ideal gas
(dU nCV dT and PV nRT ), an infinitesimal entropy change is
dQ dT P dT dV
dS nCV dV nCV nR
T T T T V
When the pressure is constant, ideal-gas law gives V2 /V1 T2 /T1 .
EVALUATE Substituting the second equation into the first one yields
T V T T
S nCV ln 2 nR ln 2 n(CV R)ln 2 nCP ln 2
T1 V1 T1 T1
ASSESS The same expression can also be obtained by using dQ nCP dT at constant pressure. Note that
S 0 if T2 T1 , as expected.

60.INTERPRET Find the final temperature and the entropy change for a situation in which two objects at different
temperatures are brought into thermal equilibrium.
DEVELOP To find the final temperature, we use Q mcT for each object. The entropy change is
dS dQ
T
, so we can integrate to find the change in entropy for the water and for the copper. The initial
temperature and the mass of the copper are Tic 80C and mc 0.500 kg. The initial temperature and the
mass of the water are Tiw 10C and mw 1.00 kg.
EVALUATE
(a)
Qw Qc mw cw Tw mc cc Tc mw cw (T f Tiw ) mc cc (T f Tic )
T f (mw cw mc cc ) mw cwTiw mc ccTic
mw cwTiw mc ccTic
Tf 286 K 13C
mw cw mc cc
(b)
 dQw mw cw dTw T fw dT T fw
dSw Sw mw cw mw cw ln 44.2 J/K
Tw Tw Tiw
Tiw T

dQc mc cc dTc T fc dT T fc
dSc Sc mc cc mc cc ln 41 J/K
Tc Tc Tic
Tic T

The total change in entropy is S 3.14 J/K.

ASSESS The entropy of the copper actually decreases, but this decrease is more than offset by the increase
in entropy of the water. This is an irreversible process, and entropy always increases in irreversible
processes.