ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Anatomy the study of the structure of the body

Physiology- the study of the functions of the body tissues and organs

CELL - is the fundamental building blocks of all living matter/ basic unit of living matter
- The human body is made up of millions of cells. Each has a special task within the body, but they
all have certain things in common.
They come from preexisting cells
They use oxygen to break down food into energy
The need water to live
They grow and repair themselves
They reproduce
They die

TISSUES Groups of cell of the same type that do a particular kind of work are organized into tissues
Tissues to system
Tissues, each having a special function, are grouped together to form organs, such as the heart and
lungs. Each organ, has specific function that cannot be carried out without its various tissues. Organs that
work together to perform one or more body functions make up system:

Primary Kinds of Tissues

Type of Tissue Function Location in the body
Epithelial Protect, secrete, absorb, receive Lining of mouth and nose, skin,
sensation lining of stomach
Connective Tissue Connect, support, cover Tendons, bones, layer of fatty
tissue under skin
Muscle Tissue Muscle groups in arms, legs,
a. Striated Movement- stretch, contract abdomen, back, and internal
b. Smooth organs
c. Cardiac
Nerve tissue Transmit impluses to and from the Throughout the body
central nervous system and to the
body system
Blood and lymph tissue Circulate nutrients , oxygen and Circulatory system
antibodies throughout the body;
remove waste products

Organ- several types of tissues grouped together to perform a certain function

System- group of organs acting together carry out one or more body functions

SKIN
- The largest organ in the body
- It covers and protects internal organs from injury, bacteria, and environmental changes
- The skin also contains nerve endings from the nervous system that aid the body in awareness of
its environment
- The skin helps regulate the body temperature by controlling the loss of heat from the body
 - To increase heat loss, the blood vessels near the skin dilate or enlarge and the increased blood
flow brings more heat to the skin. Then the skin temperature rises, and more heat is lost from hot
skin to cooler environment
Evaporation- to pass off as vapor, as water evaporating into air
Perspiration- body moisture given off during physical activity
Duct- passage for fluids
Pore- opening to the outside of the skin
Epidermis- outermost layer of the skin
Dermis- the skin in general; specifically, the second layer of skin
Pigment- which is responsible for the color of the skin, is found in the epidermis

SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Is made up more than 206 bones. The bones act as a framework for the body, giving it structure
and support. Bones also protects several internal organs
- There are four types of bones
a. Long bones, like the bones in the arm, provide support
b. Short bones, like the bones in your fingers, provide flexibility
c. Flat bones, like the bones of the rib cage, provide protection
d. Irregular bones, include the vertebrae that make up the spinal column
Fracture break
- Bone cells grow and reproduce slowly compared to other types of cell. The hardening of the new
bone is a gradual process of depositing calcium. As we age, our bones become brittle. The blood
supply is often decreased, calcium is not as readily stored, and the bodys powers of general
resistance to infection and healing decreased
Joint part of the body where two bones come together and there is movement
Ligament a tough band of tissue connecting bone to bone
Tendon tough cord 0f connective tissue that binds muscles to bony parts
Bursa sac of fluid within joint capsule that provides lubrication for joint movement
Cartilage tough connective tissue that holds bone together
Sprain to twist a ligament or muscle without dislocating the bones

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
- Makes all motion possible. Group of muscles work together to perform a body motion. Two groups
of muscles that work together are called antagonistic groups
Antagonistic groups groups having opposing actions; for example, muscles that flex the upper arm act in
opposition to the muscles that extend it
Flex to bend
Contract get smaller
Extend straighten an arm or leg
Flexion bending of a joint
Abduction to move an arm or leg away from the center of the body
Adduction to move an arm or leg toward the center of the body
Voluntary muscles that are moved consciously
Involuntary action taken without conscious input
Smooth muscles appear smooth under a microscopic; usually associated with involuntary action
Striated muscles appears to be lined under microscopic; usually associated with involuntary action
Contracture permanent muscle shortening often resulting in loss of function
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- The central nervous system control and organizes all body activity, both voluntary and involuntary
(autonomic nervous system). The nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord and
nerves. The nerves are spread throughout all areas of the body.
- Any change in our external and internal environment that is strong enough will set up a nervous
impulse in these receptor organs. This impulse is carried through spinal cord to the brain. The part
of the body that must respond to the first impulse.

Nervous system system controls all body functions

Brain main organ of the central nervous system found in skull
Spinal Cord one of the main organs of the nervous system from the rain to other parts of body and from
parts of the body back the brain; is inside the spine (backbone).
Nerve bundle of neurons held together with connective tissue; nerves go to all parts of the body from the
central nervous system, that is, from the brain and spinal cord
Neuron cell that is part of all nerves
Vertebrae bones of spinal column
Disc round piece of cartilage between the vertebrae
Autonomic nervous system part of the nervous system that carries messages without conscious thought
Sense organ groups of tissue that make it possible for us to be aware of the outside world through sight,
hearing, smell, taste, and touch
Contain specialized endings of the sensory neurons. These activated by sudden change in
the outside environment
Eyes respond to visual stimuli
Ears respond mainly to sound stimuli
Membranes of the nose respond to odor
Skin responds to touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain
Stimuli activity that causes the body to respond
Nerve impulse regular wave of negative electrical impulses that transmit information along a neuron from
one part of the body to another

HORMONES AND ENDOCRINE GLANDS

- The endocrine glands secrete liquids called hormones into the bloodstream. These chemicals are
secreted in one place, but work in another. The organs that manufacture the chemicals endocrine
glands. The endocrine gland works by a feedback mechanism. When the body requires more
of a specific hormone, the gland supplies it. When the level is high enough, production stops. If this
feedback mechanism is not perfect, the body produces too much or too little of a hormone. This
result some body misfunctions

Endocrine Glands and their functions

Glands Function
Pituitary Regulates growth and sexual development; salt and water in the
Direct (hormones into body; milk production in women after birth; metabolism of food;
bloodstream) reaction of body stress; sexual development; regulation of circulation,
Indirect (Acts on the other respiration, and urinary output
gland)
Thyroid Growth Regulates and general metabolism; stores iodine
Parathyroid Works with thyroid to regulate levels of calcium and phosphorus;
 affects muscle and nerve function
Pancreas Produces insulin
Adrenal Produces adrenalin; helps regulate body fluid and electrolyte balance;
influences metabolism; influences sexual organs; helps body cope
with stress
Ovaries (Female) Produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstruation
and female characteristic
Testes (male) Produce testosterone, which causes the production of sperm and its
necessary for male characteristic

Endocrine system- ductless glands in the body that secrete hormones into the blood
Feedback mechanism process whereby the output of a system