Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 11th 2017

Table of Contests Weekly Analysis May 31

st
2017

1 Global Issues 17 Weekly Current Affairs 38 Solved MCQs of CSS Compulsory

2 Russias Resurgence: Global-
Regional Threats And
Opportunities
7 Challenges For Iranian President
9 Trumps Middle East Policy
11 Pakistans External Affairs
11 Pakistans Foreign Policy and
Emerging Geopolitical Situation:
Opportunities and Constraints
12 OBOR Summit: Pakistan-China
Cooperation and Indias Concerns
13 Pakistans Domestic Affairs
13 Indias Duplicity: The Case of
Commander Yadav
16 Macro and Micro Dividends of
CPEC: Efforts of Regional and
International Players to Disrupt
the Development in the Region, its
Ramifications and Rectifications
MCQs
18 Transcripts of Talk Shows
18 Cnn's Amanpour By CNN Host:
Christiane Amanpur
23 Connect the World by CNN
Host: Lynda Kinkade
28 Research Articles for CSS
Essay Topics
26. Principles for
Governance in the 21st Century
29 Governance, good governance
and global governance: conceptual
and actual challenges
38 Governance Reforms
Pakistan
42 Solved Past Papers
Papers 2013
44 PMS General Knowledge Paper 2019
47 FPSC Assistant Director Federal
Government Organization Intelligence
Bureau) Paper 2009
48 FPSC Assistant Director FIA (Federal
Investigation Agency) Paper 2015
49 BOOK REVIEWS
49 Americas Secret Jihad: The
Hidden History of Religious Terrorism
in the United States
Good 50 The U.S. NATO Debate from Libya to
Ukraine
51 Urdu Reports & Transcripts
of Programs
in 51 Apas ki Baat by Najam Seth: i1, 2, 3
52 Aaj Shahzeb Khanzada kay Saath
52 Jirga by Saleem Safi

Editorial
Thanks to its comprehensive and research-based quality-content, each issue of the Weekly Analysis reaches about 150000-
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readers especially students and candidates of competitive exams. This magazine aims at .providing holistic view pertaining to
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Current issue of the magazine has brought in-depth analysis of global issues like Russias resurgence: global-regional threats
and opportunities, challenges for iranian president and Trumps Middle East Policy. Similarly, sections of Pakistans domestic and
external affairs cover critical analysis of Pakistans Foreign Policy and Emerging Geopolitical Situation: Opportunities and
Constraints, OBOR Summit: Pakistan-China Cooperation and Indias Concern, Indias Duplicity: The Case of Commander Yadav
And Macro and Micro Dividends of CPEC: Efforts of Regional and International Players to Disrupt the Development in the Region,
its Ramifications and Rectifications so that readers may easily comprehend internal and external moves and threats relating to
future of Pakistan.
Along with current affairs i.e. global issues, and Pakistans external and domestic affairs, weekly current affairs MCQs,
transcripts of weeks best talk shows, research articles for CSS essay on social media and solved past papers conducted by FPSC
and PPSC are also essential part of the Weekly Analysis so that readers and candidates of competitive exams may enrich their
knowledge in order to succeed in achieving their academic and professional goals.
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Global Issues
Global Issues
RUSSIAS RESURGENCE: GLOBAL-
REGIONAL THREATS AND
OPPORTUNITIES
Abstract
This paper attempts to analyse the resurgence of Russia
and the factors behind it, including the role of political
leadership and institutions through the lens of history and
identity. It briefly looks at the genesis and the overall
implications of the Ukrainian crisis vis vis Russia and the
West. The study concludes that while Russia is facing
challenges in re-establishing itself as a major global player,
hard power politics is not the way forward. Instead, the
regime in Moscow should focus on enhancing its position and
power through economic alliances and partnerships.
Introduction
The rise and fall of great powers is a very common
phenomenon in world politics. As the concept of power is
relative, history has witnessed the rise and then decline of
many great nations such as France, Germany, and Britain.
There is a cycle of power transitions in which great powers
decline with the passage of time and new powerful states
emerge on the world stage.
The power of a great nation can be defined in terms of its
political influence, military strength and economy. The same
can be applied to Russia which continues to be a dominant
actor in global politics. While the disintegration of the Soviet
Union into smaller states in 1990 resulted in the
geographical decline of its power and influence in the
region, over the last decade Russia has started to re-assert
itself despite its geographical, economic and political
limitations and global challenges.
The paper tends to explore how and why Russia is
resurging on the political stage after its decline, with a special
focus on its relationship with neighbouring Ukraine. Factors
such as historical background, domestic compulsions,
economic and security concerns, and leadership are the
important variables which will be studied. The paper also
suggests a way forward for Russia in the prevailing challenges
and changing global political environment. It concludes that
Russia has revived itself as a powerful state, but in the current
scenario the concept of a unipolar world has been replaced by
a multipolar world; and therefore, Russia and its leadership
will have to learn how to share the stage with other powerful
states like China and Brazil, apart from the United States.
A Look Back
Following the Napoleonic Wars, Russias role as a great
world power became institutionalised. The three partitions of
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Poland and its imperial policy towards Finland and Poland
aggrandised Russias great power status. From the Vienna
Settlement (1814-15) to the Crimean War (1853-1856), Russia
secured its great power status. During the Nineteenth Century,
the Russian empire had expanded its territory and its power
extended to Afghanistan and China up to the Pacific coast. It
successfully fought WW-I and WW-II and then it cautiously
handled the Cold War era. Its powerful past is evident through
its rich history. But this history has also been traumatic. The
failing of the Soviet Empire due to economic stagnation and
misplaced focus on the arms race with the United States was a
major setback. Mikhail Gorbachevs twin policies of glasnost
(openness) and perestroika (restructuring) spectacularly
backfired and resulted in the dissolution of the Soviet Union in
1991. This had a deep psychological
impact on Russia with the beginning of a new era that
witnessed the superiority of U.S.A. and former pushed into the
background. Russia has always demanded equal treatment
from its counterparts, particularly the United States and the
European Union; and their cold shoulder treatment has been a
constant source of frustration for it.
Therefore, in the present scenario, particularly after the
Soviet disintegration, the changing security dynamics and
international environment has compelled Russia to look
beyond its traditional security realm and safeguard its
political and economic interests and expand its role in the
global politics.
Resurgence of Russia: Why Now?
The term resurgence has a very simple meaning in the
Oxford Dictionary, an increase or revival after a period of
little activity, popularity, or occurrence. Generally, it refers to
revival, renewal, and recovery, but specifically in the context
of Russia, resurgence can be defined as re-emergence from
its geostrategic decline towards a path of political, economic
and military rebuilt. There are certain factors that have
contributed towards this resurgence that must be considered in
order to understand Russias foreign policy outlook and
national interests. These factors are briefly discussed below:
Leadership
Leadership plays an important role in state policy and its
strategic orientation. For the past two decades, Russian
politics has been a one-man show revolving around Vladimir
Putin who has been switching over the seats of President and
Prime Minister. Putin has always envisioned Russia as a great
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Global Issues
power and has made policies that compliment its power
interests and strategies. His personality and vision has made
him extremely popular in the Russian public. His vision can be
described in one of his statements:
Russia has been a great power for centuries,
and remains so. It has always had and still
has legitimate zones of interest ... We should
not drop our guard in this respect, neither
should we allow our opinion to be ignored.
The Forbes magazine named Putin as the most powerful
man in the world in 2013. The Economist, in February 2014,
published an article about Russias advance towards Ukraine
and announced it as the triumph of Vladimir Putin. After
becoming President, Putin has revisited state policy and
enforced three documents: the National Security Concept, the
Foreign Policy Concept, and the Military Doctrine that
together highlight two important features i.e. identification of
vital areas for Russia and outlines for the countrys new
foreign policy. His domestic policy is to restore internal
stability, while his foreign policy is to regain Russias Soviet
era status and to restore its place in world affairs.
Domestic Factors
Domestic conditions play an important role in defining the
foreign policy of a country. During the Twentieth Century, the
Russian Orthodox Church has come back at the heart of
Russian politics. The Church has passionately supported Putin
since he casts Russias challenges in the light of foreign devils
versus Holy Russia. The Russian Orthodox Church and
Putins Russian state are now inextricably linked. Among
Putins political emoluments are renewed claims of Moscow as
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
a protector for Russian, Slavic and Orthodox people
everywhere around the world.
Security Concerns
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)s
expansion into Russias traditional areas of interest, the colour
revolutions in the Balkan and
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), American
withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty, and the
invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan have reinforced Russias
interest in a multipolar, rather than unipolar world. Over the
last 20 years, NATO has reached the former Soviet Unions
doorstep. For example, its members now include Poland, a
long time Russian enemy and often a reluctant Soviet ally.
Russia sees these NATO moves as a threat to its sovereignty
and national pride. So, Russia has finally taken a tough stance
(as in the case of Ukraine) and is now using its military
prowess and political influence to address these security
concerns. Russias stake in Ukraine is its security since it acts
as a buffer zone between Russia and its traditional European
enemies.
Economic Concerns
Russia is depending on oil exports and future pipeline
projects for its economic growth. Ukraine is a major business
zone for Russia because major gas pipelines pass through its
eastern part. Ukraine also provides important transit
locations and supply routes to Europe. Hence, Russia does not
want to lose its control over the Ukrainian market. Figure 1
shows the major pipelines of Russia that transport gas to
Europe through Ukraine:
When Russia invaded Georgia in 2008, none of the NATO
members, including the United States, was ready to provide
military support to Georgia and risk a military conflict. This
NATO/U.S. behaviour has encouraged Russia to defend its
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Global Issues
interests in the post-Soviet space. In fact, the Russian invasion
underscored the spirit of Article V (collective defence) security
guarantee provided by NATO to countries in the Russian
periphery. NATOs lack of response in Crimea has also raised
doubts about the effectiveness and durability of its forces and
paved the way for Russia to protect its national and security
interests abroad.
Emergence of Multipolarity
New powerful states are emerging in the international
political system. The traditional power centres are changing
and new regional political and economic blocs are being
established. A once unipolar world is transforming into a
multipolar one. In this context, Russia and many other states
such as BRICS that include Brazil, Russia, India, China, and
South Africa are emerging on the political stage. The Obama
administration has learnt the limit of its power after failure in
Iraq and the Afghan war. Such atmosphere has created
grounds for regional players and former
powerful states like Russia to re-assert
themselves.26
Gradual Decline of the U.S. Russias interest is far from
The United States no longer
purely economic. Russian
enjoys the political clout it once
did since over the last few
federal law
decades its economy has strengthening
suffered due to the military political positions
interventions in Iraq and primary goal of Russian
Afghanistan. The failings military-industrial cooperation,
and failures of both these and Russia will undoubtedly
interventionist use its arms exports industry to
misadventures have also
attempt to affect the balance of
raised questions about this
power in the Middle East.
militarily superior nation whose
ideological influence in the world
has declined. Numerous financial
scandals/crises have impacted its economy,
reputation and influence. It has been reported
that American power is on a downward trajectory because of
its overstretched military, risky financial situation and lack of
dynamism in the face of new, influential and powerful
competitors on the global stage.
Is a Russian Renaissance Really on the Horizon?
Neo-Nationalism
Russian nationalism has roots in several historical and
political beliefs. There is a rise in radical nationalism in Russia
due to the break-up of the Soviet Union and emergence of
ethnic criminal groups from South Caucus and Central Asia. 30
Under, Boris Yeltsin, there were official attempts to develop a
national idea which failed, but the search continued.31 The
need to infuse a spirit of nationalism, ironically, fragmented
society into religious Christian Orthodoxy and Russian radical
nationalists nostalgic of the Soviet past, having similar
imperialistic ambitions.32 The countrys new foreign policy has
evoked elements of imperial and Soviet traditions. The deep
sense of nationalism is manifested through domestic displays
such as Putins revival of Soviet-style military parades in the
Red Square. Many politicians and political scientists such as
Arseniy Yatsenyuk and Zbigniew Brzezinski have argued that
the March 18, 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia showed
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Putins desire to construct the Soviet Union 2.0 and direct
global affairs once more.33 Nationalism has been used as a
tool to justify everything from Russias intervention in Syria,
to the urgency to host mega events such as the 2014 Sochi
Winter Olympics and the 2018 World Cup.34 The neo-
nationalist rhetoric and sentiment:
Takes the form of the protection of Russian interests and
citizens in Russias sphere of hegemony i.e. its Inner and
Near Abroad and its self-proclaimed sphere of privileged
interests of which Chechnya, Ukraine and Georgia are a key
part. While perhaps not seeking to necessarily restore the old
Soviet evil empire, and have these countries under tight
political, economic and military control as they once were, the
foreign policy of the Putin/Medvedev regime does seek to keep
these countries under strong Kremlin alignment, as in the case
of Chechnya (albeit a nominal part of the Russian Federation
already) and Ukraine (a separate nation state, if not viewed so
by the Putin/Medvedev regime).
Strengthening Strategic Alliances
Russia has been historically selling arms to most of
the Middle East states, including Algeria, Egypt,
Syria, Iraq, Iran, Libya, Sudan and Yemen,
but this industry was impaired under
the privatisation policies of Boris
Yeltsin. Saddam Husseins fall in
states that 2003 and Muammar Gaddafi in
military and 2011 also led to the loss of
abroad is the traditional clients. Now,
however, the Syrian war has
reinvigorated its arms exports
Between 2011 and 2015, the
volume of weapons contracts
signed between Moscow and
Middle Eastern countries
increased substantially, and
included a Russian return to Egyptian
and Iraqi weapons markets that have
recently been dominated by the U.S.
The countrys alignment with the al-Assad
regime against the Syrian rebels also shows its strategic
resurgence, and has cemented its role as a game changer
in the region. It has played a key role in the P5+1 nuclear
agreement with Iran; and is extending trade and economic ties
with the European and Central Asian states. It is also
improving its defence relations with the South Asian countries
i.e. Pakistan and India. It recently signed a defence deal with
Pakistan in August 2015. Kozhanov points out that:
Russia has a prominent role in maritime security in the
Asia-Pacific, it has expanded its naval presence in the region
and is also a key part of the East Asia Summit.
Under the Putin regime, Russia has improved its trade
and defence relations with other countries, including North
Korea, Venezuela, Greece, Hungary, France and some far-
right wing parties across Europe. It is also deepening its ties
with China and apart from trade and investment, the most
recent development is the resumption of arms sales between
the two countries. Russia is also building alliances through
multilateral organisations such as the Collective Security
Treaty Organization (CSTO), Eurasian Economic Community
(EurAsEc), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and
BRICS to enhance its global outreach.
Economic Growth
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Global Issues
In addition to Putins leadership, Russias
economic recovery is playing a major role in
driving its resurgence. The most important pillar
of Russias economic recovery has been its boom
in earnings from oil and gas
exports. The rise of world crude oil prices in
the late 1990s and early 2000 boosted the Russian
oil industry. High energy prices allowed Russia to
build up its currency reserves and start repaying
its foreign debts. Even after the Ukrainian crisis,
Russia still controls gas and oil pipelines in
Central Europe, and Europe is dependent on its
oil and energy supply.
The effect of low oil prices, falling demand in
the European market, the July 2014 economic
sanctions on specific sectors which have been
prolonged until January 31, 2017 by the EU till the complete
implementation of the Minsk agreements, and increased
competition in oil export markets are critical challenges faced
by Russia. However, low oil prices would not have serious
impact on the energy security of Russian consumers because
prior to the oil price decline, considerable investments in
refineries were made. Russias weak ruble would also help the
countrys national oil companies to withstand the global low
oil prices and endure low commodity rates.
To tackle lack of investment in large export infrastructure
projects due to revenue decline in the public sector,
particularly energy companies, Russia has planned to extend
the Eastern SiberiaPacific Ocean (ESPO) pipeline capacity
from the current level of 50 million tonnes annually to 80
million tonnes annually by 2022 and to provide financing for
these projects. The Russian oil industry has undertaken
eastward orientation towards China and Asian partners
which would not only increase export volumes, but also
establish business relations across Asia. Beside this, Russia has
also signed many gas pipeline projects with Korea, Japan,
China, Greece, Turkey such as Trans-Korea Gas Pipeline,
South European Pipeline, Nord Stream II, and Altai etc. On
July 13, 2015, the ruble hit a new high reaching 56.38 against
the dollar and 62.74 against the euro. On May 17,
2015 the ruble had dropped to 48.67. The ruble is
recovering after losing nearly half its value against the dollar
over the course of a year, as shown in Figures 2 and 3:
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Russian Ruble Against the Dollar
Military Might
T122u
Russia is the second strongest military power in the world,
with the worlds largest tank fleet, the second largest aircraft
fleet behind the U.S., and the third largest submarine fleet
behind the U.S. and China. Kremlins military spending has
increased threefold since 2008 and is expected to grow by 44
per cent in the next three years. The regime has created a new
military branch, the Aerospace Forces by merging the Air
Force with the Russia Aerospace Defence Forces to counter
NATO. Russian military reforms in 2008, the introduction of a
military doctrine in 2010 and the rapid modernisation of
Russias Pacific fleet in 2015 demonstrate
that the Russian military is reviving its
power and strength. Many analysts and
decision makers agree that the Russian
military has transformed into a force that
can rival NATOs warfare capabilities.
Table 1 indicates that despite the political
and economic setbacks, Russia stands
next to the U.S. in military strength:
Nuclear Revival
The Federation is gradually replacing
its aging stockpile of Soviet-era nuclear
weapons with an upgraded nuclear
arsenal and nuclear technology suitable
for use in the contemporary warfare
environment. Moscow continues to
maintain a strategic triad of land-based
intercontinental ballistic missiles
(ICBMs), strategic submarines (SSBN)
with long-range sea-launched ballistic
missiles (SLBMs), and long-range
bombers equipped with short-range
nuclear-armed missiles and gravity
bombs. According to the Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Russia has
extensive and expensive modernisation programmes
underway for its current nuclear delivery systems, warheads
and production facilities. As of January 2016, Russia has
deployed more nuclear and other warheads than the United
States. Together, these two countries have more than 90 per
cent of the global nuclear weapons inventory.
The Ukrainian Crisis
In some ways the question of Russian identity is still
predicated on the geographical extent of the old empire, rather
than any notion of a modern state. In many ways this is
precisely Russias problem within its identity crisis; the
Russian Federation cannot exit from this old empire without
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Global Issues
risking, to a certain extent, its territorial integrity and
identity.
The post-2013 situation in Ukraine emerged out of this
identity crisis in the Federation. The Russian-West relations
that had begun after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 became
strained once again after the crisis. But in order to understand
the Ukrainian crisis, it is important to understand the
geography of Ukraine and its geostrategic importance both for
the West and Russia.
Ukraines Geography
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe, lying on the
northern shores of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. It borders a
number of European countries including Poland, Slovakia and
Hungary in the west, Belarus in the north, Moldova and
Romania in the south-west and Russia in the east. Ukraine is
the second-largest country by area in Europe after Russia. Its
border with Russia is the countrys longest one.
Geostrategic Importance
Ukraines strategic location has made it a crucial player in
the European energy transit network. It is also an important
market for both the EU and Russian made goods.
Economically, Ukraine
is a major manufacturer
of ballistic missiles,
large transport planes
and launch pads for
space carriers. It is also
a major producer and
exporter of steel, with
large natural gas
deposits and some of the
best offshore
hydrocarbon deposits in
the Black Sea. From a
strategic point of view,
Ukrainian port cities
hold great economic and military importance. The ports of
Odessa and Sevastopol provide both military and commercial
access for exports, particularly from
Southern Russia. In fact, its location is important for both
the West (to prevent Russia from expanding its influence
westwards); and Russia (its gas supply lines pass through
Ukraine to Eastern Europe; control of Ukraine means having
a buffer state between Russia and the West; prevention of
NATO expansion; control of Ukraines heavy military
industry; access to the resources and hydrocarbons of the
Black Sea). As Zbigniew K. Brzezinski noted some years ago,
without Ukraine, Russia ceases to be a Eurasian empire.
A Quick Glance at History
During the Nineteenth Century, Ukraine was firmly
controlled by Russia. However, while Russia was engaged in
its 1918 civil war, Ukraine became independent and
proclaimed itself a republic for a short span of time. After the
civil war, Ukraine could not withstand Russian pressure and
in 1922 again became one of the original constituent republics
of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Under
Stalins rule, it faced the terrible famine of 1932-1933 and
purges from 1937-1939. Given socio-economic problems,
Ukrainians formed the Ukrainian Peoples Movement for
Restructuring (RUKH) in 1989 and demonstrations began in
the 1990s. With the breakup of the Soviet Union and collapse of
communism, Ukraine finally became independent in 1991. The
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
country suffered economic decline and inflation for few years,
but eventually moved towards a path of gradual growth and
stability.
The Conflict
The Ukraine crisis was immediately preceded by
competition between the EU and Russia for the future geo-
economic orientation of Ukraine. The roots of the crisis lie in
the 2008 war between Russia and Georgia, which ended the
prospect of enlargement of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) for both Georgia and Ukraine, and in
the beginning of the global financial crisis, which seemed to
give more credence to regional economic arrangements. Then,
the EU and Russia drew different conclusions from the war
and the crisis.
The EU launched the Eastern Partnership Program in
2009 and politically and economically wished to associate
Ukraine along with the other five former Soviet Republics. The
Russian Federation, on its part, wanted Ukraine and others to
join its flagship project of Eurasian Economic Union energised
in 2009 and later signed in May 2014. The truth of the matter
was that rather
than re-creating the
Soviet Union, as
suspected in the
West, Moscow began
building a Russian-
led community in
Eurasia that would
give Russia certain
economic benefits
and, no less
important, better
bargaining positions
with regard to the
countrys big
continental
neighboursthe EU to the west and China to the east.
Including Ukraine into the schemewas designed to give the
new compact the critical mass of 200 million consumers, of
which Ukraine would supply almost a quarter.
Ruled from 2010-14 by the then president Viktor
Yanukovych, Ukraine see sawed between the EU and Russia in
search of a better economic deal, ultimately suspending a deal
with EU in November 2013, and instead accepting a generous
financial and economic package from Russia a month later.
Russia agreed to buy $15 billion of Ukraines debt and reduce
the price of gas supplied to Ukraine by one third. This decision
led to mass protests in Kiev, turning into a permanent standoff
in the capitals Independence Square. This essentially civic
protest, which became known as the Euromaidan, was also
joined by nationalist groups that demanded the Ukrainian
presidents immediate resignation, which he did and fled. This
led to unrest, particularly in southern and eastern Ukraine
from where he had drawn major support. Many pro-Russians
and anti-revolution activists started demonstrations in Crimea
and other regions having pro-Russian majority. Pro-Russian
armed men took control of the Crimean peninsula and the
parliament. A referendum was held in Crimea on March 16,
2014 after which Crimea joined Russia on March 18, 2014. The
civil war between the pro-Russian elements and the Ukrainian
troops continued in the southern and eastern regions of
Ukraine called the Donbass region. Elections were held in May
2014, and a new government under President Petro
Poroshenko was installed.
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Global Issues
Two peace agreements were signed in September 2014
and February 2015 respectively between the Ukrainian
government and the separatists to end the civil war in the
Donbass region. First, the Minsk-I Protocol was signed
between representatives of Ukraine, the Russian Federation,
the Donetsk Peoples Republic (DPR), and the Luhansk Peoples
Republic (LPR) to ensure immediate ceasefire. It was brokered
by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE), however, the Minsk-I was unable to control the
security situation in Donbass and after continued violations
the Minsk Protocol ceasefire collapsed in January 2015. The
Minsk-II Protocol was signed between the separatists and
Russia which was brokered by Germany and France in
February 2015. Although minor skirmishes continued for some
time, the ceasefire was largely observed with the gradual
withdrawal of heavy weaponry from the combat zone. There
was a significant decrease in the casualties and ceasefire
violations after the Ukrainian government, DPR and the LPR
agreed to halt all fighting from September 1, 2015.
Once again peace could not last long and the situation
begun to deteriorate in Eastern Ukraine in 2016. It has been
reported that there is absence of rule of law in Eastern Ukraine
and the civilians have to face arbitrary detentions, torture and
human rights abuses at the hands of both Ukrainian and
separatist forces. The prolonged crisis and political stalemate
has caused sense of despair and isolation among Ukrainians in
the conflict zone with an increase in the number conflict-
related civilian casualties. The Normandy meeting held
between representatives of Ukraine, France, Germany and
Russia at Paris in March 2016 also proved unsuccessful and
major disagreements still persist. There has been no significant
progress in the meeting over issues such as implementation of
the Minsk agreements and holding local elections in Donetsk
and Luhansk regions due to security concerns.86
Russias Role
Russia has remained involved both politically and
militarily in the Ukrainian crisis. In fact, despite the
Federations military involvement in the crisis, the West has
been unable to impose heavy sanctions on Russia; and their
effect has been moderate. Russia is intractably set against
Ukraine becoming a NATO member or joining the EU alliance,
since both will seriously impact Russian interests. Russia has
warned NATO of consequences if Ukraine was allowed to join,
thus, ending prospects of Ukrainian NATO membership for the
foreseeable future. At the political level, the Minsk I-II gave
leverage to Russia by giving it a mediator status instead of
being party to the conflict, without bringing in Crimea and
hence giving de-facto acceptance to Crimeas annexation.
Russian troops without insignia, referred to as the little
green men ensured peace and order during the Crimean
referendum. They blockaded the Simferopol international
airport and most military bases in Crimea. Their presence in
Eastern Ukraine and Crimea highlight Russias military
strength and capability.
CHALLENGES FOR IRANIAN
PRESIDENT
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Implications
It is ironic that the EU sanctions imposed on Russia
following Crimeas annexation affected European countries
whose economy is heavily dependent on Russia. Alternative
pipeline projects had to be proposed such as the Turkish
Streamline and South Streamline projects across the Black Sea
and Nord Stream-II that runs from Russia to Germany, under
theBaltic Sea and surpasses Ukraine. Russia also cancelled a
gas pipeline agreement with the EU.
For Ukraine, the crisis has led to political unrest.
According to the World Bank, the Ukrainian economy shrank
by 8 per cent in 2014. There have been coal shortages because
coal was present in separatist controlled regions, apart from
oil and gas shortages.
As for Russia, it was ousted out of the G8, and economic
sanctions were imposed. The crisis resulted in devaluation of
the ruble which can have far reaching impacts on those whose
livelihoods are remittance-based. Russias economic ties with
Europe have also become strained. Since NATOs response was
lukewarm during the crisis, the Eastern European countries
have become concerned about their national security. The
Baltic States are concerned about security because of Russian-
speaking minorities residing in these states. A newer
development has been Russias economic cooperation with
China. Both have started working on a Siberian pipeline
project that would transport gas from Siberia and Russias Far
East to China.
Conclusion
This study has highlighted that the grounds for Russias
resurgence have been fertile for a while, but Russia needs to
compete politically and economically with other powerful
states in the international arena. The Ukrainian crisis has
strained Russias ties with the West and Europe, so it needs to
work on improving relations with these countries. U.S.
domination would continue to challenge Russias rise,
especially if the latter continues to adopt hard power
strategies. The Federation needs to use its trade, defence and
energy potential to build economic alliances and extra-
regional partnerships. For example in South Asia, Russia can
strengthen its trade and defence relations with Pakistan.
Pakistan is also looking to diversify its foreign policy towards
Russia with a decline in its U.S tilt. There is a huge market for
Russian products in Pakistan. Both countries can cooperate on
issues of mutual interests such counterterrorism, energy,
infrastructure, science and technology.
Russian involvement in Ukraine has provided potential
lessons to the West that Russia has and will reassert itself and
the possibility of a military conflict based on geopolitical
interests remains a reality that cannot be ignored. NATO as an
organisation will remain powerless unless a unified resolve is
achieved among member states to deter Russias hard power
strategies and to provide security to its neighbours.109 The
revival of Russia has global implications but the prospects of a
bipolar world are less likely given the changing multipolar
dynamics of the international system in the third millennium.
(Source Aymen IjazOriginally Published in IPRI JoCA
Vol. 1, Nos.1&2: 30-50)
7
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Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Whether Mr Rouhani can secure their Banking sanctions have had an even
Hundreds of thousands of people
release will be the first test of his more disruptive impact on Iran's trade
across Iran poured out on to the
authority. Their release would also ease with the outside world, making it
streets in celebration when
the atmosphere in Iran, putting an end to impossible for Iran to bring its
national television announced that
the prevailing political repression. petrodollars back into the country -
cleric Hassan Rouhani had won the
hence the shortage of hard currency that
presidential elections. Relationship with the Leader
has led to a huge drop in the value of the
Many were also celebrating the end of On many issues, whether Mr Rouhani Iranian rial, by about 80% in the last
the era of President Mahmoud can deliver will depend on his year.
Ahmadinejad, shouting: "Bye bye, relationship with the Supreme Leader
Mr Rouhani can hope to improve
Ahmadi!" Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.
management in some parts of the
Many believe Mr Ahmadinejad, elected Ayatollah Khamenei is effectively the economy - he can hardly do worse than
twice in controversial elections, has put leader of the Islamic hardliners, and has before. But he needs to end the sanctions
Iran on the path to economic ruin and the last say on many crucial and if Iran is to be put back on the road to
confrontation with the outside world. strategic issues. recovery.
Mr Rouhani won a respectable But Mr Rouhani is not exactly a liberal The nuclear stand-off with the
mandate with the promise of pulling Iran either. He has held senior positions for world powers
ck from the brink, helping to end many years. He is an insider.
During live televised debates in the
international sanctions and reversing
While Mr Rouhani needs the hardliners run-up to the elections, almost all the
soaring inflation. But can he deliver?
to co-operate, the hardliners need Mr candidates, even Islamic conservatives
Here are some of the key issues he will Rouhani to save the regime from the deep and hardliners, criticised another
have to face as he takes office. trouble it finds itself in as international candidate, Saeed Jalili, for squandering
sanctions and mismanagement of the chances at several rounds of talks
Political prisoners
economy erode its authority at home. between Iran and world powers on
Although Iranians are under severe Iran's nuclear issue.
Mr Rouhani seems to be someone the
pressure from
soaring prices and
unemployment, the Image caption
immediate demand Saeed Jalili (far
from many for the right) was accused of
new president is the not making enough
release of political progress as Iran's
prisoners. chief nuclear
negotiator

Image caption: Mr Jalili, who

Leader of the
opposition Green
Movement Mir
Hossen Mousavi
remains under house arrest
This has been clear from the slogans in
the street celebrations immediately after
the announcement of Mr Rouhani's
election, as well as in rallies during the
election campaign.
There are, according to an
investigation by the UK's Guardian
newspaper, close to 800 political
prisoners, as well as prisoners of
conscience, in Iran today.
The best-known are of course the
leaders of the opposition Green
Movement, Mir Hussein Mousavi, his
wife, Zahra Rahnavard, and Mehdi
Karroubi, who have been under house
arrest without trial for the past two
years.
But they also include journalists,
lawyers, human rights activists,
bloggers, feminists, Christian priests,
Sunni clerics, the entire leadership of the
Bahai faith in Iran, and others.
Supreme Leader might be able to do
business with.
And we must not forget that the
mandate for change and moderation that
Mr Rouhani has received from the
electorate represents a big rebuff to the
isolationist and extremist policies of the
Supreme Leader. The vote considerably
weakened Mr Khamenei's position.
The economy
With a negative growth, the economy
is in recession. The rate of inflation is
officially nearly 36%, unofficially much
higher.
Image caption Food prices have been
amongst the worst affected by a recent
spike in inflation
Inflation for food prices has reached
55%. Unemployment is around 12% and
rising. The mismanagement has been
monumental, but international sanctions
have wreaked havoc too. Sanctions on
Iran's oil exports have reduced its main
source of income by about 65%.
came third in the
elections with about
11% of the votes, has
been Iran's top
nuclear negotiator
since 2007.
He was accused by the other
candidates of failing to make progress in
international talks, leading to more
sanctions being piled on Iran.
It was clear that even right at the top
of government, there are deep divisions
on how to proceed at these negotiations.
Mr Rouhani has said that it is possible
for Iran to maintain its nuclear
programme and at the same time
reassure world powers. He has suggested
that Iran may be more proactive in the
talks, and more transparent in its
nuclear activities. He said he wants to
arrive at a position of mutual trust with
world powers.
All this are easier said than done. But if
he finds a way, he may well have the
backing of Iran's Supreme Leader. If not,
the spectre of war will continue to hang
over Iran.
Relations with the outside world

8

Global Issues
This is an area where the new
president will be able to make his mark
more easily than on other issues he faces.
He has promised to improve relations
with the outside world. He has the
diplomatic experience, having been for
some years Iran's top nuclear negotiator,
st
Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
dealing with Western powers at the The first American reaction to Mr
highest levels. Rouhani's election was to offer direct
talks with Tehran on Iran's nuclear
He could begin by re-establishing links
programme as well as on bilateral
with Britain, which closed its embassy in
relations. In the new euphoric
Tehran in 2011 after a mob attacked the
atmosphere in Tehran, many feel that
compound in Tehran. Britain then
anything is possible (Source : BBC
ordered the closure of the Iranian
News).)
embassy in London.

Trumps Middle East Policy

In his first inaugural address, one of President Barack
Obamas messages to Americas adversaries was that we will
extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist. A few
years later, the unclenching of Irans fist was marked by the
election of reformist Hassan Rouhani and the entry of Iran
into negotiations with the United States and five other
powers, leading to a detailed agreement in which Iran
accepted severe limitations on, and intrusive scrutiny of, its
nuclear program and closed all possible pathways to possible
acquisition of a nuclear weapon.
Today, as far as U.S.-Iranian relations are concerned, the
clenched fist is found in Washington, in the form of the Trump
administrations vehement, relentlessly expressed, and
unqualified hostility
toward Iran. This
hostility is one of the
few constants in a
Trump foreign policy
that otherwise is
laden with
inconsistencies and
flip-flops.
As vividly displayed
in the Presidents
speeches at the first
two stops of his
current foreign trip,
the hostility toward
Iran has taken on President Trump meets with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Israel on May 22,
the character of 2017. (Screenshot from Whitehouse.gov)
automatically
expressed dogma, seemingly divorced from actual events in,
or involving, Iran and with no apparent attention to the
specific interests of each country and where they conflict or
converge.
The costs exist no matter what position one may take
regarding the degree and nature of Iranian transgressions,
or how these transgressions compare with those of other
states in the Middle East. The costs are first and foremost to
U.S. interests, and to what most Americans would agree are
U.S. interests. But more specifically, the costs include damage
to some of the very objectives that President Trump has
enunciated.
Costs of the tightly clenched fist include the following ten.
Impeding resolution of regional problems. Like it or not,
Iran
is a
major player in the Middle East. A nation of 80 million people
will not go away, nor will it curl up and pretend it is not part of
its region and not be heavily involved in its region. No solutions
to problems such as the highly destructive war in Syria will be
possible without full Iranian involvement. Attempting instead to
isolate Iran will make would-be solutions infeasible and give
Iran an incentive to be a spoiler.
Misunderstanding regional problems. Coming to believe ones
own rhetoric is a common fault. To the extent that the Trump
administration starts making policy based on the belief that Iran
really is the root of all security problems in the Middle East, the
result will be policy that is misinformed and thus misdirected
and ineffective.
When Secretary of
Defense James
Mattis, who is
supposed to be one of
the adults in the
Trump
administration but
has at least as much
of a personal fixation
on Iran as does any
other senior figure in
the administration,
says that the three
gravest problems in
the Middle East
are Iran, Iran,
Iran, he is doing
a
disservice. There is no one root cause or origin of the serious
security problems in that region, and to preach that there is such
a single cause is a recipe for bad policy.
Risking the loss of nuclear restraints on Iran. Iran so far has
complied with its extensive obligations under the nuclear
agreement a fact the Trump administration grudgingly had to
acknowledge even while trying to offset that acknowledgment
with as much of its anti-Iran rhetoric as possible.
The main uncertainty regarding compliance is on the U.S.
side. The anti-Iran drumbeat has encouraged some members of
the Congress to march toward enacting legislation that includes
provisions that would directly violate U.S. obligations under the
agreement. If the laboriously negotiated nuclear agreement were
to die because of U.S. noncompliance, the alternative would not
be

9
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Global Issues Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
some unicorn-like better deal; it instead would be no deal improvement that has come to be associated with sanctions relief
and a return to unrestricted Iranian ability to spin as many and improved external economic relations comes to pass.
centrifuges as it likes and to produce as much fissile material To undercut Rouhani with U.S. policies that center only on
as it likes. isolation and sanctions would be a gift to Iranian hardliners who
Isolating the United States and estranging it from its most support the sorts of external policies that we most dislike.
important allies. The other powers that negotiated, and are Trashing the concept of America First. To follow the nothing-
parties to, the nuclear agreement Britain, France, but-hostility-and-isolation approach to Iran is to outsource U.S.
Germany, Russia, and China are all firmly resolved to foreign policy to other states that do not have U.S. interests at
uphold the agreement and to build on it in developing more heart, and to two other states in particular: Saudi Arabia and
normal diplomatic and commercial Israel. Such outsourcing may make for
relations with Iran. To the congeniality with the local
extent the United States rulers during visits to
Whatever political, rhetorical, or visceral purposes
moves in a different those countries, but it
this hostility serves, it has major costs. The costs arise
direction, then it, diminishes Trumps
from the hostility itself and from policies that flow
not Iran, is the chances of making
from it, either directly as established by the Trump
odd one out. progress on the
administration or indirectly by encouraging
Losing very matters on
damaging actions by the U.S. Congress and setting a
American which he said
tone that sustains political support for the damaging
jobs. As the during the trip
actions. The policies in question involve rejection of
Europeans, as he wants to make
any positive cooperation with Iran and support only
well as the progress.
for isolation and punishment of, and aggressive
Russians and For Saudi Arabia,
confrontation against, Iran.
Chinese, develop their highlighting Iran as a
commercial relations with demon, besides pushing the
Iran, American companies are losing Saudis side of a local rivalry and
business. U.S. sanctions against Iran already have cost U.S. sustaining rather than lessening tension in the Persian Gulf, is an
business hundreds of billions in lost revenue. A prospective excuse for further repression of Shia populations, and such
sale by Boeing of civilian airliners to Iran a sale that repression makes terrorism and other forms of political violence
Trump has criticized and that some Republicans in Congress more, rather than less, likely.
are trying to derail would support, according to Boeing, For Israel, the constant assertion that Iran is the real source of
nearly 100,000 jobs at the company and its suppliers. all trouble in the region is the best possible diverter of attention
Directing international blame at the United States for from its occupation of the Palestinian territories. Trumps
impeding moves toward peace. As long as the U.S. singing from the same sheet of music makes it all the less likely
administration is the odd one out on issues such as the that the Israeli government will feel pressure to make the
nuclear agreement and its aftermath, the costs go beyond the decisions necessary for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict ever to be
self-inflicted economic damage and specific differences with resolved, as Trump claims he wants.
the other parties to the agreement. There also is the wider Losing a channel for defusing of tensions. A useful byproduct of
opprobrium that comes from being the recalcitrant one. That the negotiations on the nuclear agreement was establishment of
opprobrium will underlie suspicion and cynicism about communications at the foreign minister level that could be used
anything else this administration says about seeking peace, to address other problems, even in the absence of full diplomatic
especially in the relations. We saw the
Middle East. value of that channel
Promoting hardline when U.S. naval craft
Iranian policies and strayed inexcusably
leaders. Iran, like into Iranian
other countries, has territorial
real politics. Also like waters. Addressing
other countries, the the situation in the
politics are influenced foreign minister
by what is inflicted on channel was key to
the country from getting quick return
abroad. It is foolish to of the U.S.
pretend that all sailors. Now that
contending politicians channel is gone, and
in Tehran constitute the Trump
an undifferentiated administration shows
mass and that Iran no interest in re-
will be horrible no establishing it. The
matter who holds next time a similar
office within the incident occurs, the
structure of the subsequent step might
existing regime. be escalation into a crisis rather than repatriation of Americans.
It is especially foolish to cling to that assumption in the wake Risking a new Middle East war. Donald Trump probably does
of the election that gave Rouhani a second term. A strong not want a new war, and during the presidential campaign he
majority and even the Supreme Leader in Iran cannot said things that suggested to some ears that he would be less
ignore the election returns supported Rouhanis rejection of likely than his opponent to get into one. But there are people who
hardline policies, but his support will be sustainable only if would welcome war with Iran and will seize on events to try to
the economic spark one. And there
President Donald Trump touches lighted globe with Egyptian President Abdel
Fattah al-Sisi and Saudi King Salman and Donald Trump at the opening of Saudi 10
Arabias Global Center for Combating Extremist Ideology on May 21, 2017.

Global Issues
are people who evidently have the Presidents ear Secretary
Mattis, for one who favor the sort of confrontational
approach toward Iran that increases the chance of events
spinning out of control.
Pakistans External Affairs
Pakistans Foreign Policy and Emerging
Geopolitical Situation: Opportunities and
Constraints
Introduction
Geo-strategic environment is constantly changing. In this
geo-strategic environment, determinants of national power
are constant and they essentially play their role in shaping
foreign policy of any country. Existing literature of foreign
policy suggests that nations usually face four types of
environments including convulsive environment, deliberate
environment, spirited environment and habitual
environment. Convulsive environment refers to high degree
of change in the strategic environment which leads to the
drastic changes in foreign policy of a country. Sometimes
countries do bring deliberate change in strategic environment
in order to achieve their national interest. Spirited
environment refers to a low level of strategic change while
habitual environment is the normal strategic environment.
Pakistan has been confronted with the convulsive strategic
environment since its inception. In this environment Pakistan
had to make high level of strategic shifts at regional and
international levels. Resultantly, it remained reactive to these
high degree of external strategic changes.
Elements of National Power and Pakistan:
According to a former Central Intelligence Agencys officer,
Mr. Ray Cline, national power of any state can be measured
through estimating economic output, military capability,
strategic purpose, territory, national will and population. His
famous formula is known as Clines formula for measurement
of national power. Pakistan has all those essential features of
Clines formula of national power, but there is a need to
exploit those elements to achieve national objectives. Beyond
acquiring of nuclear power capability, there is also a
requirement to achieve national consensus on major foreign
policy issues including future of Pakistans role in the Middle
East and bilateral relations with Iran and Afghanistan. There
is also a need to pursue good relations with the US and
Russia.
Pakistans Foreign and Domestic Policy Principles:
Initially, Pakistans founding fathers and later the 1973
Constitution had laid down two fundamental principles for
Pakistans foreign and domestic policies. Firstly, according to
Article 40 of 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, The State shall
endeavour to preserve and strengthen fraternal relations
among Muslim countries based on Islamic unity, support the
common interests of the people of Asia, Africa and Latin
America, promote international peace and security, foster
goodwill and friendly relations among all nations and
encourage the settlement of international disputes by
peaceful means. In this article, the priority was given to
Muslim states while the major powers were not given much
st
Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
The lack of a channel for defusing tensions and resolving
misunderstandingsand the overall climate of hostility that the
administrations rhetoric has done so much to build up make
that chance disturbingly large. (Source : Consortium news)
attention. Later, Pakistans foreign policy kept focusing on major
powers particularly towards the US and China for economic and
strategic interests.
Secondly, Article 256 of the 1973 Constitution had banned
private armies. However, under the pressure of the US and
changing regional security environment Pakistan neglected this
fundamental principle of its domestic policy. To resist Soviets
intervention in Afghanistan, Pakistan got aligned with the US. In
the aftermath of Soviets withdrawal from Afghanistan, the
armed groups, like the Taliban, became very powerful to rule
Afghanistan in 1990s. In the aftermath of 9/11 and coalition
forces intervention in Afghanistan, when Pakistan became a non
NATO ally in the war on terror, some armed groups such as
Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) became a menace for
Pakistan. Its military and civilian people had to give lot of
sacrifices to fight and defeat those terrorists.
Pakistan and Geo-strategic Environment:
As discussed above, there are constant determinants of national
power, which shape the foreign policy of any country. In case of
Pakistan, geography, regional and global environment,
perceptions or image of a state, economy and Indian assertion
for regional supremacy are major determinants which shape its
foreign policy.
1. Geography: Pakistan is confronting with the issue of
contested borders since its inception. India and Afghanistan
are constantly challenging Pakistan over territorial disputes.
Resultantly, Pakistan has been seeking security umbrella
through different means in order to secure its territory.
Firstly, it had joined South East Asian Treaty Organization
(SEATO) and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) and
now it has joined the Islamic military alliance.
2. Regional and International Environment: Initially,
international strategic environment was the focus of
Pakistans security and foreign policy makers. However,
since the regional security environment mainly affects
Pakistan; it has focused on regional security since 9/11.
Afghanistans stability, Indias regional hegemonic designs,
Pak-Iran relations and China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
(CPEC) are currently the major geo-strategic issues
impacting Pakistans foreign policy.
3. Indian Rivalry:The incumbent government has been
following a policy of rapprochement towards India. Pakistan
has tried to normalize relations with India since 2014.
Despite internal political pressure, Prime Minister Nawaz
Sharif attended the swearing in ceremony of Mr. Modi.
Pakistan has tried several times to resume bilateral talks
with India to resolve bilateral disputes. On the other hand,
Modis policy is moving towards opposite direction. He has
11

Pakistans External Affairs
announced policy to isolate Pakistan at the regional and
global levels. In this regard, Pakistan should revisit its
policy of rapprochement with India.
4. International Image: Though some segments of society
in Pakistan do not accept it, but the reality is that
Pakistans international image has been tarnished during
the war against terrorism mainly due to Indias
propaganda. Hence, Pakistan should make concerted
efforts to improve its global standing.
5. Economy of Pakistan: Though Pakistans economic
situation has improved in recent years, yet the annual
growth rate is not sufficient to cater for countrys
economic requirements. According to the State Bank of
Pakistan (SBP), Pakistans Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
will grow by 4.8 percent in next two years, althoughthe
World Banks recent report has estimated that Pakistans
GDP will grow by 5.2 percent. Yet, the same report
estimates that Pakistan has to create more than one
million jobs annually to accommodate its youth. Since,
Pakistan can only create 40,000 jobs annually with the
above mentioned growth, it needs to attract foreign direct
investment and enhance its trade to increase its growth
rate to the desired level. Otherwise, lack of job
opportunities will create resentment among youth, which
will largely affect Pakistans internal strategic
environment.
Major Future Challenge:
Since its independence, Pakistan had existential threat from
India. However, in post 9/11 period, Pakistans strategic
environment had become complicated. For the last sixteen
years, Pakistan had to fight terrorism in a major way.
However, successful military campaigns against terrorists
and signing of CPEC agreement with Chinahas made the
strategic environment favourable to Pakistan. India will
remain a major national security threat to Pakistan as it is
busy in destabilizing the country by using Afghan soil and it
is also implementing a policy of isolating Pakistan. Therefore,
OBOR Summit: Pakistan-China Cooperation and
Indias Concerns
Pakistan and China relations are based on historical and
cultural linkages and the deep rooted connections between the
two nations which have grown stronger with the passage of
time. The recent visit of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to
China to attend the One Belt One Road (OBOR) Summit which
is aimed at regional development through cooperation is
another hallmark in their bilateral relations. In 2013, Chinese
President Xi Jinping launched the Silk Road Economic Belt
and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road initiative and the
Belt and Road Forum (BRF) is its key component. OBOR
initiative seeks to physically connect China to its market in
other regions such as Asia, Africa, Europe and beyond while
the Maritime Silk Road would ensure safe Chinas shipping
through Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. China has
decided to invest billions of dollars in infrastructure projects
including railways, ports and power grids. The OBOR
summit is significant for Pakistan in context to China-
Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is the flagship
project of Chinese OBOR initiative.
On the invitation of Chinese President Xi Jinping, PM
Nawaz Sharif along with four chief ministers and several
federal ministers attended the two-day Belt and Road Forum
for International Cooperation in Beijing from 14th-15th May,
2017. The PM held important meetings with the top Chinese
officials and Chinese leadership particularly Chinese
st
Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
there is a need that while Pakistan should continue to pursue its
policy of a negotiated peace with India, it should also continue to
highlight Indias anti-Pakistan designs to the major powers and
other friendly countries.
Major Future Opportunity:
The drawdown of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
from Afghanistan, resurgence of Russia, Chinas increased stakes
in Pakistan after announcement of CPEC and Irans favourably
poised behavior have reshaped regional strategic environment.
Resultantly, Pakistan has greater diplomatic options as
compared to the past, which will help it in stabilizing its economy
and improving its international image. Furthermore, the NATOs
drawdown from Afghanistan has made Pakistan more
important in the region. Currently, the US, Russia and China are
seeking Pakistans role as a facilitator of the Afghan
reconciliation talks. Pakistan should therefore capitalize on this
strategic opportunity in its favour.
Major Policy Recommendations:
Pakistan should pursue a policy of keeping balance in its
relations with the Saudi Arabia and Iran.
Pakistan is relying too much on the CPEC. The construction
plan of the CPEC is of longer duration and therefore it may
not match the requirements of Pakistans economy.
Therefore, Pakistan should struggle for investments from
other countries as well to boost its economy.
Conclusion: Over the years, Pakistan has learned from its
strategic experiences. The recent overtures of Prime Minister
Nawaz Sharif and Chief of Army Staff (COAS), General Qamar
Javed Bajwa towards Afghanistan seem to be a good move to
reconcile Pakistans differences with that country. It is hoped
that this policy and signing of CPEC with China will prove
beneficial for raising Pakistans standing at the regional and
global level. (Source: Mr. Khurram Abbas Published in
Islamabad Policy Research Institute 0n May 22, 2017)
President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Li Kaqiang to expand
cooperation in key areas and finalize major projects in
infrastructure, energy, trade, connectivity, financial support and
people to people exchanges. A great emphasis was laid on the
development and implementation of CPEC. The participation of
various heads of states, government representatives and
international organizations in the OBOR forum had provided
opportunity to Pakistan to interact and share views at such a
prestigious forum and improve relations with them. The forum
served as a platform for the Pakistani delegation to enhance its
diplomatic and business ties with various countries. The
attendance of all four provincial chief ministers at BRF implies
the consensus in Pakistan for cooperation with China over the
CPEC project.
During the visit, six accords and memorandas of
understanding (MoUs) of cooperation were signed between
Pakistan and China in diverse fields that include framework of
the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk
Road initiative and agreements on economic and technical
cooperation. The worth of the accords is about $500 million. The
long term plan for the CPEC project was also finalized and
different agreements and MoUs were signed for the construction
of Gwadar airport and East Bay expressway, implementation
of Havelian dry port and up gradation of the Main Line-1
railway track. Both sides decided to speed up the supplementary
12

Pakistans External Affairs
projects in and around Pakistans Gwadar Port such as
establishment of special economic and industrial zones and
the construction of the industrial parks along the corridor.
The two sides discussed to strengthen cooperation on areas
including anti-terrorism and security, increase in people to
people contacts and to enhance coordination on major
international and regional affairs.
While China and Pakistan are trying to connect with the
region and even beyond region through CPEC and Silk route
initiative, India has opposed to the project and has refused to
attend the forum. The Indian attitude has been alarming for
Pakistan and China. India believes that CPEC has been built
in the disputed territory of Gilgit-Baltistan which it claims to
be part of India. At the same time, India also considers OBOR
initiative as the counter strategy to Indias Act East policy
and Chinas attempt to expand its influence and links across
the three continents of Asia, Africa and Europe. Although
China has rejected Indian concerns that CPEC had nothing to
do with the dispute and invited India to participate in the
New Silk Road but still India has boycotted the forum by
stating that no country can accept a project that ignores its
core concerns on sovereign and territorial integrity. This
Indian move has been widely criticized in the international
community. According to Global Times, if India had concerns
regarding CPEC as a flagship project of OBOR initiative, then
Indias joining the initiative would have bolstered its
economic ties with the China and would have possibly shifted
the initiatives centre of gravity.
However, it is important to note that India is the only South
Asian country which has not signed the OBOR project. All
3
Pakistans Domestic Affairs
Indias Duplicity: The Case of
Commander Yadav
At the G20 Summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi
remarked: one single nation in South Asia is spreading the
agents of terror in the countries of our region. The
reference was towards Pakistan. By passing such remarks
against the country having fought militancy for more than
a decade, India has been trying to build up a case against
Pakistan. However, the arrest of Kulbhushan Yadav from
Balochistan on account of espionage and sabotage has
made India a culprit itself. Yadav was running a
clandestine terror network in Balochistan, and had
confessed links with the extremist groups, testifying
Pakistans concerns over Indias destabilizing role. It also
signals to the hostile regional actors that Pakistans Law
Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) are quite vigilant and well
prepared to the nefarious designs. Yadav had been
sentenced to death by a Field General Court Martial
(FGCM) under the Pakistan Army Act (PAA). India had
reacted to the decision, the Pakistan High Commissioner in
New Delhi was summoned and was told that India would
consider the death sentence as a pre-mediated murder.
st
Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
neighbouring countries of India with the exception of Bhutan
attended the forum. The Indian attempts to isolate Pakistan at
regional level went counterproductive and ironically Indian non-
participation in BRF itself gave an impression that it is against
Xis ambitious OBOR initiative. The Indian defence experts view
OBOR initiative as a huge security threat to India and a plan to
encircle India territorially and in the Indian Ocean Region. PM
Nawaz Sharif also dismissed this Indian propaganda and said
that CPEC must not be politicized and OBOR is not meant for
encirclement of any country but it is about connectivity and
emancipation. Pointing to India, the PM statement that CPEC
has no geographical boundaries and is open to all states would
encourage different countries to participate in the CPEC project.
Infact, OBOR Summit and Pakistans engagement with China
holds great importance for the long term connectivity,
opportunity, stability and peace prospects between the two
countries. The proper implementation of CPEC would boost
Pakistans flagging industries such as textiles, agriculture,
manufacturing and would increase its exports and tourism.
CPEC would open job opportunities, improve infrastructure,
develop health and education sectors and help Pakistan fight its
energy crisis. CPEC would shift Pakistan from agrarian country
into a trade and investment hub. The attendance of BRF would
not only elevate Pakistans global image but also strengthen its
strategic and economic ties with China.
(Source: Aymen IjazArticle originally published
in Pakistan Observer on May 20th, 2017.)
The threatening tone from India cannot be termed as
mere rhetoric. It will impact the Pakistan-India relations.
New Delhi would try to diplomatically pressurize Pakistan.
Firing across the Line of Control (LoC) and the atrocities in
the Indian Occupied Kashmir (IOK) may also intensify.
India claims that Yadav is a former Navy commander and
had business setup in Iran from where he was arrested.
Yadavs confession of subversion was aired and had been
seen by regional and global audiences. The confession is a
proof that Yadav is not a non-state actor, rather, he is a
RAW operator (state actor), assigned to sabotage the
ongoing development work in Balochistan. India is trying
to protect its spy. To fight the case of Yadav, India has also
approached the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for
consular access and to avert the death sentence. In case of
Yadav, India has involved a third party, but when it is
Kashmir or other bilateral disputes with Pakistan, India
maintains that the issues should be solved without involving
a third party.
Pakistan is a sovereign state headed by a democratic
government, any attempt targeted at the countrys security
13

Pakistans External Affairs
cannot be pardoned. The countrys population had stood
beside the military in the fight against militancy. The CPEC
is a ray of hope and opportunity for the people of Pakistan.
CPEC would transform Pakistan into a trading hub,
thereby, people have a lot of expectations, and would want
early materialization of the corridor. Any adversarial
attempt targeted at Gwadar or the CPEC would be seen as
an attack on Pakistans sovereignty and progress. Thus, the
public sentiment would never favour a flexible position over
Yadavs death sentence. With ICJs involvement, no doubt,
India has very skillfully internationalized the case. It is now
a test for Pakistans diplomacy to expose Indias real face to
the outside world. It should be brought to the notice of
international audience that Pakistans claim over Indias
subversive pursuits are legitimate. India overtly as well as
covertly had been nurturing the extremist elements. In the
past, there had been instances, where the Indian spies were
forgiven. Surjit Singh, an Indian spy death sentence was
converted to life imprisonment and after spending 31 years
Macro and Micro Dividends of CPEC:
Efforts of Regional and International
Players to Disrupt the Development in the
Region, its Ramifications and
Rectifications
Introduction:
The relationship between China and Pakistan can be best
described as promising, flourishing and turning out to be a
success story by meeting all the requirements of changing
situations. Over the years, this unique friendship has
transformed into a strong strategic partnership aspiring to
have robust economic cooperation and increasing people to
people contacts.
Commercial and Trade Links between China and
Pakistan
China has gradually emerged as one of Pakistans major
trading partners both in terms of exports and imports. The
trade and commercial links between the two countries were
established in January 1963 when both countries signed the
first bilateral long-term trade agreement. Under the Free
Trade Agreement (FTA) between the two countries which was
signed on November 24, 2006 and implemented from July 1,
2007, Pakistan secured market access for several products of
immediate export interest. Later, both countries signed the FTA
on Trade in Services on February 21, 2009 that became
operational from October 10 the same year
Pakistan has remained second largest trading partner of China
in South Asia. Since China and Pakistan signed Free Trade
Agreement in 2007, bilateral trade volume has increased
rapidly. China has become the largest trading partner to
Pakistan during fiscal year 2014-2015. Bilateral trade volume
has amounted upto 17 billion US dollars during the period from
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
in jail, Singh finally left for India. Yadav has confessed his
role in Gwadar blast involving Chinese nationals. Yadav
said: he was also planning to infiltrate 30 to 40 trained
agents of RAW for reviving Baloch nationalist movement
and undermine the CPEC. CPEC is part of the Chinese Belt
and Road initiative. The CPEC is equally important for
China, and would diversify the regional powers energy
routes. The CPEC will connect China, Pakistan, Central
Asia, Caucasus and Russia. For those attempting to isolate
Pakistan or impede the CPEC by employing covert/terrorist
means or through overt sources/propaganda tactics, need
to live up with the emerging regional dynamics. In case of
Yadav, his involvement in terrorist activities leaves no
room for compromise, Pakistan should not back down from
its principled position, rather, the death sentence should be
carried out, signaling to the hostile regional players that
any attempt to destabilize Pakistan would be dealt with full
force. (Source: Pakistan Observer, May 24, 2017
January to November 2015, which shows an increase of 19% as
compared to the same period of last year, remarked Mr. Sun
Weidong, Chinese Ambassador to Pakistan, at the Opening
Ceremony of Pakistan-China Business Friendship Conference.
Brief Background of CPEC
The signing of US$ 46 billion worth of CPEC related
agreements between Pakistan and China on the occasion of the
visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to Islamabad on April 20-
21, 2015 is considered as a milestone in strengthening Sino-Pak
relations. The vision of establishing CPEC was floated during
President Musharrafs time, which was later taken further by
the former President Zardari. The project received a boost
when in February 2013; President Zardari handed over the
contract of operation of Gwadar port to China by cancelling
the agreement with the Port of Singapore Authority. Gwadar
port, that is the terminus of CPEC is strategically located in
Arabian Sea and occupies a key position between South Asia,
Central Asia, and the Middle East and lies close to the Strait of
Hormuz which is known as a gateway for supply of around
twenty percent of the worlds oil. The present government has
taken on a speedy approach regarding this project. In May
2013, during the visit of Chinese Premier Li Keqiang to
Pakistan; the construction of CPEC was emphasized. In August
2013, with the formal announcement of the project, CPEC
Secretariat was inaugurated in Islamabad for the promotion of
connections, thus putting the vision into reality. Several high-
level visits between Pakistan and China during the past years
14

Pakistans External Affairs
further shaped the whole idea of the corridor. In February
2014, President of Pakistan Mamnoon Hussain, visited China
and discussed plans for the economic corridor in Pakistan with
the Chinese counterpart.
CPEC Project
Chinas OBOR called, One Belt and One Road project is
expected to open up new vistas of opportunity for trade,
infrastructure, investment, capital and people. This project will
serve as a bridge and help Pakistan and China in the
development of closer relations with countries in southern,
central and western Asia for inter-regional economic
integration. With a planned portfolio of projects totaling
around $46 billion, the size of the investment in the CPEC over
the next 15 years, if materialized, will be equal to the
cumulative gross foreign direct investment inflows into
Pakistan since 1970.
The motivations behind Chinas promised investment in
Pakistan are primarily to assist South Asian countries
especially Pakistan in the economic development and
connecting various regions and countries through CPEC for
trade and connectivity within the neighboring regions and the
outer world.
CPEC has two main components, first one plans to develop a
new trade and transport route from Kashgar in China to the
Gwadar Port and the other component envisages developing
special economic and industrial zones along the routes which
includes power projects as well.
Out of total investment of $45.69bn, $33.79bn are allocated for
energy projects, $5.9bn for roads, $3.69bn for railway
network, $1.6bn for Lahore Mass Transit, $66m for Gwadar
Port and a fibre optic project worth $44mn. A sector-wise
breakdown of Chinas investment shows that energy
production tops the list of sectors for both investment and
construction followed by communication infrastructure sector
including construction of roads, rail lines and port terminals.
Macro and Micro Dividends of CPEC
Macroeconomics is associated with the conditions of national
economies; it deals with statistics such as unemployment rates,
gross domestic product (GDP), overall price levels, and
inflation however, microeconomics deals with single factors
and the effects of individual decisions.
CPEC being a complete package of rail/road networks,
infrastructure and energy projects promises economic growth.
Industrial and special economic zones (SEZs) are considered to
be economic backbone within the structure of CPEC. At the
moment, Pakistan needs a more developed industry to lay solid
ground for its economic takeoff. The establishment of dedicated
industrial zones along the routes of CPEC will provide a golden
opportunity to enable Pakistan accelerate the process of high
level industrialization.
Under the CPEC plan, Pakistan will be fully loaded with
industrial parks and processing zones. The backward and
remote areas of Pakistan will receive a large chunk of these
zones in the second phase.
The CPEC has direct bearings on the economy of Pakistan and
China. Pakistans exports in the current fiscal year are around
US$ 17 billion. The CPEC will give an unprecedented boost to
the bilateral trade between Pakistan and China as industrial
and agricultural production would be generated in 29
st
Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
industrial parks and 21 processing zones all over the country
during the first phase of the projects.
These Industrial zones can be manufacturing hubs producing a
large amount of goods that directly cater to the ever
accelerating urbanization process and rapid burgeoning of
middle class. Having local production replace the imports can
help bring down price and increase affordability in areas
where tariff or transport cost is high. Injection of more
advanced technology will also help improve quality and reduce
environmental impact in areas where Pakistan already has a
reasonably developed capacity.
Also, these industrial zones will enable Pakistan to produce
more internationally competitive products, both to improve its
engineering image, and to tilt the trade balance more in its
favor. By making industrial zones production the center of high
quality manufactured goods, Pakistan will be more favorably
positioned in the international trade market. A larger
percentage of manufactured goods in export portfolio will not
only make it more resilient to changes in market demand and
price fluctuation, but will also bring more profit due to a bigger
added value. A shining example of China-Pakistan cooperation
further bearing fruit is the successful sale of JF-17 fighter jets to
Myanmar, and there are all the reasons to believe that this
success story can be replicated in the non-military sectors as
well, with the help of industrial zones.
Manufacturing sector, with its multiplier effect down the
pipeline of value addition, is the key contributor to employment
opportunities, export volumes, and development of country.
For a country of the size of Pakistan, without a solid
industrial base, however rapidly its GDP is growing, it will be
doing only high-speed taxing rather than a real take-off, with
the economic dividends from non-industrial sectors not
strong and sustainable enough to support a shift in a countrys
economic landscape.It is estimated that Chinese investments
can lift GDP growth beyond 6% through direct impact for the
financial years of 2016-18. The local component of this
investment is expected to be around US $ 18 billion, assuming a
higher local component for investments in Hydel, Road, Rail
and Gwadar Port (50% to 80%) and lower for Machinery
intensive coal based power plants (20%). This alone could add
2.1 percent to GDP growth each year during the financial year
2016-2018 and raise GDP growth above 6%.
In 2016, the industrial sector has already recorded a
remarkable growth of 6.8 percent against the target of 6.4
percent and it is all time high in last eight years. According to
the Pakistan Economic Survey 2014-15 industrial sector
registered only a 3.62 percent increase, not only far below the
development targets set at 6.8 percent, but also lower than last
years 4.45 percent growth.
As Pakistan is facing a severe energy crisis along with a critical
infrastructure deficit, these investments will also help Pakistan
in solving the power shortages that have crippled its economy,
thus serving mutual needs of both the countries.
Over $34 billion worth of energy infrastructure are to be
constructed to help alleviate Pakistans chronic energy
shortages, which regularly amounts upto 4,500 MW, and have
shed an estimated 2-2.5% off Pakistans annual GDP. Over
10,400MW of energy generating capacity is to be developed
between 2018 and 2020 as part of the corridors fast-track
15

Pakistans External Affairs
Early Harvest projects in conjunction with four projects
under construction prior to the announcement of CPEC.
Electricity from these projects will primarily be generated by
coal, wind and solar sources.
Once fully developed, Gwadar port and allied facilities can
provide Pakistan with estimated annual revenue of US $40
billion, besides generating two million jobs. The corridor
through Gwadar will give China shortest access to the Middle
East and Africa, where thousands of Chinese firms, employing
tens of thousands of Chinese workers, are involved in
development work. The corridor also promises to open up
remote, landlocked Xinjiang region and create incentives for
both state and private enterprises to expand economic activity
and create jobs in this underdeveloped region.
Impediments and Internal Challenges
Pakistan hopes for speedy implementation of CPEC and its
projects but there are various impeding factors, challenging the
CPEC development.
1. It is believed that certain aspects of primary importance
have not been cleared by the authorities dealing with CPEC
and developmental projects falling under its framework.
The routes of highways, railways, sites of industrial zones,
energy projects and nodal cities have been decided but the
calculations of local component, its benefits and how this
investment will bring improvement to an individuals life
have not been made public for the understanding of
masses.
2. Currently, Pakistan is facing a significant trade deficit.
With a slight reduction in both export and import volume
from the previous financial year, Pakistans trade deficit
has worsened in the last few years. A brief review of the
major exported items makes it clear that at the root of this
export weakness is Pakistans lack of international
competitiveness in manufactured goods and near
dominance of raw materials or semi-processed goods as
export items. Lack of competitive manufactured goods has
left Pakistan with no other choice but to import more than
it can export, which hampers its ability to fully enjoy the
economic vitality from regional economic integration. And
this has been a key reason behind dropping export volume
of Pakistan over the last few years, despite industrial
growth.
3. Pakistans economy is considered among emerging
economies of Asia in future. Along with a feasible plan for
economic uplift, it is necessary to curb the menace of
corruption, nepotism and inefficiency at national level.
Role of Regional and International Players to disrupt
the development
The economic aspects of CPEC can transform the fate of the
regional states in a positive way. With greater economic value,
CPEC provides an opportunity to all regional states to make
South Asia a seamless integrated region. However, the
divergent and conflicting interests of some regional and extra-
regional states are a threat to the construction of CPEC.
India
India has made false claims regarding CPEC, associating
territorial disputes and concerns of regional security and
stability with it. Modis government has termed CPEC and
related developments as unacceptable. India calls the economic
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
venture of CPEC as a balancing strategic move to counter the
Indo-US strategic engagements. Gawadar Port is wrongly
perceived in India as less likely to become a vibrant economic
hub than to serve as a naval base for Chinas expanded blue
water fleet and operations throughout the Indian Ocean.[14]
Besides, India is sponsoring terrorist activities in Pakistan to
destabilize Balochistan with the false hope that terrorist acts
will impede the construction of CPEC. These speculations have
turned into a clear reality after the arrest of Kulbhushan
Yadav, an Indian spy in Pakistan who has confessed that India
has been destabilizing Balochistan and KPK. On numerous
occasions, Pakistani civil-military leadership has hinted about
possible RAW-NDS nexus behind terrorist attacks in
Balochistan, the recent Quetta carnage is considered to be a
case in point. According to media reports, a special desk has
been created in RAW to undermine and thwart the
implementation of CPEC. The intelligence agencies of Pakistan
have gathered authentic information to this effect. The RAW
chief who reports directly to the Indian Prime Minister is
personally supervising the venture. For India, CPEC means
that China shall have the upper hand in the Arabian Sea which
has prompted India to expedite work on the Iranian port of
Chabahar.
Afghanistan
CPEC is geo-strategically important for a landlocked state like
Afghanistan. With the extension of CPEC to Afghanistan, the
country can become a major beneficiary of this project as in
future the corridor will contribute to the economic development
of this country by enhancing economic activities in the area,
which can bring the fragile economy of Afghanistan back to
normalcy.
In order to linkup Afghanistan with CPEC, Pakistan has
pledged the construction of 256 km Peshawar-Kabul motorway
which will give Afghanistan an opportunity to start economic
and commercial activities through Indian Ocean. As per the
plans, the western alignment of the corridor, which originates
from Gwadar and runs through Khuzdar, Zhob and finally
reaches Islamabad via D.I. Khan, will have an additional
connectivity to link Afghanistan through Chaman.
However, the suspected RAW-NDS nexus, the use of Afghan soil
against Pakistan and internal instability of Afghanistan are
some of the factors raising apprehensions in Pakistan. Pakistan
wants peaceful and economically progressive Afghanistan in
its neighborhood but if it remains destabilized, the above
mentioned factors could prove to be detrimental to the regional
economic integration. Afghanistan should understand the
economic advantages of CPEC and ensure that its soil is not
used for disruptive activities against Pakistan.
Iran
CPEC initially faced resistance from Iran which perceived the
development of Gawadar port as a competing project to
Chabahar port and accepted the Indian proposal to develop it.
If examined carefully, there are massive opportunities of
cooperation for Iran in the corridor project. That is why, in
September 2015, Iran had hinted about the consideration of
options to participate in CPEC. Iranian participation will help
both countries improve connectivity through road and railway
networks to expand the scope of trade and transportation.
16

Pakistans External Affairs
Similarly, Pakistan and Iran should outline the strategy to
operationalize the proposed sister-port status of Gawadar and
Chabahar in order to enhance connectivity. The proposed
Chabahar-Gwadar MoU which includes cooperation on border
trade, ferry services, shipping lanes and initiation of Iran-
Gawadar flights may be executed. Pakistan and Iran should
work on the execution of proposed energy and infrastructure
ventures such as the IP pipeline and Iran-Pakistan 1000 MW
electricity project in order to meet the energy requirements of
Pakistan.
Gawadar vs. Chabahar Port
With huge scope of cooperation, the only worrisome element in
Pakistan-Iran relations is the Indian strategic moves towards
Iran. India has announced an investment of US $500m to
develop the Chabahar port in Iran through series of projects
which both countries are considering worth hundreds of
millions of dollars.[17] Such investment in the development of
Chabahar port will allow India to circumvent Pakistan and
open up a route to landlocked Afghanistan with which it has
developed close security ties and economic interests. Indian
presence in Chabahar will also counterbalance Chinese
presence in Gwadar, and it will also get access to landlocked
CARs through this port. It can be said that the developments at
Chabahar port reflect Modis keen interest in forging robust
trade links with Central Asia, including the landlocked
Afghanistan. New Delhi has already spent US$ 100 million on
building a 220-kilometre road in the Nimroz province of
Afghanistan. The road will be extended to Chabahar as per the
plans. Modis sense of urgency in concluding trade pacts with
Iran is apparently driven by the CPEC.
United States
Unlike common perceptions, United States has not opposed the
corridor project. It is said that if successful, the CPEC could
provide important benefits to Pakistans economy. Economic
growth is vital to political stability, and therefore the project
should be considered a welcome development and encouraged
by the United States. However, the US cannot remain totally
unconcerned with the perceived strategic implications of CPEC.
Under the proposed plan of CPEC, establishment of Gawadar
port as an international economic hub may face opposition
from US due to increased Chinese influence in the region and
its strategic access to Arabian Sea. It is believed that US may
be working on strategies to cope with the expansion of China in
the region; for example, it has also given its own version of the
New Silk Road Project seeking to enlarge its control in rapidly
growing Central and East Asian regions. The United States
st
Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
also has its own long-term concerns associated with CPEC, as
it represents the leading edge of Chinas expanding access to,
and likely influence within, Eurasia. Instead of transforming
this competition into rivalry, US should consider accepting the
positive role of China as the new economic power.
Pakistans Role
Pakistan should explore and capitalize on all opportunities for
an economic revival. Pakistan should make efforts to decrease
tension with its Eastern and Western neighbors for the
intertwined security and economic interests. In order to
achieve maximum out of CPEC, internal differences should be
resolved with the realization that this project is beneficial for
Pakistan. Meanwhile, Pakistan must consider the growing
Chinese role in international economic affairs in a wider
regional and global context. CPEC will strengthen the bilateral
relations between China and Pakistan. Pakistan also needs to
focus on its own economy including various industrial and
trade sectors so that the corridor will be utilized in the best
possible way.
CPEC has been considered as economic lifeline for Pakistan by
the civil-military leadership of Pakistan. Chinese leadership
has been promised the security of their investment and people
in Pakistan. CPEC is destined to bring significant improvement
in the lives of hundreds of millions of people, besides further
promoting mutual interdependence among regional states. The
security of CPEC is our national undertaking and we will not
leave any stone unturned to ensure its timely completion and
uninterrupted success, said the COAS, Gen. Raheel Sharif.
In order to dispel concerns about the safety of Chinese workers
and officials to be involved in CPEC, Director General Inter-
Services Public Relations (ISPR) in a statement issued on April
22, 2015 said, a special force of 12, 000 personnel is being
raised for Pakistan-China economic projects. The new force
named Special Security Division would be of the size of a
division consisting of nine army battalions and six wings of
para-military force like Rangers and Frontier Corps. Hence,
the government of Pakistan is mindful of security threats which
may arise once the CPEC project takes off.
Conclusion
CPEC will certainly help Pakistan in achieving an economic
turnaround but for that Pakistan has to work hard to complete
the CPEC projects in time by ensuring its security. It is only
through national consensus and collective efforts that Pakistan
can make CPEC a reality by resisting external powers efforts
of disrupting the construction of CPEC.
17
 st
Weekly Current Affairs MCQs Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
15. UN Secretary General is Antonio Guterres (Portugals
former PM). But who is Deputy Secretary-General? Ms.

Weekly
Amina J. Mohammed (Nigeria)
16. On 19th May, in which Presidential elections were held?
Iran
17. Recently, rape case against Julian Assange (Founder of

Current Wikileaks) ends now. Where did Julian Assange seek

asylum in 2012 after being accused of rape of a Swedish
woman? Ecuadoran Embassy, London (he still stays

Affairs MCQs there)

(May 12 May 17)
1. When is world Museum Day celebrated? 18th May
(started from 1978)
2. NDS (National Directorate of Security) is intelligence
agency of: Afghanistan
3. Vienna convention (1961) on diplomatic relations
belongs to: frame work of diplomatic relations
among independents states (Recently, Afghanistan
violated Vienna convention by detaining and torturing
two Pakistani diplomats)
4. Kalbushan Yadevs lawyer to ICJ is: Haresh Salve
(According to Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj,
Haresh charged only 1 rupee fee to represent India in
Kalbushans case).
5. Pakistans lawyer to ICJ in Kalbushans case is:
Khawar Qureshi
6. Pakistans Director General South Asia at ICJ is: M.
Faisal
7. What is Pakistans counter point in ICJ for Kalbushans
execution? Vienna Convention does not apply to
spies
8. ICC Anti-Corruption Unit Chief arrived to meet spot-
fixing tribunal in Lahore. His name is? Ronnie
Flanagan
9. Recently, how many judges of ICJ (International Court
of Justice) have prevented Pakistan from executing
Kalbushan Yadev until final verdict? 11 Judges
10. Which Indian Judge is part of 11-judge bench of ICJ in
Kalbushans case? Dalveer Bhandari (former Indian
Supreme Court Judge)
11. Which article of the ICJs statute states that if the panel
includes a judge of the nationality of one of the parties
(e.g India), (the other) party (e.g. Pakistan) may
choose a person to sit as judge: Article 31 (So
Pakistan decides to appoint its ad hoc judge in
Kalbushans case at ICJ)
12. En route means: On the way
13. Current Chairman of NATO military Committee is:
Petr Pavel (Czechoslovakia)
14. The Joint Task Force established by the international
(US-led) coalition against the Islamic State of Iraq and
the Levant (ISIL) is? Combined Joint Task Force
Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTFOIR) formed in
October 2014
18. Pakistans current minister of information technology and
telecommunication is: Anusha Rehman
19. What is the name of actor who played role of Harry
Potter in the movie of the same name? Daniel Radcliffe
20. First ever Chinese newspaper has recently been launched
in Pakistan. The name of this newspaper isis: Huashang
(Hua=flower, Shang =business) means Pure Business
21. Who has won Irans Presidential Election on 19th May,
2017? Hassan Rouhani
22. Who was rival of Hassan Rouhani (57 % votes) in Irans
current presidential election? Ebrahim Raisi
23. Which Indian Islamic scholar has been granted Saudi
Arabias citizenship by King Salman? Dr. Zakir Naik
24. Who has recently called for civil disobedience movement
and protest in Iran? Raza Shah Pehlvi (Oldest son of
former Shah of Iran)
25. Who is current Indian home minister? Rajnath Singh
26. Current President of SCBA (Supreme Court Bar
Association), who was recently been locked in library by
Pro PML-N lawyers during convention, is? Rashid A.
Rizvi
27. Which country, Donald Trum (45th US president) made his
first foreign tour stop? Saudi Arabia
28. Current US secretary of State is? Rex Tillerson
29. Current Imam-e-Kaba is? Saleh bin Hamid
30. Current minister of planning development and reforms is:
Ahsan Iqbal
31. Current Federal Minister for Industries and Production:
Ghulam Murtaza Khan Jatoi
32. Current US ambassador to Pakistan is: David Hale
33. Which first ever TV for women in Afghanistan has recently
been lauched? Zan TV
34. Which circus has recently staged its final show after 146
years? Ringling Bros. & Barnum and Bailey
(Americas best-known circus)
35. What is Chinas stance on Indias entry into NSG (Nuclear
Supplier Group --48 members)? India has not signed
NPT (Non-Proliferation Treaty), so it cant be included
in NSG
36. Current chairman of NSG (established in May 1974) is:
Shin Don-ik (South Korea)
37. Irans current Foreign Ministry spokesman, who recently
accused U.S of Iranophobia, is: Bahram Qassemi
38. How much is expected by Pakistan from Gwadar-Xinjiang
Corridor? 4 % of Global Trade passing through the
corridor
39. Saudi Arabs current defence minister is: Muhammad
bin Salman

18

Weekly Current Affairs MCQs
40. Worlds most populated island is? Java (135 million
people) in Indonesia
41. Which Pakistani (first time from Punjab) has recently
scaled Mount Everest (8, 848 metre)? Colonel Abdul
Jabbar
42. How many Pakistani have climbed Mount Everest till
to date? 4 (three from Gilgit-Baltistan & fourth from
Punjab)
43. Name of Pakistanis who have climbed Mt. Everest are:
Nazir Sabir (1st Pakistani in 2000), Hassan
Sadpara (2nd), Samina Baig (1st Pakistan woman in
2013)
44. NASAs Acting Administrator is: Robert M.
Lightfoot Jr.
45. Which country has recently won World Ice Hockey
Championship? Sweden
46. Sudans current president is: Umar al Bashir (
47. First ever private sector wind power project (49.5
megawatt) of Pakistan has been launched by? Suchal
Energy Development (with technical assistance of
Chinas company Gold Wind)
48. Which famous film star has died on 23 May? Roger
Moore (James Bond) 89 years age; he worked in 7
movies of James bond series
49. Current Naval chief of Pakistan is: Admiral
Zakaullah
50. Current Air Chief Marshal is? Sohail Aman
51. Where forward air bases have become operational in
response to threats from Indian air chief? Siachen
52. Current Indian Air chief is? B.S Dhanoa
53. Which is worlds highest battle field? Siachen Glacier
54. Operation started against Manchester has been named
as: Operation Temperer
55. Pakistans current attorney general is: Ashtar Ausaf
56. Which American singers concert was attacked by
Daesh (ISIS) on 23rd May? Arianna Grande
57. President Mamnoon met Secretary General SAARC
(South Asia Association of Regional Cooperation):
Amjad Hussain B.Sial
58. Which country is at top in receiving most scholarships
from China? Pakistan
59. Current foreign secretary of Pakistan is: Tehmina
Janjua (first ever female foreign secretary of
Pakistan)
60. Death anniversary of Rangeela (real name: Saeed
Khan) is celebrated on? 24th May (died in 2005)
61. Capital of North Korea (official name:Democratic
Peoples Republic of Korea) is: Pyongyang
81. Which day is known as Youm-e-Takbeer in Pakistan?
28 May
82. What happened on 28 May? Pakistan conducted
successfully underground nuclear tests (Chaghi-I on
28th May 1998, & Chaghi-II on 30th May, 1998)
83. In Chaghi-I test, Pakistan detonated? 5 devices in
Ras Koh Areah of Chaghi Baluchistan
84. In Chaghi-II, Pakistan detonated? 2 devices in
Kharan Desert, Baluchistan
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
62. Capital of South Korea (official name: Republic of Korea)
is: Seoul
63. Which Pakistani Canadian educator (from little scholars
Montessori, Ottawa) has recently been recognized as one
of top 5 educators across Canada: Sabrina Rehman
64. Who has been appointed as Counsel General of Norway in
Karachi? Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy
65. Which has become the first ever country in Asia whose
constitutional court has declared that same-sex couples
have right to marry legally? Taiwan (Yuan Court)
66. According to predictions of Worlds credible institutions,
what Pakistan would join by 2030: G-20
67. The G20 (or G-20 or Group of Twenty) is an international
forum for the governments and central bank governors
from 20 major economies. When was it founded? 1999
68. current chairperson of G20 is: Angel Merkel in 2017
While Mauricio Marci ( from Argentina) in 2018
69. Pakistan's per capita income (2017 FY) is: $ 1629
Pakistan's economy (GDP growth) has been increased in
2016-2017 by: 5.3 %
70. Currently, Pakistan's national debts stand at: Rs. 20.8
trillion
Budget for
o Energy is: 619 billion
o Defence is: 920 billion
o Loadshedding is: 401 billion
o Health sectory is: 22.4 billion
71. Chinas current Foreign Minister is: Wang Yi
72. Chinas current Foreign Ministry Spokesperson is: Hua
Chunying
73. Recently, which Pakistanis name has been given to a
rehearsal hall of Oxford University? Rahat Fateh
74. Which commander of Hizbul Mujahideen has recently
been killed iat Tral in Kashmir? Sabzar Bhat
75. G7 summit (43rd) was held: 26-27 May
76. How many Ulemas from different sects have declared
suicide Haram? 31
77. Which Pakistani-origin female has become first female
Muslim to be mayor of Rushmoor (a Local Govt. District in
Hamphsire) Borough Council of UK? Sophia Chaudhry
78. Currently appointed Pakistans ambassador to Saudi
Arabia is: Hisham bin Siddique (Vice Admiral)
79. News Agency AFP stands for: Agence France-Presse
(its HQ is in Paris)
80. Current Chief Justice of Federal Shariat Court is: Riaz
Ahmed Khan
85. On 28th May 1998, Pakistan detonated 7 nuclear devices in
response to: Indias five detonation of Pokhran-II
(Pakistan did that after 17 days)
86. Pakistan became nuclear power on 28th May 1998, but
when India became nuclear power? 0n 18th May 1974
(conducted Pokhran Desert-I tests)
1. According Economic Survey 2017, Pakistans
population is: 19 Crore 91 Lakh
19

Transcripts of CNN Talk Shows
Transcripts of Talk Shows
CNN'S AMANPOUR (CNN HOST: CHRISTIANE AMANPUR)
This transcript of CNN program coverS highly
important issues of the previous week such as:
Trump Warns Of Iranian Nuclear Threat; Reaction
From Saudi Arabia On Trump Visit; President
Donald Trump Visits Israel; Rouhani Wins Another
Term In Iran; Women Take To Afghanistan's
Airwaves.
CHRISTIANE AMANPOUR, CNN HOST: Tonight, second
stop: Israel. Sitting with the Prime Minister, Donald Trump
follows past Presidents vowing that Iran will not get a
nuclear weapon on his watch. Reaction from the Iranian Vice
President, Masoumeh Ebtekar, as President Rouhani
celebrates a massive re-election.
(
BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
MASOUMEH EBTEKAR, IRANIAN VICE PRESIDENT: The
Iranian nation has come to the polls, they have stood behind
the President, behind their country, and I think it's very clear
that the Iranian nation wants peace and prosperity.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
AMANPOUR: President Trump is still glowing from his red
carpet reception in Riyadh, where he signed a record arms
deal with Saudi Arabia as he to unite countries in the region
against Iran. The former Ambassador to Washington, Prince
Turki al-Faisal, joins me on the region's efforts isolate Iran.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
PRINCE TURKI AL-FAISAL, SAUDI ARABIA FORMER
AMBASSADOR TO WASHINGTON: If you think that the
elections in Iran mean anything, just go back to the time of
Rafsanjani and Khatami when they also posed as so-called
moderate, democratic, freedom-loving leaders. And what
happened? We saw Iran embark on this very negative
attitude toward its neighbors.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
AMANPOUR: Good evening, everyone and welcome to the
program. I'm Christiane Amanpour, in London. He sees
himself as the ultimate deal maker, who can do what no other
U.S. President has done before; that is bringing peace to the
Middle East. So, Donald Trump has his work cut out, as he
tours Israel and the west bank on his first overseas trip as
U.S. President. Arriving in Tel Aviv, he wasted no time in
uniting with Israel against their common foe.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
DONALD TRUMP, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
PRESIDENT: Most importantly, the United States and Israel
can declare, with one voice, that Iran must never be allowed
to possess a nuclear weapon. Never, ever! And must cease its
deadly funding, training, and equipping of terrorists and
militias.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
AMANPOUR: Leaving behind all the crises and controversy back
home, President Trump arrived in Israel from Saudi Arabia,
where he signed a whopping weapons deal worth several
hundreds of billions of dollars. He called for a global coalition
against terrorism and again isolating Iran. All this, as Iranians
overwhelmingly re-elected President Hassan Rouhani, who says
that his victory shows the world that Iranians have voted to end
extremism and violence. We'll hear from Iran's Vice President
later. But first, Prince Turki al-Faisal was Saudi Arabia's
Ambassador to Britain and the United States in the difficult
period after 9/11, and he was Saudi Arabia's Intelligence Chief
for more than two decades. He joined me from Riyadh.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
AMANPOUR: Prince Turki al-Faisal, welcome to the program.
Al-FAISAL: Nice to be back with you, Ms. Amanpour.
AMANPOUR: Now, you have just had a what? You describe it
for me, the visit from President Trump. How important was it
for Saudi Arabia to have this first visit from the President of the
United States? It is not a usual destination for newly elected
Presidents.
AL-FAISAL: Well, I think it was inevitable that the United
States recognizes the importance of the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, and the Muslim world. As you know, the kingdom hosts
the two holiest cities in Islam and receives on a yearly basis -
pilgrims that number in the millions. And so, whatever comes
out of these places resonates with the 1.5 billion Muslims
throughout the world. And so, Mr. Trump's visit here I think was,
as I said, inevitable and something that we Saudis appreciate
very much.
AMANPOUR: What do you make of the fact that President
Trump was incredibly respectful, and his speech made no
illusions to any of the anti-Islamic, anti-Muslim statements that
he made over and over again on the campaign trail, including
Islam hates us. Where do you think he is now in how he feels
about you and about the faith?
AL-FAISAL: Well, he said it in his speech. I think he - once he
became President and was briefed on the reality of what the
world is all about, he's come around to the view that we Muslims
are rather a constructive bunch rather than a negative and
destructive enemy.
AMANPOUR: Let me be very frank. His speech was about
trying to gather a coalition against terrorism. In his campaign,
and before, he pointed the finger very, very dramatically at
Saudi Arabia, 15 of the 9/11 hijackers were Saudi, and in his
speech, he said, "drive them out, drive them out, drive them out."
You heard it. The mantra. An exhortation to all of you in that
room. What did you make of that?
AL-FAISAL: Well, I thought it was a very clear statement of
where he is coming from, and that was something that we
respect. If this is something that he believes and he said it openly
and directly without any retouch. And so, I think the answer he
20

Transcripts of CNN Talk Shows
got from the leaders when he met with them one on one is
that we all share in this responsibility. AMANPOUR: The real
big issue, wasn't it, was apart from the multi-billion dollar
arms sales and other investments, was Iran. It was to try to
gather a coalition of like-minded, you know, leaders to isolate
Iran. So we heard it loud and clear. But what in your mind
does that mean? What do you do? Do you engage militarily
against Iran? Do you engage diplomatically? What do you
do?
AL-FAISAL: Well, from the point of view of Saudi Arabia,
it's been expressed very clearly in the King's speech that Iran
is the instigator of unrest and the troubles that we see in
Syria, and Iraq, and Yemen, and in other places. And we
must join together in challenging Iran on these rather
negative attitudes that it has in these places. And we've seen a
reflection of that in President Trump's destruction of the air
base that was the launching of the chemical attack by the
Syrian air force on the Syrian citizens. This is something that
Iran, of course, must take into account, that it is not going to
go on being unaccountable to the rest of us. And this has been
the case in the past eight years, unfortunately, and it allowed
Iran to believe that it can get away with murder, literally.
AMANPOUR: As we all know, the Saudis, the Persian Gulf
States, Israel, were no big fans of President Obama. So,
Donald Trump to all of you is a very welcome change. And
one of the things Donald Trump didn't do was talk about
human rights and the promotion of democracy, et cetera. I
wonder whether - I would like to play for you what the
President of Iran said today, newly re-elected by a massive,
massive majority, who want openness and tolerance and a
step away from radicalism. Listen to the President of Iran.
HASSAN ROUHANI, IRAN PRESIDENT (through
translator): Mr. Trump came to our region at a time in which
the world saw the presence of 45 million strong Iranian
voters at the ballot box in a 24-hour period, yet chose to go to
a nation which has never clearly seen the meaning of
elections, of such elections. And I do hope that one day Saudi
Arabia will have a similar experience.
AMANPOUR: So, what's your response to that? I mean,
he's right. I mean, in the relative democratic experiments of
that part of the world, they have elections. They have women
who vote, and work, and drive, and are ministers and you
don't.
AL-FAISAL: Well, you know, if you think that the elections
in Iran mean anything, just go back to the time of Rafsanjani
and Khatami, when they posed as so-called "moderate,
democratic, freedom-loving leaders." And what happened?
We saw Iran embark on this very negative attitude towards
its neighbors, it sent an army into Syria. It is bombing the
Syrian people with the Bashar al-Assad regime. It is
instigating the Shia Militias in Iraq to destroying Sunni
villages and rob the - and ransacking their homes. It is
supporting the rebels in Yemen against a legitimate
government. What does that mean? Does it mean that the fact
that there were elections in Iran has made Iran a peaceful
and very cooperative country? It has not. So, our internal
political and civil activities were in the process of developing
them. We don't either claim nor do we say that we are a
democratic state. We are not. But we stick by what we do,
and we do no harm to others.
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
AMANPOUR: Prince Turki al-Faisal, thank you very much,
indeed, for joining us. AL-FAISAL: Thank you, Ms. Amanpour.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
AMANPOUR: But in Yemen, Saudi Arabia is engaged in
defending the U.N. recognized government against the Houthi
rebels. It is, though, an ongoing proxy war. Now, that the
country is in desperate strafes, the threat of famine looms over
the population, and according to the charity "Save the Children,"
a deadly cholera outbreak could become a full-blown epidemic
with more than 65,000 cases expected by the end June. Our team
was able to take this rare look at the alarming conditions inside
Yemen right now.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
AMANPOUR: A little boy just a few short steps from hospital
desperately ill. But he can't get in. There simply is no room. And
so, he's being treated outside, a bag of life-saving fluids hangs
from a tree. The doctors have gone back inside and the boy's
family are his caregivers for now. This is what it looks like
outside the Sabine Children's Hospital in Sana'a, the capital of
Yemen, where thousands of suspected cholera victims have come
seeking help.
But inside the hospital, there's hardly any space to move. The
wards are full. Patients are being treated in the hallways. 39-
year-old, Fanna Mohammad's two young daughters both have
cholera. In fact, this mother of five fears that her whole family
could be infected. Fanna says that she fainted while walking with
her children to the hospital. We are sick, she says. My children
were about to die.
Keeping a watchful eye over Fanna's daughters and so many
others is Dr. Ismail Mansurrey, one of the very few on-duty here.
He treats suspected cholera victims every day. In one two-hour
period, he says 200 new patients arrive. He doesn't know where
to put them all. They've created makeshift wards in the open air.
The doctor tells CNN the epidemic has reached a critical turning
point. It is now three patients to a bed. The cholera outbreak in
this rebel-controlled capital is the latest crisis in a country that's
been devastated by two years of civil war; poverty, and hunger.
Just outside this hospital, piles of garbage litter the sidewalk,
ending up in the water supply and exacerbating the epidemic.
But the garbage collectors are on strike because like all
municipal workers, they haven't been paid in months.
UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The health system is a typical
example of the heavy tolls this conflict has taken on the whole
country, on its people, but also on the system. The health, water,
sanitation system.
AMANPOUR: Back at the Sabine Children's Hospital, Fanna
comforts her two girls. It's been a difficult time for this family.
Like so many others, they also barely have anything to eat.
Fanna says "once a day, we mix bread crumbs with water, and
that's only on lucky days. Mostly we go to bed without having
eaten for the entire day." Cholera, of course, is treatable if it's
caught in time, but the epidemic is likely to explode if Yemeni
hospitals continue to go without basics, like rehydration fluids,
and food.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
AMANPOUR: As always, it's the people who are caught up in
the deadly politics. And when we come back, Iran not invited but
definitely the elephant in the room in Riyadh. I asked the
country's Vice President whether re-electing a reformist can
calm regional tensions, that's next.
21

Transcripts of CNN Talk Shows
AMANPOUR: Welcome back to the program. President
Trump's trip to Israel and Saudi Arabia comes as Iranians re-
elect by a huge margin their relatively moderate President,
Hassan Rouhani. Rouhani is a cleric, as well as the
conservative hard-line opponent, Ebrahim Raisi, but their
visions could hardly be more different. After negotiating the
2015 nuclear deal, Rohani promised to follow through with
another four years of reforms, opening Iran up to the world.
This afternoon, he told the press that while the Trump
administration was making angry noises at Iran, Iran is not
yet sure what Washington's true policy will be.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
ROUHANI: We are still awaiting certain positions of this
U.S. administration to be solidified and properly be able to
reflect those positions, based upon which at that time, we will
be able to pass more precise judgments on the government in
Washington, D.C.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
AMANPOUR: Masoumeh Ebtekar, is Vice President of Iran
and head of that country's Department of the Environment. I
spoke to her moments ago from Tehran.
(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)
AMANPOUR: Vice President Ebtekar, welcome to the
program. EBTEKAR: Thank you.
AMANPOUR: Give me a sense of how the Iranian people
are feeling today. You know some have suggested that the
polls would be very tight and that it wasn't sure that
President Rouhani would win re-election. And yet, it was a
massive and decisive yes to his re-election.
EBTEKAR: The people chose who they thought would take
the people towards optimism and hope, and to actually
deliver on the promises that he was giving. They thought that
Dr. Rouhani could deliver actually and could bring about the
prosperity, the economic growth because he had already
shown his determination and his capability and competence
during the past three and a half years. And this is very, very
meaningful. Not only for Iran, but I think for the
International Community, for the region. It's very
meaningful.
AMANPOUR: As you know, of course, this election came
right at the time that President Trump was gathering - for
want of a better word, an anti-Iranian coalition in Saudi
Arabia. And this is what he said to the assembled guest in
Riyadh.
TRUMP: Until the Iranian regime is willing to be a partner
for peace, all nations of conscience must work together to
isolate, deny it; funding for terrorism cannot do it. And pray
for the day when the Iranian people have the just and
righteous government they so richly deserve. AMANPOUR:
You know, some people said that was almost tantamount to
wanting a different government in Iran. I mean, I don't even
want to say the word regime change, but that's what some
people have said. What is the view from where you sit, and
where President Rouhani sits?
EBTEKAR: I think that the people have spoken, not in
words but in deeds. It's very clear, the Iranian nation has
come to the polls. They have stood behind their President,
behind their country, and I think it's very clear that the
Iranian nation wants peace and prosperity. President
Rouhani has indicated that he will work to increase and
improve relationships with not only neighboring countries
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
but also in the region, but also at the international level,
increasing trade, exchanges, cultural exchanges, diplomatic
exchange. These are very high on the agenda for the current
President. This is the message that the Iranian people are giving
to the global community. This is very different from some of the
fantasies that have been expressed by people like Mr. Trump.
Also, the important point is that funding for the terrorists is
coming exactly from the same country where they're trying to
deliver such a very wrong and distorted message about Iran.
AMANPOUR: I assume you're talking - when you say funding
the kind of Daesh and Al Qaeda, I assume you're talking about
Saudi Arabia. Now, they counterpunch and say you, Iran, is
funding the Assad regime and all the terrorism that comes out of
there. Funding the Houthi-backed rebels in Yemen, and et cetera,
not to mention Hezbollah, Hamas, et cetera. Now, obviously,
there are accusations and counteraccusations. Is there any way
to get beyond that, do you think? Can a new Rouhani
government actually sit down with the Saudi Arabians and the
others in the Persian Gulf, or is there now this coalition against
you and we're going to hear this rhetoric, and maybe even
worse? Do you think there'll be some military component to them
facing off against Iran?
EBTEKAR: No, I don't think there will be any military
component, although it is questionable why $100 billion of arms
have been sold, and why Saudi Arabia is spending its money on
such military expenditures in the region, where countries should
work together for peace and try to resolve existing conflicts. Not
through arms sales and buying arms, but through working
through diplomacy, through improving relationships, through
respecting the rights of nations and people in Syria and Yemen. I
hope that they all realize the reality of what is going in Iran -
what is going on in Iran. And the reality of the people, the
mentality of the Iranian people, and the fact that they support
their government, they support their - the Islamic republic, and
that Iran is a very strong and democratic country. Very contrary
to what goes on in Saudi Arabia, I think, and the President
mentioned that as well today. That, I think, that they haven't had
elections since the time of their inception. They don't know, the
people of Saudi Arabia don't know what an election looks like.
But we've had elections, practically, every year in Iran in the
Islamic Republic of Iran.
AMANPOUR: I want to get back to the domestic situation
inside Iran. The young people, certainly, told our reporters and
producers when they were there covering the election this past
weekend, that they wanted to see President Rouhani really
deliver on freedoms at home, not just the economic promises. But
he promised to free the jailed reform leaders. Will he actually do
that now? He's been elected and re-elected. EBTEKAR: We all
know that the President has, of course, limited powers. He will
do and he has made his attempts and he will do the best he can to
deliver on individual freedoms. His clear mandate on civil rights,
and the fact that he's always pressed on these civil liberties, the
fact that we've seen a very significant growth both in the number
but also in the activism of political parties in Iran. During the
past three and a half years, we've seen a surge in the number of
non-governmental organizations in Iran. The civil society in
Iran is now very vibrant, and I'm sure that the President will
continue on this line, and I'm sure that he will deliver on the
promises that he's given during the Presidential campaign.
AMANPOUR: Vice President, Masoumeh Ebtekar, thanks for
joining me from Tehran tonight.
EBTEKAR: Thank you.
(END VIDEOTAPE)
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Transcripts of CNN Talk Shows
AMANPOUR: Well, you just heard two very divergent
views from Tehran and before that from Riyadh. And today,
later in Jerusalem, President Trump again criticized the
nuclear deal with Iran. But he stopped short of repeating his
campaign pledge to scrap it all together. And Vice President
Ebtekar told me, it was critical for all parties to abide by the
agreement and to implement it. More women leading the way
next; we imagine the first Afghan news station by women
and for women. Zan-TV is now open for show business, after
this.
AMANPOUR: And finally tonight, 16 years ago before the
Taliban fell in Afghanistan, girls over eight years old could
not get an education. Women could not get a job. And they
could not leave their homes without a male relative. Well,
imagine a world moving in fast forward, because today,
Connect the World
(By CNN Host: Lynda Kinkade)
This talk show deals with: Trumps Speech in Saudi
Arabia
LYNDA KINKADE, HOST: Hello, I'm Lynda Kinkade.
Welcome to Connect the World. U.S. President Donald Trump
says the battle against extremism is not a clash of religions, but you're in, for example, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Yemen,
between good and evil.You've been listening to his big speech to
Arab and Muslim leaders in Saudi Arabia. He's trying to elicit
support in the region in that fight against ISIS and other terror the United States, the foreign policy of Donald Trump
groups. On the campaign trail, though, Candidate Trump
called for a temporary Muslim ban and said Muslims hate
America.Now he has a new job kicking off his first overseas
tour as president. And it seems he has a very new approach.
Take a listen.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
DONALD TRUMP, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES:
We must be united in pursuing the one goal that transcends
every other consideration, that goal is to meet history's great
test, to conquer extremism and vanquish the forces that
terrorism brings with it every single time. Young Muslim boys
and girls should be able to grow up free from fear, safe from
violence, and innocent of hatred.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
KINKADE: Well, Muhammad Lila is gauging reaction to the
speech in Istanbul. And certainly some incredible words there
by President Trump. Significantly different from candidate
Trump who said that Islam hates us when speaking to
Americans and spoke about that Muslim travel ban. We didn't
see any mention of that today, instead we heard him talk about
kindness and outstretching his hands to people in the region.
Can people there take him at his word today? Can they believe
this new position?
MUHAMMAD LILA, CNN CORRESPONDENT: Well, Lynda,
yeah, just on the speech itself, we know that he didn't veer off
the script, which is something that President Trump has been
known to do in the past. And we know there were several
versions of that speech before it was actually delivered just a
few moments ago. Now, of course, that's the million dollar
question, can Muslims around the world take Donald Trump at
his word? Well, look, if you're living in one of these countries
that's a United States ally, you've got to be pretty happy right
now if you're living in Saudi Arabia or Kuwait or United Arab
Emirates, of course, this is something that they have wanted to
st
Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
Afghanistan's women are out, working, and airing their views
for all to hear. This weekend, Zan-TV hit the afghan airwaves
with brand new
voices: female voices.
The first channel by women for women: In fact, "zan" means
women, and the young team of 54 people powering the T.V.
station is mostly female, and many are students, presenting and
producing a variety of shows while the men are working in more
technical roles, but also, training women to fill those positions,
too. And that's it for our program tonight.
Remember, you can always listen to our podcast, see us online
at amanpour.com and follow me on Facebook and Twitter.
Thanks for watching and goodbye from London.
(By Editorial Team, Weekly Analysis)
hear this for a long time. A lot of reassuring words, a lot of
respect given for Islam, calling it a great civilization and a
great religion. And of course, Saudi Arabia as what he says is,
you know, the Muslim Holy Land, or the birthplace of Islam.So,
if you're those countries, sure, this was good. But, of course, if
maybe if you're part of the opposition in Egypt, the message
that comes across from this speech is that the foreign policy of
administration is effectively for sale. One of the criticisms of all
of this is that, you know, if you look at what Donald Trump
said on the campaign versus what he said now today, well,
what's the difference?
There's been six or seven months difference. There's been, of
course, Donald Trump is now officially the president. But of
course, there's $100 billion that the Saudi government just paid
to the United States in a record arms deal, and that could reach
$300 billion in terms of total investment over the next 10 years.
So, I think that's part of the message that the Muslim world will
hear loud and clear that America is open for business and it's
open to the highest bidder.
KINKADE: Foreign policy for sale. You make a very
interesting point. You also have to wonder whether it's easy to
brush some of the human rights abuses under the carpet, given
the billions of dollars in exchange there.He said we're not here
to lecture, to tell people how to live. Do you think that was his
way of getting away from mentioning the fact that there's
discrimination against women, there's a crackdown on
freedom of speech there?
LILA: Well, this is, you know, one of the criticisms that came
up, not only in today's speech, but the fact that Donald Trump
chose Saudi Arabia in the first place.Look, there's no question
that Saudi Arabia is the home to the two most important sites
in most in the Muslim world. There's a responsibility that Saudi
Arabia does take very seriously.
But on the other hand, there - you know, Saudi Arabia has
been accused of rights violations. It's been accused persecuting
its own minorities, it's been accused of not allowing Christians
to worship in that country, and of course forcing women to
observe certain dress codes and not allowing women to drive.
So, that's the criticism there.And of course that criticism won't
end, I don't think, with this speech that Donald Trump made.
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 Transcripts of CNN Talk shows
It's a criticism that's going to say now because, because clearly,
it seems as though Donald Trump in his speech, speaking out
very forcibly against Iran and very forcibly in favor of the Gulf
country speaking out very forcibly in favor of the Gulf
countries, it seems that the administration is now officially
taking sides in what has become a very big schism, and quite
frankly a historic, and quite frankly unsolvable schism that
dates back 1,400 years in the Muslim world.
KINKADE: All right, Muhammad Lila, some great
perspective there for us from the region. Thanks so much.Well,
we will have more on that speech as Donald Trump wraps up
that visit in Saudi Arabia. We ask if actions speech louder than
words. A closer look at some of the key moments of the U.S.
president's visit. Stay with us
KINKADE: Well, before Donald Trump made his big speech
to Muslim leaders, there was a lot of anticipation about how he
would be received. But he already had one ringing
endorsement from Egypt's president.
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
ABDEL FATAH EL-SISI, EGYPTIAN PRESIDENT: Mr.
President, we express our appreciation and respect. And let me
say that you have a unique personality that is capable of doing
the impossible.
TRUMP: I agree.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
KINKADE: So, all the smiles as the U.S. president met with
his Egyptian counterpart. But if Donald Trump really can do
the impossible, he'll have to win over the Muslim world despite
everything he said about Islam before from his infamous travel
ban, to telling CNN he thinks that Islam hates the U.S.
Mr. Trump's previous rhetoric may outweigh his latest
comments, however much of his emphasis was on the
overriding battle between good and evil.Well, of course,
Donald Trump's reputation in the Middle East isn't just what
he says. Thanks to social media and streaming video, much of
his image will be defined by exactly that: images. And some of
what we're seeing is already come under scrutiny.
First of all, there was this. Was it a bend, was it a bow,
whatever it was many on Twitter were quick to point out that
Mr. Trump slammed Barack Obama for bowing to the Saudi
king in 2009.Next, there was the dancing with the Sauds. Now,
Saud dancing is a Saudi tradition, just not one that tends to
involve uncomfortable, let's call it dad dancing, by top
American officials.And then there's Melania and Ivanka Trump
not wearing head scarfs. Now, we must point out out that head
scarves are not usually worn by visiting female dignitaries. But
we also have to point out that Mr. Trump criticized Michelle
Obama for making that same decision two years ago.Well,
David Rohde is the New Yorker online editor and a CNN global
affairs analyst. He joins us from New York. Great to have you
with us, David.There is no doubt that this trip was high risk,
high reward. This is a country that can sentence a woman for
driving. They can give her public lashing for driving a car. It's
a country where most of the terrorists of 9/11 came from. Is
that a little forgotten as President Trump carries out his visit to
a country, the first of his first foreign trip overseas?
DAVID ROHDE, NEW YORKER: Well, that's the real
question is how will average people view this, particularly
across the Muslim world. Well, they believe, you know, the
rhetoric we heard today - sorry, sorry, the statements we
heard today from President Trump versus the rhetoric during
the campaign, it's a dramatic change. It's a much better
Weekly Analysis May 4th 2017
rhetoric, but you know, will people, particularly young people
across the Middle East believe him/
KINKADE: President Trump spoke of a new global center for
combating extremist ideology. Is that hard to get your head
around in a country that readily flogs bloggers for freedom of
speech?
ROHDE: Yes. They chose Saudi Arabia as the location of his
speech. I think part of that was for domestic concerns he would
- he could announce this arms sale to Saudi Arabia. Some of the
earlier commentators at CNN talked about CNN domestic, it
talked about Jordan may have been a better setting for this
speech.
Many, many Muslims that I've spoken to do not see Saudi
Arabia as the leader of the Muslim world. Yes, the two holy
mosques are there, but there is no papacy in Islam as
international viewers know. And so, you know, that's the
problem. It is the setting. (inaudible) that opulent room with all
these many, you know, wealthy and autocratic Gulf rulers, is
that the right setting to give this message from, or does that
actually undermine the credibility of President Trump's
message today?
ANDERSON: Absolutely. Well, he also sort of said that
America will not impose our way of life on others, but, rather,
outstretch our hands. Do you think that was his way, or at least
his speechwriter's way, of avoiding any real comment on
human rights abuses?
ROHDE: Yeah, I think there was an intentional effort -- this
is a message to the rulers in the region that human rights will
not matter to this administration. And they've telegraphed that
by welcoming President el-Sisi of Egypt to the White House.
What will average people in the region, you know, how will
they interpret that?
He did talk about growth and jobs. And I think that is the
critical issue for people in the region, but there was no how in
this speech. He talked about driving extremists out of the
mosques. He talked about creating more jobs. He talked about
ushering a new renaissance. How? Every American president
has talked about his since 9/11.
The U.S. tried invasions under George W. Bush. The U.S.
tried to sort of step back and do less in the region under Barack
Obama. Neither has worked. I don't hear a new Trump sort of
doctrine for how to drive extremists from the mosques.
KINKADE: Of course, we heard about a lot about investment
there. The U.S. and Saudi agreeing to this $110 billion arms
agreement. There are, of course, concerns about financing and
weapons getting into the hands of extremists. How can
President Trump assure that doesn't happen?ROHDE: I think
that - well, the primary concern in terms of these sales to Saudi
Arabia is that Obama made an enormous sale to Saudi Arabia,
$60 billion and the America made planes and bombs were used
to kill as many as 2,000 civilians in Yemen.
To be fair, military force is unquestionably, you know, one of
the things you need to use to counter extremism, but you don't
hear much about any other efforts to counter it. And there is a
danger in Syria, as you've noted, possibly arming the Kurds, or
local fighters. You know, where will those weapons end up?
And that's what missing here. What will the American role
actually be? Saudi Arabia can't go in and sort of lead the fight
in Syria against ISIS and, you know, the fight in Iraq as being
led by Iraqi forces.How are we going to back them? I think a
24
 Transcripts of CNN Talk shows
better message would have been a clearer, stronger, more
consistent U.S. equipment - sorry, U.S. support, local
moderates, that we will stand by them consistently. The U.S.
has a tendency of diving into the region and then walking
away from it, but that we will consistently back moderates in a
very, very long struggle against terrorism. That's what, you
know, is needed as sort of a steady hand, not new rhetoric.
KINKADE: David Rohde, certainly a lot more to unpack
here, but we'll have to leave it there for now. Great to have
your analysis. Thank you.
ROHDE: Thanks.
KINKADE: Well, there was one country that was definitely
not invited to that meeting in Saudi Arabia: Iran. The hosts
want the White House to take a much tougher line on Iran.
Remember, the Saudis themselves have severed ties with
Tehran.But while those doors may be closed, Iran seems to
want to open them. If moderate president Hassan Rouhani was
just re-elected in a landslide win by voters who want to see him
open up to the world.
Well, let's cross now to Frederik Pleitgen who is in Iran's
capital Tehran for us this hour. Fred, good to have you there
underground for us. President Trump gave the Saudis pretty
much what you wanted to hear, an anti-Iran message. How
will his words be received there?
FREDERIK PLEITGEN, CNN INTERNATIONAL
CORRESPONDENT: Well, I think there's going to be a lot of
anger here in Iran at some of the things that President Trump
said there, especially towards the end of the speech when he
spoke about what he called the effects that Iran was having
here in this region, that Iran was one of the main supporters of
terrorism in this region. Of course, the people here, and the
government here, have a very different take on all of that. They
believe that it's the Saudi ideology, the Saudi Wahhabi
ideology, that's causing a lot of the instability in the Middle
East, also causing a lot of the extremism in the Middle East as
well.
They are highly critical here, for instance, of the Saudi role in
Yemen as well, so, you've got a lot of the bombing that's going
on in Yemen by the Saudi air force and its allies as well, is
killing a lot of civilians, leading to a famine in that country. So,
certainly, the Iranians are saying, look, we have a different
take on things. That doesn't mean we're the source of instability
here in this region. And the other thing that the Iranians will
pointe to is that they actually just had an election here in this
country, and just election, or re-elected, a moderate president,
someone who wants to engage with the west, someone who
wants to - or did engage with the U.S. to bring about and talk
about the nuclear agreement. That may not be perfect, but
certainly did curb large parts of Iran's nuclear ambitions, and
the Iranians want sanctions relief as well. And one of the things
that Hassan Rouhani is trying to integrate Iran into the
international community to make sure that there isn't these
problems with the international community.
So, certainly the Iranians will be very, very angry at some of
the things that President Trump has said they will feel that
President Trump is taking sides with Saudi Arabia in a conflict
that, of course, has defined this region for quite some time,
Lynda.
KINKADE: And Fred, just briefly, as a result of that election
we saw huge celebrations there. One analyst said, you often see
days of euphoria followed by long years of disillusionment.
Weekly Analysis May 4th 2017
Given Rouhani has a much stronger mandate, how much
power does he really have, given the supreme leader ultimately
rules over him?PLEITGEN: Yeah, he certainly has a stronger
mandate, and you do often see Iranian Presidents in their
second term do a lot more than they were able to do in their
first. He does have a very limited capabilities and very limited
powers, because in the end it is Iran's supreme leader
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei who has the final say on policy,
especially when it comes to security policy and military policy
here in this country.
However, in the sphere of economics, Hassan Rouhani does
certainly wield a lot of power. And really once this election in
the end was about, was the economic way forward for this
country. Do they want to integrate into the world economy?
Are they going to welcome foreign investment and try to set the
stage for foreign investment by, of course, entering into
negotiations, or do what the hard-liners wanted to do, cope
with that isolation and say we don't necessarily need foreign
investment. We don't need outside help. We'll try to grow
internally.
Clearly, we'll try to grow internally. Clearly, the electorate
here in this country has decided they want more integration in
the world economy and that they want more investment from
abroad, and that, of course, also means they want to open up to
the world as well, Lynda.
KINKADE: all right. Frederik Pleitgen, great to have you on
the ground there in Tehran for us to get perspective there. We
appreciate it.Well, now back to Mr. Trump's speech to the
Muslim world just a short while ago. Saudi Arabia's King
Salman spoke before introducing the American president. Let's
take a listen to what he had to
(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)
KING KING SALMAN (through translator), SAUDI KING:
Islam was and will always be the religion of mercy, tolerance,
and co-existence as confirmed by brilliant precedence. In its
prosperous time, Islam provided the best examples of co-
existence and harmonies among followers of religions and
cultures. However, we see today that some presumed Muslims
have to seek to present and a sort of picture of religion, a
picture that seeks to conflate this great religion with -- with
violence.
We say to our Muslim brothers and sisters, our sons and
daughters, everywhere, that one of the most important goals of
Islamic Sharia is for protecting life. And that there is no honor
in committing murder. Islam is a religion of peace and
tolerance that encourages its followers to develop earth and
forbids them from corrupting it. It considers killing an innocent
soul tantamount to killing all of humanity. The Iranian regime
has been the spearhead of global terrorism since the Khomenei
Revolution until now. We have been in this country for 300
years and have known no terrorism or extremism until the
Khomenei revolution began in 1979.Iran has turned down all
good neighborly initiatives offered by our nations with
goodwill. It has responded with expansionist aspirations,
criminal practices and interference in the internal affairs of
other countries, thus violating the principles of international
law, good neighborlyness and mutual respect and coexistence.
The Iranian regime thought that our silence was weakness and
our wisdom was retreat.
Until we had enough of its hostile practices and interference
as we witness in Yemen and other countries in the region. As
we say this, we assert at the same time, our respect and
appreciation for the Iranian people. We do not hold people
responsible for the actions of their regime. Mr. President, dear
brothers and friends, in our continued war on terrorism, we
confirm our resolve to eradicate Da'esh and other terrorist
25
 Transcripts of CNN Talk shows
organizations regardless of their religion, sect or ideology, that
was the reason we all formed the Islamic military alliance to
fight terrorism which was a pioneering step to curb terrorism.
Terrorism is a the result of extremism. In light of the need to
confront terrorism, we declare today launching global center
for combating extremist ideology, which aims to disseminate
the principles of moderation and tolerance, confront attempts
of to deceive the young, shield families and societies and refute
the frail claims of terrorists by cooperating peace-loving
nations and international organizations, dear brothers and
friends.
To achieve - but it is the success of (inaudible). This is what
Saudi vision 2030 is in all of
its aspects: (inaudible), enabling women, diversifying the
economy and improving education. The king of Saudi Arabia
undoubtedly supports and encourages every effort by any
brother or friendly nation that aims at accomplishing
sustainable development in their countries.
Research Articles for CSS Essay Topics
Principles for Good Governance in the 21st Century
Introduction
Governance has become a hot topic as evidence mounts on
the critical role it plays in determining societal well-being. The
Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, reflects a
growing consensus when he states that good governance is
perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating
poverty and promoting development. Not surprisingly,
governance as a term has progressed from obscurity to
widespread usage, particularly in the last decade
This policy brief is the offspring of a major paper on
Governance Principles for Protected Areas in the 21 Century
presented in 2003 at the Fifth World Parks Congress in South
Africa . Parks Canada commissioned this paper as part of its
lead role in organizing a governance workshop stream
focusing on traditional and non-traditional approaches to
governance of Protected Areas (PA) and systems.
This brief will explore the concept of governance and attempt
to answer some fundamental questions:
What are the characteristics of good governance?
Are there universal principles of good governance? If
so, what are they?
Where do these principles come from?
In applying such principles what quality of detail do
we need?
What particular criteria are necessary to build
governance?
How might we apply these principles to assess current
governance regimes?
What is governance?
Definitions can be challenging, subtle, complex and powerful.
Let us begin by a definition of what governance is not.
Governance is not synonymous with government. This
confusion of terms can have unfortunate consequences. A
public policy issue where the heart of the matter is a problem of
"governance becomes defined implicitly as a problem of
government, with the corollary that the onus for fixing it governments are experimenting today with many partnership
necessarily rests with government.
Weekly Analysis May 4th 2017
We emphasize achieving peace for the Palestinians and the
Israelis was a just and crucial demand, which requires sheer
sacrifice and sincere determination for the benefit of all.
The international community should intensify its efforts to
resolve the Syrian crisis, but shield the aspirations of the
Syrian people and preserve Syria's (inaudible) and
sovereignty.
Your majesties, your excellences, your honors, the hopes and
aspirations of our peoples are huge and our responsibilities to
achieve them are great.
But to resolve, keenness and care will enable us to face these
duties with will and purpose, and we are committed to
development as a strategic goal to confront extremism and
terrorism and provide a prosperous life.May God help us
achieve the good for all our peoples. God bless you.
(END VIDEO CLIP)
Thanks so much for watching. See you another time.
END (By Editorial Team, Weekly Analysis)
Since governance is not about government, what is it about?
Partly it is about how governments and other social
organizations interact, how they relate to citizens, and how
decisions are taken in a complex world. Thus governance is a
process whereby societies or organizations make their
important decisions, determine whom they involve in the
process and how they render account. Since a process is hard
to observe, students of governance tend to focus our attention
on the governance system or framework upon which the
process rests - that is, the agreements, procedures, conventions
or policies that define who gets power, how decisions are taken
and how accountability is rendered.
Governance: Who are the players? Who has influence?
Who decides?
The concept of governance may be usefully applied in
different contexts global, national, institutional and
community. Understanding governance at the national level is
made easier if one considers the different kinds of entities that
occupy the social and economic landscape.
Their size as illustrated here may provide a crude indication
of their relative power in many western countries. They
overlap because the borders of these organizations are
permeable. A similar illustration for other countries could
show a very different distribution of power. For example, the
military or a political party (see figure 2) might occupy the
largest part of the terrain. Governments role might be quite
insignificant. In some settings, multinational corporations
might play a dominant role. In most countries power is shifting
across borders. The size of the private sector seems to be
expanding. Some state functions are being transferred to
business.
Shifts are also under way in the sphere of civil society
although the pattern is less clear. In some jurisdictions,
governments have spoken of the need to transfer functions to
the voluntary sector, expecting it to take up the slack as
government withdraws from funding (as is the case of home
care as an alternative to hospitalization). In addition, some
arrangements within which politicians or public servants share
power with other sectors of society. The theme of the 2003
26
 Research Articles for CSS Essay Topics
Figure 1 illustrates four sectors of society, situated among citizens at
large: business, the institutions of civil society (including the
voluntary or not-for-profit sector), government and the media.
World Parks Congress, "Benefits Beyond Borders" reflected
this trend. The prevalence of such new institutional
arrangements, however, is raising questions about who should
properly be involved in what: a classic example of a
governance question.
The zones of governance: who decides and in what
capacity?
In principle, the concept of governance may be applied to
any form of collective action. Governance is about the more
strategic aspects of steering: the larger decisions about
direction and roles. That is, governance is not only about
where to go, but also about who should be involved in deciding,
and in what capacity. There are four areas or zones where the
concept is particularly relevant.
Governance in global space, or global governance,
deals with issues outside the
purview of individual governments.
Governance in national space, i.e. within a country:
this is sometimes understood as theexclusive preserve of
government, of which technology there may be several levels:
national, provincial or state, indigenous, urban or local.
However, governance is concerned with how other actors, such
as civil society organizations, may play a role in taking
decisions on matters of public concern
Organizational governance (governance in
organization space): this comprises the activities of
organizations that are usually accountable to a board of
directors. Some will be privately owned and operated, e.g.
business corporations. Others may be publicly owned, e.g.
hospitals, schools, government corporations, etc.
Community governance (governance in community
space): this includes activities at a local level where the
Applying governance principles: the example of Protected
Areas
IUCN -The World Conservation Union defines a Protected
Area as an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the
protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of
natural and associated cultural resources, and managed
through legal or other effective means.
Government PA Agencies came into existence in the 20
century linked primarily to the spread of the national park
Weekly Analysis May 4th 2017
organizing body may not assume a legal form and where there
may not be a formally constituted governing board.
Five principles of good governance
Defining the principles of good governance is difficult and
controversial. The United Nations Development Program
(UNDP Governance and Sustainable Human Development,
1997) enunciates a set of principles that, with slight
variations, appear in much of the literature. There is strong
evidence that these UNDP based principles have a claim to
universal recognition. In grouping them under five broad
themes, we recognize that these principles often overlap or are
conflicting at some point, that they play out in practice
according to the actual social context, that applying such
principles is complex, and that they are all about not only the
results of power but how well it is exercised.
Of the five principles, Legitimacy and Voice and Fairness
have the strongest claim to universal recognition based on
over a half century of UN accomplishments in the field of
human rights. Box 2, for example, links these two governance
principles with key clauses in the United Nations Declaration of
Human Rights adopted in 1948. Since that time, the UN has
adopted eight treaties and five protocols, which together make
up the body of international human rights law.
Human Rights Principles and Good Governance
Whereas it is essential that human rights should be protected
by the rule of law (Preamble)
All are equal before the law (Article 7)
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public
hearing by an
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or
exile (Article 5)
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property" (Article
17)
concept. Recently, however, many countries have experimented
with a diversity of new governance models and structures for
Protected Areas, beyond the traditional direct management by a
government agency.
IUCN has developed six categories of Protected Areas, based on
different combinations of objectives. The variety of objectives can
be summarized under four headings:
nature conservation;
science;
27

Research Articles for CSS Essay Topics
visitor opportunities; and
local and indigenous needs.
To meet these objectives, those responsible for Protected
Areas may exercise a number of different types of powers:
planning powers, regulatory powers, spending powers,
revenue-generating powers, and the power to enter into
agreements. Good governance, in this context, is therefore
about the responsible exercise of these powers in order to
meet the objectives of Protected Areas.
With an understanding of the powers and objectives of PA
governance we can now move on to developing specific
criteria for the UN based principles of good governance in the
context of Protected Areas. In developing the criteria, we will
focus on the Principle of Fairness5. In doing so we take note of
the following useful reminders. Principles are not water-
tight- they often overlap and sometimes reinforce one
another.
Protected Areas: the Principle of Fairness
The principle of fairness encompasses the treatment of those
groups that face discriminatory practices women, children,
ethnic and religious minorities to name a few. In the context
of Protected Areas it has meant growing awareness of and
respect for the role that local and indigenous peoples should
play in the development and management of Protected Areas.
It has also focused more attention on the benefits to be
derived from devolving power from the center of government
to local areas and from placing more emphasis on the role of
community conservation.
Fairness is also about the rule of law, a principle enshrined in
the Canadian Constitution. Among other things, this principle
encompasses an independent judiciary, equality of citizens
before the law, the requirement for governments to base their
actions on legal authorities and citizens having the right to
seek legal remedies against their governments.
These considerations lead to the development of the following
criteria on the Fairness, some of which go beyond the control
of Protected Areas managers but form an important context
in which they operate.
Using the Principle of Fairness and related criteria, we can
analyze specific governance challenges in a Protected Areas
context (see table next page.)
st
Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
- equality before the law
- the requirement for government and its officials
to base their actions on well-defined legal
authorities
- citizens having the right to seek legal remedies
against the government and against their fellow
citizens
Fair, impartial and effective enforcement of any PA rules
including
- the transparency of the rules themselves (their
existence is known and accessible)
- the absence of corruption among public officials
- the right of appeal for those charged with
transgressions
Fairness in the process for establishing new PAs including
- respect for the rights, uses and traditional
knowledge of local and indigenous peoples
related to the area
- an assessment of other options for the use of the
area
- public participation in the process of
establishing the PA, particularly involving local
and indigenous peoples
- the appropriate balancing among PA objectives
(local use, science, conservation and visitors
use)
Fairness in the management of PAs including
- practices that achieve a favourable balance of
costs and benefits to local and indigenous
peoples (e.g. traditional uses, revenue-sharing,
preferential employment and contracting
procedures)
- mechanisms for sharing or devolving the
management decision-making of the PA with
local and indigenous peoples
- use of traditional knowledge and resource
management methods of indigenous and local
people
- equitable human resource management
practices for the staff of the PA
- processes for recognizing and dealing with past
injustices resulting from the establishment of
PAs

When this is accomplished, the principles and criteria become
tools to help in developing an improvement strategy for
governance, and for assessing the gap between the current
and desired state of governance.
In the context of Fairness, we can begin to determine where
we are now, where we want to be, how we get there the
strategies, priorities and techniques, how we stay there -
sustainability and making sure we get there- the
implementation.
FAIRNESS IN A PROTECTED AREA CONTEXT
Existence of a supportive judicial context characterized by
respect for the rule of law including
- an independent judiciary
Conclusion Governance opens new intellectual space. It
provides a concept that allows us to discuss the role of
government in coping with public issues and the contribution
that other players may make. It opens ones mind to the
possibility that groups in society other than government (e.g.
communities or the voluntary sector) may have to play a
stronger role in addressing problems. The central conclusion is
that a universal set of principles for defining good governance
can be fashioned and that the strength of their universality rests
to a large extent on the body of international human rights and
laws. In addition, these principles can be usefully applied to help
deal with current governance challenges. When they are applied
it becomes apparent that there are no absolutes; that principles
often conflict; that the devil is in the detail; that context matters.
Finally, the nature of governance both the means and the ends
needs to be understood. Only then does it make sense to

28
 st
Research Articles for CSS Essay Topics Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
elaborate the principles in order to create a meaningful analytical tool.

Governance
Principles

Participation all men and women should have a voice in decision-making, either
directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their intention.
1. Legitimacy Such broad participation is built on freedom of association and speech, as well as
and Voice capacities to participate constructively.
Consensus orientation good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad
consensus on what is in the best interest of the group and, where possible, on policies
and procedures.

Strategic vision leaders and the public have a broad and long-term perspective on
2
.Direction good governance and human development, along with a sense of what is needed for
such development. There is also an understanding of the historical, cultural and social
complexities in which that perspective is grounded.

Responsiveness institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders.

3
.Performance Effectiveness and efficiency processes and institutions produce results that meet
needs while making the best use of resources.

Accountability decision-makers in government, the private sector and civil society

organizations are accountable to the public, as well as to institutional stakeholders. This
4
.Accountability accountability differs depending on the organizations and whether the decision is
internal or external.
Transparency transparency is built on the free flow of information. Processes,
institutions and information are directly accessible to those concerned with them, and
enough information is provided to understand and monitor them.

Equity all men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-
5
.Fairness being.
Rule of Law legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly
the laws on human rights.

Governance, good governance and

global governance: conceptual and
actual challenges
(By Thomas G Weiss)

well as the UNs role in the conceptual process. Although

Abstract
This article takes seriously the proposition that ideas and
concepts, both good and bad, have an impact on
international public policy. It situates the emergence of
governance, good governance and global governance, as
governance is as old as human history, this essay
concentrates on the intellectual debates of the 1980s and
1990s but explores such earlier UN-related ideas as
decolonization, localisation and human rights, against which
more recent thinking has been played out. A central analytical
29

Research Articles for CSS Essay Topics
perspective is the tension between many academics and
international practitioners who employ governance to
connote a complex set of structures and processes, both
public and private, while more popular writers tend to use
it synonymously with government.
Governance is now fashionable, but the concept is as old
as human history. This essay concentrates on the
intellectual debates of the 1980s and 1990s, essentially
since the term became widespread in development circles
and prominent in the international public policy lexicon.
Many academics and international practitioners employ
governance to connote a complex set of structures and
processes, both public and private, while more popular
writers tend to use it synonymously with government.
Governance for the latter refers to characteristics
that are generally associated with a system of national
administration.
The New Websters International Dictionary de fines the
term in much the same way as journalists from the New
York Times or The Economist: act, manner, office, or
power of governing; government, state of being
governed, or method of government or regulation. As
Morten Bas has shown, before being studied at the global
level, governance was employed generically in academic
discourse.2 It was, for instance, widely used in relationship
to business literature about the micro- behaviour of rms.
Goran Hyden has argued that it refers mainly to running
governments and other public agencies or private ones with
social purposes.4 Analysts of international relations and
international civil servants, in contrast, now use the term
almost exclusively to describe phenomena that go beyond a
synonym for government and the legal authority with
which such policies are vested. For instance, the
Commission on Global Governance defines governance
as the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions,
public and private, manage their common affairs. It is the
continuing process through which conflicting or diverse
interests may be accommodated and co-operative action
may be taken. James Rosenau is the US academic most
closely associated with the term. And for him, whether at
the grassroots or global levels, it encompasses the
activities of governments, but it also includes the many
other channels through which commands flow in the
form of goals framed, directives issued, and policies
pursued. Something of an intellectual cottage industry has
arisen around the term over the past two decades. Since the
early 1980s, governance and increasingly good
governance have permeated development discourse and
especially research agendas and other activities funded by
public and private banks and bilateral donors. Moreover,
publications by scholars and eminent commissions have
extensively used the term for contemporary global problem
solving.
The emergence of governance can be traced at the country
level to a disgruntlement with the state-dominated models
of economic and social development so prevalent
throughout the socialist bloc and much of the Third World
st
Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. At the international level
global governance can be traced to a growing dissatisfaction
among students of international relations with the realist and
liberalinstitutionalist theories that dominated the study of
international organisation in the 1970s and 1980s. In
particular, these failed to capture adequately the vast
increase, in both numbers and in uence, of non-state actors
and the implications of technology in an age of globalisation.
This article takes seriously the proposition that ideas and
concepts, both good and bad, have an impact. In pointing to
the role of policy and academic scribblers, John Maynard
Keynes wrote in 1936 that the ideas of economists and
political philosophers, both when they are right and when they
are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood.8
This essay thus seeks to correct the fact that ideas, whether
economic or otherwise, have until recently been ignored by
students of international relations.9 It situates the emergence
of governance, good governance and global governance, as
well as the role of the United Nations (UN), in the conceptual
process.
Governance and good governance
The world organisation was built on the basis of unquestioned
national sovereignty. In spite of article 2(7) of the UN
Charter, sovereignty and non-interference in the internal
affairs of states have come under re. As former Secretary-
General Boutros-Ghali wrote, The time of absolute and
exclusive sovereignty, however, has passed.10 Sovereigntys
status and relevance are contested increasingly within
international organizations and forums. Moreover, the climate
for governance has changed immensely since the UNs
founding. Indeed, definitions of governance vary substantially,
as is evident from views on governance of various
international organizations shown below.
World Bank. Governance is defined as the manner in which
power is exercised in the management of a countrys economic
and social resources. The World Bank has identified three
distinct aspects of governance: (i) the form of political regime;
(ii) the process by which authority is exercised in the
management of a countrys economic and social resources for
development; and (iii) the capacity of governments to design,
formulate, and implement policies and discharge functions.
UNDP. Governance is viewed as the exercise of economic,
political and administrative authority to manage a countrys
affairs at all levels. It comprises mechanisms, processes and
institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their
interests, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and
mediate their differences.
OECD. The concept of governance denotes the use of
political authority and exercise of control in a society in
relation to the management of its resources for social and
economic development. This broad definition encompasses the
role of public authorities in establishing the environment in
which economic operators function and in determining the
distribution of benefits as well as the nature of the relationship
between the ruler and the ruled.
Institute of Governance, Ottawa: Governance comprises the
institutions, processes and conventions in a society which
determine how power is exercised, how important decisions
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affecting society are made and how various interests are
accorded a place in such decisions. Commission on
Global Governance: Governance is the sum of the many
ways individuals and institutions, public and private,
manage their common affairs. It is a continuing process
through which conflicting or diverse interests may be
accommodated and co-operative action may be taken. It
includes formal institutions and regimes empowered to
enforce compliance, as well as informal arrangements that
people and institutions either have agreed to or perceive to
be in their interest.
UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan: Good governance is
ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law;
strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and
capacity in public administration.
International Institute of Administrative Sciences:
Governance refers to the process whereby elements in
society wield power and authority, and influence and enact
policies and decisions concerning public life, and economic
and social development. Governance is a broader notion
than government. Governance involves interaction between
these formal institutions and those of civil society.
Tokyo Institute of Technology: The concept of
governance refers to the complex set of values, norms,
processes and institutions by which society manages its
development and resolves con ict, formally and informally.
It involves the state, but also the civil society (economic
and social actors, community-based institutions and
unstructured groups, the media, etc) at the local, national,
regional and global levels.
The emphasis is on the past two decades, even though there
is a rich history of such earlier UN-related ideas as
decolonisation, localisation and human rights, against
which more recent thinking has been played out. What is
important to note here is the dramatic quantitative and
qualitative shift in the political ambience at the UN since
the late 1950s and early 1960s. During the Cold War,
governmental representatives of newly independent
countries were successfully on the defensive within UN and
related international fora; they remained largely untouched
by the rich scholarly debate about the new political
economy, social capital, and public goods. However, with the arrival of the Kohl, Thatcher and Reagan
They interpreted virtually any serious scrutiny of their
economic and social choices as a threat to their newborn
and weak states. And they remained impervious to the
international political economy literature of the 1970s and
1980s that emphasised public choice theory, rent-seeking
behaviour, directly unproductive pro t-seeking activities,
and the new institutional economics.
By playing off East versus West, moreover, developing
countries deflected many criticisms by donors and investors
if they hinted at shortcomings in economic and political
management. Suggestions about what was wrong with
economic and social policies in developing and socialist
bloc countries were viewed as siding with the enemy in
the EastWest struggle. And the other side could be interest rates could not be totally set aside as explanations for
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persuaded to be less critical, and even financially supportive,
as part of world-wide competition.
The result was an unquestioning, and at times almost
obsequious, acceptance of the status quo. Francis M Deng and
Terrence Lyons have summarised the situation in Africa, but
their comment has greater resonance: Rather than promote
good governance by awarding sovereign rights to those
regimes that effectively or responsibly administered a given
territory, African diplomatic principles, epitomized by the
Organization of African Unity (OAU), accepted whatever
regime occupied the presidential palace, regardless of who (or
even whether) the regime governed.
The result was an unquestioning, and at times almost
obsequious, acceptance of the status quo. Francis M Deng and
Terrence Lyons have summarised the situation in Africa, but
their comment has greater resonance: Rather than promote
good governance by awarding sovereign rights to those
regimes that effectively or responsibly administered a given
territory, African diplomatic principles, epitomized by the
Organization of African Unity (OAU), accepted whatever
regime occupied the presidential palace, regardless of who (or
even whether) the regime governed.
Ironically, OPECs ability to increase oil prices in 197374
and again in 1979
strengthened the collective bargaining strength of the Group
of 77 and produced foreign exchange shortages and
unsustainable indebtedness that, in turn, forced many non-oil-
exporting developing countries to accept intrusive structural
adjustment. Outside interference in economic policy was the
quid pro quo of desperately needed international finance,
especially from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the
lender of last resort, or the seal of approval required by other
funders
As the twin pillars of the postwar economic system, the World
Bank and the IMF had emphasised domestic policies for some
time.
But the UN system had a different orientation and pro le. The
preponderance of developing countries in the membership
made debates distinct from those in Washington where
weighted voting privileged the voices of powerful donors.
administrations, Western rhetoric had a substantial impact on
New York as well as Washington.
The refrain to emphasise domestic priorities assumed more
weight and was increasingly pertinent after the September
1981 World Bank report from Professor Elliot Berg. Later in
the decade the Bank issued a more holistic sequel that
emphasised political and institutional change as prerequisites
for effective economic reform.27 Within the UN system too, the
new orthodoxy of more aid and investment in exchange for
economic liberalisation eroded the reluctance to intrude in
domestic policies, what two analysts had described as the
global Keynesian social pact suggested by the Brandt
Commission.
Such external economic factors as commodity prices and
poverty and poor economic performance. But it became
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untenable to attribute all the woes of developing countries
to outside forces beyond their control. This was
particularly the case after Mikhail Gorbachevs ascension
to power in 1985 and the onset of new thinking in
Moscow. There was no longer a geopolitical counterweight
in the East to Western demands for economic liberalisation
and political democratisation. Domestic policies and
priorities were central to the dire problems faced by both
developing countries and members of the socialist bloc.
And it became politically more correct in international fora
to say so and thereby begin a conversation about how state
and society were structured. As Goran Hyden has written:
Getting politics right is different from getting policy right
in that it calls for a restructuring of the polity itself. The
structural adjustment programs that are associated with
getting policy right have been and could be pursued by an
autocratic government as well as a democratic one.
A discussion about the quality of a countrys political and
economic governance system became acceptable within
international public policy fora for four reasons. First,
there was the glaring illegitimacy of regimes headed by
such inter- national pariahs as Ugandas Idi Amin,
Kampucheas Pol Pot, Haitis Jean- Claude Duvalier, or
the Central African Empires Jean-Bedel Bokassa. After
having successfully lobbied the so-called international
community to consider as genuinely international the
domestic policies of white-majority governments in
Rhodesia and South Africa, it was illogical for developing
countries to maintain that their own domestic behaviour
was out-of-bounds. Moreover, the end of the Cold War
suddenly removed both the willingness to turn a blind-eye
towards outlandish regimes as well as incentives for the
West to support authoritarian rule. ------- Second, Samuel
Huntington correctly characterised the third wave of
democratic rule.30 Both the Third World and the former
Soviet bloc were engulfed by a tidal wave of political
reforms, especially when the collapse of the Berlin Wall
was so closely followed by the implosion of Moscows
empire. Widespread democratization, including UN
monitoring of elections in such former dictator- ships as El
Salvador and Haiti, brought squarely into focus the
character and quality of local governance. Regimes in the
Third World and Eastern Europe adopted civilian rule,
elections and multiparty democracy. They understood that
the form, if not always the spirit and content, of elections
were prerequisites to legitimize their rule and to attract
Western financing. Investors and aid agencies insisted, and
most potential recipientswith notable exceptions like
China, North Korea, Cuba, Libya and Iraqaccepted this
approach.
Third, the proliferation of non-state actors changed the
political landscape in most countries. In addition to the
organizations of the UN system and the Washington-based
financial institutions, such international non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) as Human Rights Watch and CARE,
such transnational corporations as Shell and Citibank, and
such global media as the BBC and CNN penetrated what
had formerly been something of a governmental chasse
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garde. They exerted a growing influence on what once had
been almost exclusively matters of state policy. Within
developing and socialist bloc countries, civil society
burgeoned after decades of repression. In particular, the
growth of NGOs is a striking dimension of contemporary
international relations whose implications for global
governance and social policy in the UN system are not fully
understood or appreciated.
In short, economic and social policy is no longer the exclusive
preserve of governments. Human rights advocates, gender
activists, developmentalists and groups of indigenous peoples
have invaded the territory of states, literally and figuratively.
Fourth, the 1990s have witnessed a phenomenal
transformation of the wide- spread view that the Charter is a
Westphalian document par excellence.
Although the UNs constitution prohibits actions dealing with
the domestic policies of member states, nonetheless
humanitarian interventions have encouraged the insertion of
responsibility as a necessary additional component of national
sovereignty, in addition to the three traditional characteristics
of statehood (territory, people and authority). Leading the
human rights charge were none other than the last two UN
secretaries-general, Boutros Boutros-Ghali and Kofi Annan,
who painstakingly put forward the contingent character of
sovereignty? Francis Deng, their Special Representative on
Internally Displaced Persons, labelled this approach
sovereignty as responsibility. The acute suffering of such
failed states as Somalia, the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda
opened the door to scrutinizing domestic policies that had led
to mass displacement and even genocide. Given the need for
the international system to pick up the costly humanitarian bill
for such tragedies, the prevention of future disasters lent
additional weight to the argument to examine governance
patterns in as-yet un-failed states.
As a result of these four developments, probing domestic
policies and priorities became the norm; and efforts to come
to grips with the term can be interpreted as part of an
intellectual struggle to capture the various units of governance
that are not instruments of the state. At the national level the
work of Morten Bas is particularly instructive, because
governance is embedded in and interwoven with statecivil
society interactions. It is the part of the public realm that
encompasses both. Essential to governance is the civic realm,
which is maintained by political actors from both the state and
society, and in which access to participation in the public
realm is built on respected and legitimate rules. Therefore,
governance is concerned with the regime which constitutes
the set of fundamental rules for the organization of the public
realm, and not with government Governance clearly
embraces government institutions, but it also subsumes
informal, non-governmental institutions operating within the
public realm. By conceptualizing governance in terms that
transcend traditional notions of domestic politics, Bas
treatment of the subject clarifies how national governance
involves non-governmental actors exercising authority
legitimately in the public realm.
Although Rosenau focuses on the dynamics of the
international system, his analytical lenses are helpful in
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pointing out that all governance refers to mechanisms for
steering social systems toward their goals. As such,
agency is important. At the national level then, we need to
conceptualise governance in terms that include but also
transcend the formal government apparatus. However, and
in spite of the explosive growth in pro t and not-for-pro t
groups in civil society, governments remain the primary
agents. The provision of public goods as well as incentive
structures for corporations and voluntary agencies
contributing to social problem solving are largely
determined by government policy. In short, actions to foster
good governance concentrate on attenuating two
undesirable characteristics that had been prevalent earlier:
the unrepresentative character of governments and the
inefficiency of non-market systems. As governance is the
sum of the ways that individuals and institutions, in both
public and private spheres, manage their affairs, the
systems of governance in much of the Third World and
Eastern Europe had to change. As Bas has written, the
World Bank operationalised bad governance as
personalisation of power, lack of human rights, endemic
corruption and un-elected and unaccountable
governments. And so, good governance must be the
natural opposite.
Since good governance has become an important
component of the international agenda, discourse about
good governance was linked to new policies in those
countries receiving development assistance or investments
from international lending agencies. Good governance has
become a political and economic conditionality that is
inseparable from debates about appropriate bilateral and
multilateral financing for developing and formerly socialist
bloc countries. International efforts, in recent decades,
have thus supported political democratisation (including
elections, accountability and human rights) and economic
liberalisation. Recent experience with good governance has
led to criticism from the UN system, which seeks to balance
assessments about costs and benefits as well as to confront
the political and economic conditionality viewed by many
recipient countries as unwelcome intrusions. Good
governance is definitely on the international agenda. But
three types of substantive UN commentary have applied the
brakes and slowed the momentum of the Washington
consensus. The first is the need to capture the complex
reality of governance, which encompasses all the structures
and processes for determining the use of available
resources for the public good within a country. Although
debate continues about its precise components, good
governance is more than multiparty elections, a judiciary
and a parliament, which have been emphasised as the
primary symbols of Western-style democracy. The list of
other attributes, with the necessary resources and culture
to accompany them, is formidable: universal protection of
human rights; non-discrimatory laws; effcient, impartial
and rapid judicial processes; transparent public agencies;
accountability for decisions by public officials; devolution
of resources and decision making to local levels from the
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capital; and meaningful participation by citizens in debating
public policies and choices.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) leads
in de ning the characteristics of a population that lives within
a society in which governance is good. The annual Human
Development Report provides as close to an authoritative
snapshot as we have. Following 10 years of structural
adjustment loans, the effort began in 1990 under the
leadership of Mahbub ul Haq and has continued since 1996
under Richard Jolly. The UNDP has sought to shed light
systematically on the actual lives of people, especially those on
the bottom of the income scale.39 In many ways the decades
collection of the annual Human Development Reportswhich
are now available on a single compact discwas a prelude to
and a prolongation of the 1995 Social Summit in Copenhagen.
Without denying the benefits of growth, these reports and the
Copenhagen conference insist on cataloguing: 1) the
aggravation of poverty and the growing divides between rich
and poor, within societies as well as among them; 2)
increasing unemployment; 3) a disintegrating social fabric
and exclusion; and 4) environmental damage.
The value of the human development index (HDI) is the
modification of what constitutes an acceptable way to measure
a society with good governance. Economic well-being and
human progress are not synonymous. Countries with the same
per capita income can have quite different HDIs, and
countries with the same levels of income can also have similar
HDIs. The clear message is that the content of domestic
policies and priorities is crucial. The United Nations
Childrens Fund (UNICEF) has, since 1987, issued annual
reports on the lives of vulnerable children and women;40 this
coincided with the pioneering earlier efforts by the
organization to put social problems at the centre of the debate
about the impact of adjustment.41 The UN High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has published a bi-
annual overview of the beleaguered status of war victims since
1993.42 One consequence of these analytical efforts is that the
World Banks informationally rich annual World Development
Report has gradually become more attuned to measuring the
softer side of living conditions within countries.
The second substantive criticism from the UN system is the
need to strike a balance between the public and private
sectors. Again, analyses have sought to go beyond democratic
symbols and portray the necessary elements of public welfare.
The composite view of the UN system amounts to something of
a reprise of Keynesianism by pointing to the ineluctable
importance of state decisions to determine the management of
both supply and demand.
In attempting to correct the euphoria that surrounded the
Washington consensus of the early 1990s, arguments have
consistently counterbalanced the stereo- typical conservative
approaches in vogue since the beginning of the Reagan and
Thatcher administrationsnamely, that anything the
government can do, the private sector can do better; and that
more open markets, free trade and capital flows are
necessarily beneficial. In many ways, an attentive reader of
UN documents of the 1990s would not have been surprised by
the disruptions in Seattle of the World Trade Organizations
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Third Ministerial Summit in December 1999 or in
Washington for the sessions of the Bank and the Fund in
April 2000. An unquestioned faith in the normative
principles of neoliberalism had become so widespread
among Western and transnational elites that seemingly
the only acceptable and commonsensical prescriptions
about how to structure political and economic life were
those of the Washington consensus. The intellectual climate
had changed so much that, for a decade between the mid-
1980s and mid-1990s, it was almost heretical to argue that
an efficient, thriving market economy and civil society
require an effective and strong government. Antonio
Gramsci would have found an apt illustration of his
argument that ideologies can have the same energy as
material force.45 But an artificial dichotomy had been
created between state and market. The UNs incipient supposedly precludes directly addressing political issues), the
heresy against this conventional wisdom was perhaps best
exemplified by analyses of the former Soviet bloc, where
shrinking but not rolling back the state was the policy contract enforcement. These issues are certainly linked to
recommendation. A report from UNDPs Regional Bureau
for Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States
emphasised the prerequisites for equity, legitimacy and
efficiency: A legitimately strong government can be
described as one that commands sufficient confidence in its
legitimacy to allow for a strong civil society, and for a
network of non-governmental institutions and regulations
that ensure the development of a well-functioning economic
system, the strengthening of democratic procedures, and a
widespread participation by people in public life.
In a departure from previous orthodoxy and as a sign of the
pendulums swing, the Banks World Development Report
1997 emphasised that the state is capable, and indeed
should perform the role, of producing welfare-enhancing
outcomes. As the text itself argues: And there is a growing
recognition that some needed public goods and services
can only be secured through inter- national cooperation.
Thus, building state capacity will mean building more
effective partnerships and institutions internationally as
well as at home.
The reports subtitle, The State in a Changing World, was
indicative of a reversal led by Joseph Stiglitz, until
December 1999 the much-discussed chief economist and
senior vice-president.48 The controversy surrounding
Stiglitzs tenure in Washington reflected the fact that, in
comparison with most other officials in the Bank and the
Fund, he appeared more sympathetic towards striking a
balance between market and state and more ambivalent
about the potential for unfettered market forces. As such,
his resignation also was predictable.
Thus, the UNs conceptual contribution has altered the
emphasis in the good governance debate of the mid-1980s
to mid-1990s. Rescuing the baby from the discarded bath
water, todays debate about good governance has moved
away from a visceral dismantling of the state. In contrast
with narrower economic liberalisation programmes in
vogue earlier, political liberalisation programmes of the
late 1990s (with greater emphasis on leadership and
management as well as democracy, human rights, rule of
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law, access to justice and basic freedoms) have weakened the
force of arguments by proponents of a minimalist state.
Whereas the original debate about good governance was cast
as the antithesis of state-dominated economic and social
development of previous decades, todays is less about
jettisoning state institutions than improving and reforming the
functioning of democratic institutions, including the
deepening of democracy and exploring more active and
creative roles for non-state actors. Leaders are being held to
higher standards of accountability, and they have to contend
with the forces of globalisation. But there is less faith in a
blanket prescription to roll back the state. The World Banks
published stance presupposes what is good and what is not
good governance.
In working to remove politics from the debate (its charter
Banks position on governance is preoccupied with public
sector management, the reduction of transaction costs and
sustainable human development but are not framed as central
to a conception of and strategy for governance that as a
priority seeks to maximise local participation in addressing
the most pressing needs in a given community. In contrast, the
UNDPs and the UN systems evolving human development
approach to governance exhibits relatively greater support for
empowermentthat is, providing the tools of democracy and
freedom that are integral to the political and civic dimensions
of governance. The Bank may not be adverse to these issues
but treats them as second order concerns, or tag ons, that
are not valuable in and of themselves but rather desirable
insofar as they contribute to ef ciency and growth. Under the
new political economy of the 1970s and 1980s, political
rationality among policy makers was emphasised as a
variation on the neoclassical theme of economic rationality.
This theme greatly in uenced the crafting of the international
nancial institutions (IFIs) gover- nance priorities of the 1980s
and 1990s aimed at increasing economic ef ciency and
growth.
Since the early 1990s UNDP has begun shifting away from
traditional public sector management (particularly civil
service reform) and modest decentralis- ation programmes to
addressing such sensitive governance areas as human rights,
legislative support, judicial reform and corruption.
Responding to the growth in transitional democracies,
UNDPs emphasis on electoral assistance has provided an
entry point to dealing with this new generation of
governance projects. With resources to pursue this agenda,
other factors also contributed to UNDPs growing
involvement: fewer ideological tensions since the end of the
Cold War; a growing consensus about the need for such
political reforms; better information ows; and dissatisfaction
with, and continual decreases in, tra- ditional development
assistance.
The new frontiers of governance policy and support for
institution building require trust and a perceived neutral
position in a target country. Capacity building for civil society
and the private sector mean that the UN system has a
comparative advantage in many developing countries in
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relationship to the IFIs. The UNDPs approach to
governance will continue to differ from that of the Bretton
Woods institutions as long as they view good governance definition includes good political, economic and civic
in terms of strict political and economic conditionality.
Given UNDPs role as the lead UN agency in the eld and
as a prominent contributor to UN policy debates, it is likely
that the rest of the UN system will gradually adopt UNDPs
brand of governance. This argument has particular
salience after the 1999 establishment of a Governance
Division, along with the enthusiasm for this topic of the
new Administrator, Mark Malloch Brown.
We are moving towards common ground that good
governance does not necessarily mean less but sometimes
more appropriate government. There is no need to
resurrect the folly of the stereotypical hyperactive state of
the 1960s and 1970s. However, we require processes or
rules of decision making that are more likely to result in
actions that are truly in the public interest, rather than
favouring the private exploitation of the public interest.
There is a need to balance the role of government and
other political and economic institutions with functioning
markets. More than occasionally, a countervailing power
to market externalities is required. And the only candidate
is the state. The central challenge is not to halt the
expansion of the market but to establish proper rules and
institutions so that the benefits of growth are more widely
beneficial.
The third and final substantive criticism from the United
Nations is the need to introduce subtlety into the
infatuation with democracy and democratization as
surrogates for good governance. The argument that
individual political rights and democratization go hand-in-
hand with good governance is not wrong. But it has been
expanded to reflect economic and social rights as part of a
comprehensive package.
In short, the initial debate over good governance was
concerned less with improving the political leadership of
democracy and integrating economic and social goals (eg
through the initiation of more active and creative roles for
non-state actors) than with reversing decades of state-
dominated economic and social development. Now that the
states role has come into question, the emphasis in UN
circles has changed. Going beyond the largely empty Cold
War clash between first (political and civil right) and
second generation (economic and social) rights, UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights and former Irish
President Mary Robinson continually emphasises
integration of economic and social welfare into the bundle
of goods that any well governed society must have.
As such, good governance can also entail improvements in
governmental institutions and sound development
management. As Bas writes, State and civil society are
constituted through iterated interaction, and the
governance produced (bad or good) is an outcome of this
process.
Mahbub ul Haq went further still towards the end of his
life. Maintaining that the concept of good governance has
so far failed to match the radicalism of the notion of human
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
development, researchers at his centre in Islamabad launched
an inclusive and ambitious idea, humane governance. This
governance.
Humane governance involves those structures and processes
that support the creation of a participatory, responsive and
accountable polity (that is, good political governance)
embedded in a competitive, non-discriminatory, yet equitable
economy (that is, good economic governance). This requires
the resources contributed by people to be ploughed back to
serve their own basic human needs, which will in turn expand
the opportunities open to them; people must be given the
ability to self-organise (that is, good civic governance).
Bounded together by such principles as ownership,
decency, and accountability, the components of humane
governance are inextricably linked. The host of definitions
earlier in this essay suggests the importance of ideas.
Governance and its prescriptive partner of good governance
have elicited not only commentary by scholars and
development practitioners but also policy changes by national
governments and international funding agencies. The forces of
democratisation and globalisation are pressuring good
governance proponents to reorient their priorities from the
exigencies of economic growth and efficiency to those
governance policies and institutions that best promote greater
freedom, genuine participation and sustainable human
development. It is on this fundamental point that thinking at
the UN is currently ahead of the curve, compared with the
conventional wisdom in the corridors of the Washington-
based IFIs. Ironically, the UN would probably not have moved
so quickly without the sea change in world politics after the
end of the Cold War and without pressure from donors.
The conceptual and operational battles about governance and
good governance are a few decades old, but the journey to
explore global governance has just begun. It is hardly
surprising then that the debate is more inchoate than the one
about governance within countries. Thus far, the commentary
from academics and practitioners has led to more heat than
lightthere is no consensus about desirable changes in policy
or discourse. It is important, however, that the intellectual trek
has started. It is to this story that we now turn.
Global governance
At the same time that most of Europe adopts the Euro and
moves toward a common defence and security policy, how can
the former Yugoslavia implode? Rosenau invented the term
fragmegration to capture the confusion in the simultaneous
integration and fragmentation of societal interactions and
authority patterns.
Moreover, burgeoning information, communication, market,
finance, networking and business activities are producing a
world in which patterns are extremely difficult to discern.
This has not slowed publications and speculations. One
analyst has gone so far as to quip that we say governance
because we dont really know what to call what is going on.
The rubric of global governance is akin to post-cold war,
which signifies that one period has ended but that we do not as
yet have an accurate short-hand to depict the essential
dynamics of the new epoch. Analysts are understandably
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uncomfortable with the traditional frameworks and
vocabulary used to describe international relations;
todays conceptual tools are elementary.
In spite of vagueness in ongoing scholarly and policy
debates, the application of the notion of governance to the
globe was the natural result of mounting evidence that the
international system was no longer composed simply of
states, but rather that the world was undergoing
fundamental change. Although such factors as the Catholic
Church, General Motors and the International Committee
of the Red Cross (ICRC) are hardly new to the Westphalian
system, the proliferation of non-state actors and their
growing importance and power is a distinctive feature of
contemporary world affairs. Global governance invokes
shifting the location of authority in the context of
integration and fragmentation. Rosenau describes the
process as a pervasive tendency in which major shifts in
the location of authority and the site of control mechanisms
are under way on every continent, shifts that are as
pronounced in economic and social systems as they are in
political systems.
The essential challenge for international co-operation
jumps out from the title of his edited volume, Governance
Without Government. Mobilising support from the bottom
up involves increasing the skills and capacities of
individuals and altering the horizons of identification in
patterns of global life. Elsewhere, Rosenau characterises
global governance as systems of rule at all levels of human
activityfrom the family to the international
organizationin which the pursuit of goals through the
exercise of control has transnational repercussions.59
Oran Young has argued that the value of the concept is that
identifiable social practices can be envisaged and
sometimes undertaken to improve economic, social and
environmental performance even without the formal
institutions capable of authoritatively taking action.
The phenomenal economic expansion and technological
progress of the 1990s have not benefited the worlds
citizens equally. The unevenness of the economic playing
field and the power of players on it is evident. Using the
three essential components of the human development
ideaequality of opportunity, sustain- ability and
empowerment of peoplea bleaker picture emerges from
UNDP and other UN reports than from conventional
wisdom. For instance, income per capita and average
purchasing power in some 100 countries was lower in 1994
than in the 1980s; in 70 it was actually lower than in the
1970s, and in 35 lower than in the 1960s.
If information technologies are driving growth or are a
prerequisite for it, the increasing concentration of income,
resources and wealth among people, corporations and
countries does not bode well. The richest 20% of the
worlds population living in the wealthiest countries
account for over 93% of internet users while the bottom
20% account for only 0.2 percent.
Globalisation is neither uniform nor homogeneous, but it is
indisputably accelerating the pace and intensity of
economic and social interactions at all levels. Although
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globalisation has a long history, its present manifestation is
fundamentally different in scale, intensity and form from what
preceded. As David Held and others have put it,
Contemporary globalization represents the beginning of a
new epoch in human affairs as profound an impact as the
Industrial Revolution and the global empires of the nineteenth
century.
Students and professors, policy analysts and practitioners
should not feel uncomfortable about admitting their
uneasiness and ignorance about understand- ing the details of
the contemporary political economy, and especially not about
the best way to address a bewildering array of global
problems.
As such, the logical link between the patterns of governance at
the national and global levels lies in solving the collective
action puzzle to provide public goods. In both modern
domestic political systems and the modern international
system, the state has been the key structural arena within
which collective action has been situated and undertaken,
observes Philip Cerny. And as a result of a multiplicity of
interactions, the authority, legitimacy, policy making
capacity, and policy-implementing effectiveness of the state
will be eroded and under- mined both within and without.
Globalisation has profound consequences for the nature of
collective action in both domestic and international politics.
Cerny argues that, as market activity intensifies and economic
organisation becomes increasingly complex, the institutional
scale of political structures is no longer capable of providing
a suitable range of public goods. In effect, economic
globalisation is undermining the effectiveness of state-based
collective action, which was extremely weak in the rst place.
Although the state remains a cultural force, its effectiveness as
a civil association has declined. The result may be a crisis of
legitimacy. State-based collective action has not reached its
end, but it is significantly different from in the past.
Although realists and idealists who analyse international
organisations disagree about many issues, they agree that the
state system is anarchic. Whatever the framers of the UN
Charter had in mind, and whatever Keynes and his colleagues
imagined at Bretton Woods, nothing like an overarching
authority for either the high politics of international peace and
security or the low politics of economic and social
development has emerged.
In one essential aspect then, global governance is quite
distinct from good or bad governance at the national level. A
good (that is, accountable, efficient, lawful, representative
and transparent) government usually leads to good
governance, while bad governance is closely correlated with a
conspicuously bad government. Prescriptions to improve
policy and decision making flow naturally, albeit
controversially, from adjusting both the potential contribution
of the state as agent and the rules of the economic and social
game so that more contributions to the public good can be
teased from non-state actors. The merits of more or less
interventionist stances can be debated, but there is at least a
primary and identifiable sovereign agent at the helm.
There is no such actor for the planet. Although the glass
clearly is less full than we would like, Mark Zacher reminds us
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that the modest order in todays international economic
system results from international efforts: In short, without
these and other regimes and public goods generated by the
UN system, it would truly be a jungle out there. At the
same time, the conceptual and operational challenges of
global governance are formidable.
We require a term to signify the reality that there has never
been a world government, and there undoubtedly never will
be one. Thus, at both the country and global levels,
governance encompasses more than government. But as
there is no government at the global level, of what utility is
the notion? Is it, as Brian Urquhart once quipped, like the
grinning but bodyless Cheshire cat in Alice in Wonderland,
an agreeable notion because it is without substance?
Global governance should perhaps be seen as a heuristic
device to capture and describe the confusing and seemingly
ever-accelerating transformation of the international
system. States are central but their authority is eroding in
important ways. Their creations, intergovernmental
organisations, are no more in control than they ever were.
Local and international NGOs are proliferating and
gaining authority and resources. And technological
developments are increasing the wherewithal of
corporations and criminal groups. Within this context,
collective action problems associated with the provision of
global public goods have become even more of a challenge,
conceptual and practical, than is their provision in the
national setting.
Purposeful activity for the planet necessitates a conceptual
framework to capture the reality that supranational control
or even countervailing power are not operational concepts
for the time being. Ironically we are not even closer than
we were in 1945. One prominent group of economists has
observed that international institutions have weakened
precisely at a time when global interdependence has
increased. But who plays the role of the development-
oriented state in the global economy? Canadian economist
Gerry Helleiner asked the Second Committee of the
General Assembly. Todays global financial world is
utterly different from that facing the original architects of
the Bretton Woods system in 1944.
It is humbling to realise that even a relatively powerful
institution like the IMF is not the global monetary manager
that it was supposed to be. It is a pale imitation of the
institution for which Keynes was such a passionate
advocate. Instead of reserves equal to half of world
imports, the IMFs liquidity equals less than 2% of global
imports.
In such a world, proponents and theorists of global
governance face enormous difficulties in making hard-
hitting policy prescriptions. In the face of anarchy, what
mechanisms should be primarily responsible for global
governance? Is there a way to structure a reasonable
measure of co-ordination and co-operation among
governments, intergovernmental organisations, non-
governmental organisations and the private sector that
would constitute meaningful, or at least improved, patterns
of global governance? If it is the product of purposeful
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decisions and goal-orientated behaviour, how can global
governance exist in the absence of a clear consensus about
goals? To what extent does global governance depend on
shared values and norms?
One common reaction, especially among representatives of
governments, is to fall back on familiar ways of thought by
attempting to recapture the good old days of state-centric
authority. Russian and Chinese reactions in the Security
Council join those of developing countries there and in the UN
General Assembly in trying to emphasise the centrality of the
state and forestall erosions of its prerogatives. The US
reliance upon exceptionalism and unilateralism within the
multilateral system is another illustration of related rearguard
impulses.
Sovereignty is not dead, but it is hardly as sacrosanct as it
once was. In attempting to protest too much, governmental
representatives are highlighting daily in international fora the
extent to which contemporary authority patterns are in ux and
quite different from those of the past. The visceral resistance
to change among governments and intergovernmental
secretariats contrasts markedly with the greater agility of most
businesses and NGOs. There is no philosophical justification
or constitutional specification that assigns the highest form of
authority to states, but representatives from national
governments act as if there were.
Other analysts seek to recapture the naivet of the period just
before and after the end of World War Two, when
intergovernmental organisations were panaceas that would
make the world safe from both war and economic recession.
Larry Finkelstein, for instance, sees global governance as
doing internationally what governments do at home.70 But
his formulation fails to specify the agents that are supposed to
accomplish globally the numerous tasks that governments do
nationally.
Neither our understanding nor our problem-solving efforts are
any longer served, as Rosenau cautions, by clinging to the
notion that states and national governments are the essential
underpinnings of the worlds organization. With an
increasing diffusion of authority and a corresponding loss of
control, states and the intergovernmental organizations
created by them are no longer always the only or even the
most important players on the world stage. Depending on the
issue, member states retain many attributes of sovereignty, but
they are past their prime and share the spotlight with
numerous other actors.
Interestingly enough, the Commission on Global Governance
was composed of 28 commissioners whose professional
experiences were almost exclusively within governments and
intergovernmental secretariats. They were clear about not
advocating a world government or even world federalism. In
the light of their backgrounds, it is noteworthy that global
governance for the members of the commission does not mean
a single model, nor even a single structure or set of structures.
Instead, it is a broad, dynamic, complex process of interactive
decision-making that is constantly evolving and responding to
changing circum- stances. Global governance implies a wide
and seemingly ever-growing range of actors in every domain.
Global economic and social affairs have traditionally been
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viewed as embracing primarily intergovernmental
relationships, but increasingly they must be framed in
comprehensive enough terms to embrace local and
international NGOs, grassroots and citizens movements,
multinational corporations and the global capital market.
There is one notable similarity to democratisation at the
national level because more inclusive and participatory
hence, truly democraticmechanisms for consultations
and ultimately governance must be created at the global
level as well. They should be malleable enough to respond
to an ever-changing environment. There is a crucial
similarity in the reasoning of both theorists like Rosenau
and practitioners like the members of the Commission on
Global Governance to distinguish governance from
government. At the global level there can be no single
model or form, nor even a single structure or set of
structures.
For the moment, we are unable even to describe accurately
all the dimensions of international economic and social
interactionswhat Rosenau has aptly described as causal
chains that follow crazy-quilt patterns. The proverbial
bottom line is: there is no clear-cut equivalent at the global
level to the national prescriptions of democratisation and
economic liberalisation as the constituent components of
humane governance.
Conclusion
In light of its universality and scope, the UN will have a
special role, albeit not a monopoly, on future leadership for
global governance. One group of UN watchers was
supportive of the world organisations involvement. They
saw global governance both in terms of the playing field
and the playersas lagging behind globalization, and
there was broad consensus that the United Nations should
have a significant, but as yet undefined, role in bridging
the gap . If this is to be the case, the UN system should do
better than in the past in swimming against the powerful
GOVERNANCE REFORMS IN PAKISTAN
(By Ishrat Husain)
HISTORY OF GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN
Pakistan inherited a well functioning structure of
judiciary, civil service and military but a relatively weak
legislative oversight at the time of its independence. Over time
the domination of civil service and military in the affairs of the
state disrupted the evolution of the democratic political process
and further weakened the legislative organ of the state. The
judicial arm, with few exceptions, plodded along sanctifying
the dominant role of the military and the civil service.
The institutions inherited from the British rule, were quite
relevant for the requirements of the rulers of those times.
Following independence, those requirements expanded in scope
and content while the level of expectations from the public and
their elected representatives was heightened. But these
inherited institutions failed to adapt themselves to meet the
new challenges of development and social changes and respond
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currents of orthodoxy. As Amartya Sen, the 1998 Nobel
laureate in economics who has played a major intellectual
role within the outside the United Nations, prods us to recall
at the dawn of the twenty- rst century: The need for critical
scrutiny of standard preconceptions and politicaleconomic
attitudes has never been stronger.
Within this context, intergovernmental organisations, both
universal and regional, should be strengthened. This is the
most constant refrain throughout over half a century of the
UNs stewardship over economic and social ideas. There is of
course more than a dollop of institutional self-interest behind
this conviction. But more important is the dramatic reality that
some countervailing power is required to offset the excesses of
a decentralised system of states pursuing their national
interests in combination with the private sector pursuing
individual gains.
The need for a more cohesive and effective multilateral system
is logical and evident. At the same time that a longing for a
monolithic and top-down view of governance is
comprehensible, it seems misplaced in an increasingly
decentralised world. At a historical juncture when both
problems and solutions transcend national borders and there
is no likelihood of a central sovereign, the decibel level of
calls from internationalists to strengthen intergovernmental
institutions is understandably loud but ultimately wistful. We
should think creatively about ways to pool the collective
strengths and avoid the collective weaknesses of governments,
intergovernmental organisations, NGOs and global civil
society.
This irony is behind the UNs convening of the Millennium
Assembly in September 2000 and the growing emphases on the
private sector and NGOs by the last two secretaries-general.
Paradoxically, this is the conceptual and operational
challenge for proponents of global governance and of the UN
in the light of a changing world political economy.
to the heightened expectations and aspirations of a free people.
The business as usual mode of functioning, the approach and
attitudes of the incumbents holding top and middle level
positions in the bureaucracy and manning these institutions
did not endear them to the political leaders or to the general
public. Several Commissions and Committees were formed in
the first twenty five years after independence for reform of the
administrative structure and civil services. Some changes were
introduced during Ayub Khans regime in the 1960s to improve
the efficiency of the Secretariats but the tendencies for
centralized controls and personalized decision making got
worse in this period. The reluctance to grant provincial
autonomy to East Pakistan the most populous province of the
country - so remote physically from the hub of decision making
i.e. Islamabad led to serious political backlash and eventual
break up of the country into two independent nations.
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Pakistan continued to suffer from what has been termed as
Confused federalism in which weak local and provincial
bodies are unable to match the ability of the Central
Government to mobilize resources and provide services.
Whether it is health or education or highways or agriculture
the Federal Government has much larger programmes under
implementation than the Provincial or local governments.
Although the money is spent in the provinces or districts the
inability to identify, design, approve and implement these
projects caused resentment among the provincial governments.
In 1973, a populist government headed by Mr. Z.A. Bhutto took
the first step to break the steel frame of the Civil Services by
taking away the constitutional guarantee of the security of the
job. He also demolished the exclusive and privileged role of the
Civil Service of Pakistan (CSP) within the overall structure of
the public service.
The next twenty five years witnessed a significant decline in the
quality of new recruits to the Civil Services as the implicit trade
off between the job security and low compensation ceased to
operate and the expanding private sector including
multinational corporations offered more attractive career
opportunities. The erosion of real wages in public sector over
time also led to low morale, demotivation, inefficiency and
resort to corrupt practices among the civil servants at all
levels. The abuse of discretionary powers, the bureaucratic
obstruction and the delaying tactics adopted by the
government functionaries are all part of the maneuvering to
extract rents for supplementing their pay. In real terms the
compensation paid to higher civil servants is only one half of
the 1994 package. The low wages mean that the civil service no
longer attracts the most talented young men and women. Some
of the incumbents of the Civil Services, in their instinct of self
preservation, fell prey to the machinations of the political
regimes in power and many of them got identified with one
political party or the other. They also benefited from the
culture of patronage practised by the politicians. During the
1990s the replacement of one political party by the other in the
corridors of power was followed by changes in top
bureaucracy. This growing tendency of informal political
affiliation for tenaciously holding on to key jobs was also
responsible for the end of an impartial, neutral and competent
civil service responsive to the needs of the common man.
Loyalty to the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and Prime
Minister took ascendancy over the accountability to the general
public. The frequent takeovers by the military regimes and the
consequential screening of hundreds of civil servants led to
subservience of the civil service to the military rulers, erosion of
the authority of the traditional institutions of governance and
loss of initiative by the higher bureaucracy.
The 2001 devolution plan put another major blow to the Civil
Service of Pakistan as the posts of Commissioners, Deputy
Commissioners(DC) and Assistant Commissioners(AC) were
abolished and the reins of District Administration were
transferred to the elected Nazims. To ordinary citizens, the
government was most tangibly embodied in these civil
servants. It was the DC and AC that they approached on a
daily basis. The substitution of the civil servant by an elected
head of the administration is quite a new phenomenon and will
take some time to sink in. While this transition takes place the
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checks and balances implicit in the previous administrative set
up have become redundant. The police as a coercive force has
therefore assumed greater clout. The opportunities of collusion
between the Nazim and the police have multiplied and in many
instances alienated the common citizens and diluted the
impartiality of the administration at grass roots levels. The
sanctity of private property rights has been threatened in
several cases when the Nazims have given orders to make
unauthorized changes in the land records in the rural areas in
collusion with the government functionaries to benefit
themselves and their cronies. The District Administration is yet
to grow as autonomous institution in face of a hostile
environment of centralizing administration, and inequitable
resource distribution.
Reform Agenda for Pakistan
The governance reform agenda for the future
should therefore be designed to aim at restructuring
government and revitalizing institutions to deliver the core
functions of the state i.e provision of basic services
education, health, water sanitation and security to
common citizens in an effective and efficient manner and to
promote inclusive markets through which all citizens have
equal opportunities to participate in the economy. The
restructuring should lower transaction costs and provide
access without frictions by curtailing arbitrary exercise of
discretionary powers, reducing over-taxation, minimizing
corruption, cronyism and collusion and ensuring public
order and security of life and property.
To achieve sustained economic growth a
competitive private sector has to be nurtured and relied
upon. Therefore a major area of reforms in Pakistan is to
create space for the growth of new entrants in the private
sector by removing the constraints created by the state in
their entry and smooth operations. Despite the pursuit of
policies of liberalization, deregulation, delicencing and
disinvestment during the last fifteen years the overbearing
burden of government interventions in business life cycle
looms large. The difficulties faced by new businesses in
acquiring, titling, pricing, transferring and possessing of
land, in obtaining no objection certificates from various
agencies, in getting water and gas connections, sewerage
facilities, reliable electricity supply, access roads, in
securing finances for green field projects or new enterprises
using emerging technologies are still horrendous and nerve
wrecking. The powers of petty inspectors from various
departments/ agencies are so vast that they can either make
or break a business. The growing trend towards
informalization of the economy particularly by small and
medium enterprises is a testimony to the still dominant
nature of the government. Over 96 percent of the
establishments reported in the Economic census 2005 fall in
this category. The attitude of middle and lower
functionaries of the government in the provinces and
districts towards private business remains ambivalent.
Either the functionaries harass the business to extract
pecuniary and non pecuniary benefits for themselves or
they are simply distrustful, hostile or hesitant towards
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private entrepreneurs. The multiple agencies involved, too
many clearances needed and avoidable delays at every level
raise the transaction costs for new entrants. Unless the ease
of entry and exit is facilitated the competitive forces will
remain at bay and the collusive and monopolistic practices
of the large businesses will continue to hurt the consumers
and common citizens.
The second area is the absence of accountability for
results. There is both too much and too little accountability
of those involved in public affairs in Pakistan. On one hand,
the plethora of laws and institutions such as Anti
Corruption Bureaus, National Accountability Bureau,
Auditor Generals reports, Public Accounts Committees of
the legislature, parliamentary oversight, judicial activism
and the Ombudsman system have created an atmosphere of
fear, inertia and lack of decision making among the civil
servants. On the other hand, instances of rampant
corruption, malpractices, nepotism and favoritism and
waste and inefficiency have become a common folklore in
the administrative culture of the country. Too much
emphasis on the ritualistic compliance with procedures,
rules and form has taken the place of substantive concerns
with the results and outcomes for welfare and justice.
Introducing transparency through simplification of
rules and regulations, codification and updation and wide
dissemination through e-governance tools such as a
dynamic website, information Kiosks, on-line access to the
government functionaries can help in enforcing internal
accountability standards while at the same time making it
convenient for the citizens to carry out hassle free
transactions. Strong pressure from organized civil society
advocacy groups on specific sectors or activities from the
media, the political parties, private sector and think tanks
can also compel the government departments and
Ministries to become more accountable for the results.
The third area of reforms has to do with the size,
structure, scope of the Federal, Provincial and Local
Governments; the skills, incentives and competencies of the
civil servants. The entire value chain of human resource
policy from recruitment to compensation needs to the
reviewed and redesigned. Similarly the division of functions
and responsibilities between the different tiers of the
government has to be clarified and delineated. The
elongated hierarchy within the Ministry/ Division has to be
trimmed down and the relationship between the Ministry
and the executive departments, autonomous bodies has to
be redefined.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR REFORMS
The Government established the National Commission for
Government Reforms (NCGR) in April 2006 and mandated
it to prepare proposals for governance reforms in Pakistan.
The Commission decided that the following broad principles
will underpin reforms in each area of responsibility:
Civil Services
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i) open, transparent merit based recruitment to all
levels and grades of public services with Regional
Representation as laid down in the constitution.
ii) Performance based promotions and career
progression for all public sector employees with
compulsory training at post induction, mid-career
and senior management levels.
iii) Equality of opportunities for career advancement to all
employees without preferences or reservations for
any particular class.
iv) Replacement of the concept of Superior Services by
equality among all cadres and non-cadres of public
servants.
v) Grant of a Living wage and compensation package
including decent retirement benefits to all civil
servants.
vi) Strict observance of security of tenure of office for a
specified period of time.
vii) Separate cadre of regular Civil Services at the Federal,
Provincial and District levels co-existing with
contractual appointments.
viii) Creation of an All Pakistan National Executive Service
(NES) for senior management positions drawn
through a competitive process from the Federal,
Provincial and District level Civil Servants and
outside professionals.
ix) Introduction of three specialized cadres under the NES
for Economic Management, Social Sector
Management and General Management.
Structure of Federal, Provincial and District
Governments.
a) Devolution of powers, responsibilities and resources
from the Federal to the Provincial Governments.
b) Establishing inter-governmental structures with
adequate authority and powers to formulate and
monitor policy formulation.
c) Clear separation of policy making, regulatory and
operational responsibilities of the Ministries/
Provincial departments.
d) Making each Ministry/ Provincial department fully
empowered, adequately resourced to take decisions
and accountable for results.
e) Streamline, rationalize and transform the attached
departments/ autonomous bodies/ subordinate
offices/ field offices etc. into fully functional arms of
the Ministries for performing operational and
executive functions.
f) Reduce the number of layers in the hierarchy of each
Ministry/ Provincial department.
g) Cabinet Secretary to perform the main coordinating
role among the Federal Secretaries on the lines of the
Chief Secretary in the Provinces.
h) Revival and strengthening of the Secretaries Committee
at the Federal/ Provincial Governments to become
the main vehicle for inter-ministerial coordination
and dispute resolution among various ministries.
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i) District level officers interacting with the general public
in day-to-day affairs should enjoy adequate powers,
authority, status and privileges to be able to resolve
the problems and redress the grievances of the
citizens.
j) Police, Revenue, Education, Water Supply, and Health
are the departments which are highly relevant for
the day-to-day lives of the Ordinary Citizen of this
country. The internal governance structures of these
departments, public grievance redressal systems
against these departments and checks and balances
on the discretionary powers of the officials have to be
introduced.
Business process re-engineering
i) All laws, rules, regulations, circulars, guidelines issued
by any Government ministry/ department/ agency
should be available in its most up dated version to
the general public free of cost in a user-friendly
manner on web page and in electronic and print
forms at public places.
ii) Service standards with timelines for each type of service
rendered at the District, Thana and Union level
should be developed, widely disseminated and posted
at public places in each department.
iii) Rules of business at the Federal, Provincial and District
Governments should be revised to make them simple,
comprehensible empowering the Secretaries/ Heads
of Departments/ District Coordination Officers to
take decisions without multiple references,
clearances and back and forth movement of files.
Post-audit of the decisions taken should be used to
ensure accountability rather than prior clearances.
iv) Delegation of financial, administrative, procurement,
human resource management powers should be
revisited and adequate powers commensurate with
the authority should be delegated at each tier of the
hierarchy.
v) Estacode, Financial Rules, Accounting and Audit Rules,
Fundamental Rules and all other rules in force
should be reviewed systematically and revised to
bring them in line with modern management
practices.
vi) E-Government should be gradually introduced in a
phased manner. Technological solutions, hardware
and software applications are easy part of the
process but the most difficult aspect is the training
and a change in the culture, attitude and practices.
E-Government should be driven by business needs
rather than crafted as an elegant technical solution.
PROPOSED APPROACH
There are several ways to approach the task assigned to the
National Commission for Government Reforms (NCGR).
One option is to spend several years in preparing a
comprehensive blueprint and plan for bringing about the
desired changes covering all aspects of the structure,
processes and human resource policies of government. This
option has the disadvantage that by the time the report is
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
ready ground realities might have changed. Political
support for reforms under this approach is most likely to
wane as high costs are incurred upfront in pushing through
complex, unpopular and difficult decisions but the benefits
of the reforms do not become visible in the lifecycle of the
political regime in power. The advantage of this option is
that all deficiencies and weaknesses are addressed
simultaneously in a comprehensive manner.
The second option is to prepare a long term vision
and direction in which reforms should aim and move but
combine this with an opportunistic approach whereby easy
to implement changes are taken up first and the more
difficult reforms are taken up later. The disadvantage of this
option is that the changes introduced may be imperceptible
and the time taken for the whole process to complete may be
too long. But the advantage is that incremental changes that
create a win-win situation for all the stakeholders including
politicians have a much better chance of getting accepted
and implemented. The Commission has adopted the second
option as the modus-operandi for its working.
The preference for this option which is less elegant
and imperfect lies in a dispassionate reading of the past
history of reforms in this country. A large number of erudite
Commissions and Committees have spent virtually
thousands of man years in seeking out views and opinions
from a diverse set of opinion makers and public at large,
prepared elaborate diagnostic studies and presented very
sensible set of recommendations. But except for some
tinkering here and there most of the recommendations were
not implemented because of lack of political will and
courage.
The sequencing, phasing and timing of the various reforms
and their implementation will be guided by the speed at
which consensus is built among the stakeholders and the
decisions are made by the top policy makers but it is
important to lay down the overall direction in which these
reforms will move
While the comprehensive reforms will be
implemented incrementally a second track will also be
followed in which some quick win reforms will be
implemented from time to time as an opportunity presents
itself. For this purpose, the Commission will follow a more
flexible route. For example, it has decided to focus on four
major areas where the interaction between the ordinary
citizen and administrative machinery of the government is
most intense. These four areas are:
1. Police and enforcement of laws.
2. Land Revenue Administration
3. Education
4. Health
The Commission has formed four sub-committees to
review and examine the efforts being made by the
government, private sector and civil society in each of these
areas and come up with solutions that will make the existing
system more efficient and responsive to the needs of the
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public in the immediate or short run. The Commission has
also formed another Sub-Committee to recommend revision
in the Rules of Business for removing impediments in the
functioning of the government departments/ ministries/
agencies and empowering the heads of the departments to
deliver results.
The preliminary recommendations of the sub-
committees were presented to focus groups of stakeholders
drawn from diverse segments of society Secretaries
Committee, political leaders, businessmen, NGOs, academic
refined civil servants etc. for soliciting their feedback and
views. After incorporating the feedback the sub-committees
finalized their recommendations which were then discussed
by the Commission and then presented for consideration
and decisions by the Steering Committee. The High powered
Steering Committee is co-chaired by the President and
Prime Minister and consists of the four Chief Ministers. The
Committee has decided to provide a legal cover to the
Commission so that the recommendations approved by the
Steering Committee are implemented by the Federal and
Provincial Governments without further reviews.
The Commission will also act as a facilitator and
conduit for the reforms formulated by the Federal
Ministries/ Provincial Governments and table them, after
its own analysis for the decisions by the Steering Committee
_______________________________________
Additional Recommendations
From the above discussion it should be clear that good
governance is an idea which is difficult to achieve in its
totality. Plato is generally considered an all-round
philosophical, mathematical and scientific genius, perhaps
best known for his work The Republic; a treatise on
society, governance and justice. Little did Plato would have
known that his ideas would be adapted by future
generations for effective and stable GOVERNANCE?
Plutocracy government in which a small group of ultra-
rich oligarchs rule millionaires and billionaires that serve
only money working directly at the top of the political
system and also anonymously through 3rd party proxies,
lobbyists and through financing (not at all representatives
of the people, but using their money to further their
power. The scenario for Pakistan for decades now is been
under the philosophy of Plutocracy.
The kind of government Plato recommends in The Republic
is the aristocracy. Rule by the best, not necessarily land-
owners, or the richest, but those trained specifically in the
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
arts and sciences of governance. Although this may take
decades for Pakistan but by finishing a full five year term by
the present government , perhaps we as a nation have taken
the first step. Below are some concluding thoughts that can
be considered to improve Good Governance in Pakistan.
1. Strengthening Institutions not individuals - but
empowering individuals to participate in the process of
improvement for sustainability.
2. Decentralization of Power - from the center but also
from the elite politicians and feudal lords for ensuring grass
root improvements.
3. Right person for the right job continuous
professional development throughout for accountability and
sharing of responsibility.
4. Sustainability by building on success The trend in
Pakistan is to abolish the previous governments good
efforts and re-invent the step which causes hurdles in
sustainability. Governments should build on previous
success irrespective of whose initiative was it for
sustainability in governance. Learning from likeminded
countries and cultures as opposed to western systems.
Pakistan has inherited the system from the British and have
continued to follow the same system which has caused
problems in managing it due to lack of knowledge and
capacity of human resources. Culture and tradition play a
role and perhaps Pakistan can better learn from similar
developing countries like Good Governance in Pakistan:
Problems and Possible Solutions
Malaysia as opposed to European countries which have
been the case in the past.
6. Respecting and accepting diversity. Encouraging
and promoting diversity as strength for attaining success.
Creating and respecting diversity as a dividend not divide.
7. Urbanization in rural areas to manage and
facilitate population. Too much migration in urban cities for
employment causes issues of management and population
influx. Rural areas should be developed in order to maintain
and encourage good governance through decentralization.
8. Do it Yourself (DIY) As opposed to waiting for
donors and other agencies to help us in various sectors
which perhaps in normally considered a hindrance as
donors have their own set objectives. A mindset that will be
difficult to change but possible through strong
campaigning. Spreading the notion of Khudee / Self
Actualization and believe in onself
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Solved Past Papers
Solved MCQs of CSS Compulsory Papers
2013
MCQs of CSS Islamic Studies Paper 2013
1. The largest Surah of the Quran is:Al-Baqrah
2. Fidk Garden was bestowed to the Holy Prophet (SAW)
as:Fay
3. Arbeen is the book of Hadith in which there are:40
Ahadith
4. The heads of Zakat are:8
5. Mauwazatain mean:Two specific Surah of Quran
6. The numbers of famous months are:4
7. Jabal-e-Noor is situated in:5 km away from Masjid al-
Haram
8. Which country is known as the Land of Prophet?
Palestine
9. Zou-Shahadatein is the title of Hazrat:Khuzaima Bin
Sabit
10. Sura Saba is:Makki
11. Which Surah of Quran has Bismillah twice? Al-Namal
12. Imam-e-Darul-Hijra was a title of:Imam Maalik
13. Masjid Qiblatain is situated in:Madinah
14. Which is a religious book of Hinduism? Ramain
15. The first Islamic month is:Muharram
16. Which was the total number of idols were in the Kaaba?
360
17. Batha Valley is situated in:Makkah
18. Prophet (SAW) gave the key of Bait-Ullah to:Usman Bin
Talha
19. Ashab-ul-Sabt mean:Jews
20. The word Muhammad (SAW) been mentioned in Quran
only:4 time
MCQs of CSS Pakistan Affairs Paper 2013
1. Who was the governor of Sindh after Muhammad Bin
Qasim? Yazid Bin Muhallab
2. who was the mughal emperor who accepted the british
pension firstly? Shah Alam-II
3. Ahmad Shah Abdali launched his early invasion against:
Marhatas
4. The British fought Plassy war against: Sirajuddula
5. Dars-i-Nizami was named after: Mullah Nizamuddin
6. Before 1857 how many Universities on Western pattern
were established in India? 5
7. When the MAO College at Alligarh was started?1877
8. Anjuman-i-Himayat e Islam was started in: 1884
9. The constitution of All India Mulim League was written by:
Muhammad Ali Johar
10. The first session of Muhammad Educational Conference
was held in Bangal: None
11. The London branch of Muslim League was started by:
Syed Amir Ali
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
12. Hamdard was edited by: Moulana Muhammad Ali
Johar
13. Shudhi movement was started by: Dayanad Sarswati
14. Majlis-ii-Ahrar was found in: 1929
15. In Kashmir the ceasefire between Pakistan and India was
signed on: 27th july 1949
16. Islamabad was declared capital of Pakistan in: 1967
17. Majority of Southern Pakistan population lived along the:
River Indus
18. The Aryan arrived in South Asia in : 1700 BC
19. The most ancient civilization is: Mehargarh
20.The author of The Case of Pakistan is: Rafiq Afzal
1. Who was the governor of Sindh after Muhammad Bin Qasim?
Yazid Bin Muhallab
2. who was the mughal emperor who accepted the british
pension firstly? Shah Alam-II
3. Ahmad Shah Abdali launched his early invasion against:
Marhatas
4. The British fought Plassy war against: Sirajuddula
5. Dars-i-Nizami was named after: Mullah Nizamuddin
6. Before 1857 how many Universities on Western pattern were
established in India? 5
7. When the MAO College at Alligarh was started?1877
8. Anjuman-i-Himayat e Islam was started in: 1884
9. The constitution of All India Mulim League was written by:
Muhammad Ali Johar
10. The first session of Muhammad Educational Conference was
held in Bangal: None
11. The London branch of Muslim League was started by: Syed
Amir Ali
12. Hamdard was edited by: Moulana Muhammad Ali
Johar
13. Shudhi movement was started by: Dayanad Sarswati
14. Majlis-ii-Ahrar was found in: 1929
15. In Kashmir the ceasefire between Pakistan and India was
signed on: 27th july 1949
16. Islamabad was declared capital of Pakistan in: 1967
17. Majority of Southern Pakistan population lived along the:
River Indus
18. The Aryan arrived in South Asia in : 1700 BC
19. The most ancient civilization is: Mehargarh
20.The author of The Case of Pakistan is: Rafiq Afzal
MCQs of CSS Current Affairs Paper 2013
1. The International Day of Peace, sometimes unofficially known
as World Peace Day, is observed
annually on:21st September
2. International Day for the Elimination of Violence against
Women is observed annually on: 25th November
3. International Day for the Elimination of Racial
Discrimination is observed annually on:21st March
4. Martin Luther King, Jr. was an clergyman, activist, and
leader. He is famous for Civil Rights Movement using non-
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violent civil disobedience in USA
5. Which of the following Country has absolutely no military
forces?Iceland
6. NATO Headquarters are located inNone of
these(Brussels, Belgium)
7. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC) is an organisation of SouthAsian nations. Which of
the following countries is not a member of
SAARC?Myanmar
8. The UN uses the Human Development Index
to:demonstrate how well a country is providing for
its people's welfare and security .
9. Which of the following states has not ratified the
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)?United States 10.
The most significant greenhouse gas is:Carbon Dioxide
11. An index that estimates the true rate of exchange among
currencies is called:
Purchasing Power Parity
12. The idea that leaders initiate foreign conflicts in order to
distract public opinion from controversial domestic policies is
called: Diversionary Theory of Wa
13. The lowest percentage of Internet users is found
in:Africa
14. The most prosperous members of the Global South, which
have become important exporters and
markets for the major industrialized countries, are known as:
Newly industrialized countries.
15. In International Relations, a global system containing two
dominant powers is labeled with which of the
following terms? Bipolar
16. The Axis powers in World War II did not include:the
Soviet Union
17. The proposition that a single dominant power can
promote world peace comes from ________ theory.
Hegemonic stability
18. The US ambassador, J. Christopher Stevens was killed by
militants in: Benghazi, Libya
19. ____________explains how rational self-interested
behavior by individuals may have a destructive: Tragedy of
the commons
20. The process through which a country increases its
capacity to meet its citizens' basic human needs and raise
their standard of living is known as: Development
1. MCQs of CSS Everyday Science 2013
Q-1 Select the best option and fill the appropriate circle.
1. Who proposed the concept All motion is relative?
_____Albert Einstein
2. The field of specialization of famous Muslim scientist
Abu Usman al-Jahiz was:_____Zoology
3. Albatros is_____A sea bird
4. The sunlight can reach a depth of ..meters in the
ocean:___100
5. The biggest planet of our solar system is ::Jupiter
6. The biggest species of the cat family is:____Tiger
7. Which group of animals has hetrogametic
females:_:Earthworm
8. The dominant phase of life cycle in these organisms is
haploid:_____Protoza
9. The atmosphere of Moon consists of:_:None of these
10. The chemical name of quartz is:_:Silicon
dioxide(SiO2)
11. Which month of calendar year can lack a new
Moon::February
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
12. Deuterium differs Hydrogen from having :___Same
atomic number and different atomic weight
13. One of the following is Water soluble vitamin::None of
these(Vitamin C and D)
14. Coulomb is scientific unit to measure :_:None of these
(Electric Charge)
15. Equator passes through one of these countries::None of
these
16. Anti-Diuretic hormone is secreted by one if the following
glands:_:Pituitary
17. Basha Dam is to be constructed on:_:None of these
(River Indus
18. UV light falls in the category of :_:Ionizing radiations
19. The Earths ..is divided into 15 major plates of
various sizes:_:Lithosphere
20. One of these scientific formulated basic laws of
Geometry::Pythagoras
21. Phosphorous is an essential component of the following
biological molecules:_:Nuleic Acid
22. It was the first scientist to prove that Plants move around
the sun:_:John Kepler
23. Atom is made up of .different kinds of sub atomic
particles:_:Three
24. Uranium is best used as nuclear fuel in one of the
following forms:_:U 235
25. The Alpha particles are compact clusters of :_____Two
protons and two neutrons
26. The Beta particles are fast moving :____Electrons
27. One of the following countries produces maximum energy
from atomic reactors:_:France
28. The unit to measure the quantity of Ozone in atmosphere
is:_:Dobson
29. The severity of 2005 Earthquake in Pakistan on Richer
scale was::7.6
30. Geiger Muller counter is used to detect :_:Photons
31. Vacuum tubes has been replaced by:_:Transistors
32. Dacron is:_:Polythylene
33. It is a secondary plant nutrient ::Sulphur
34. An area of microbiology that is concerned with the
occurrence of disease in human
population:__:Epidemiology
35. The number of electrons of a neutral atom is automatically
known if one knows the :_:Atomic number
36. Which of the following is not an enzyme:_: Secretin
37. It is impossible for a type of O+ baby to have a .. type
of mother:__:AB-
38. Serum if Blood plasma minus its :_:Clotting proteins
39. The autonomic nervous system innervates all of these
except :_:Skeletal muscles
40. The damage to the .nerve could result in the defect of
the eye moment:_:None of these(Cranial nerve)
41. Which of these is not a region of the Spinal cord
:__:Pelvic
42. The shape of the external ear is due to::Elastic
cartilage
43. The external surface of the stomach is covered by::Serosa
44. Which of the following is not a human organ system?
_:Epithelial
44
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Solved Past Papers FPSC PPSC NTS Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
45. Which of the following does not vary predictably with 4. Quasi:_____:seeming
the depth of the aquatic environment:__:Salinity 5. Vilify:_____:none of those
46. The quantity of available nutrients ..from the 6. Rigmarole:_____unnecessary
lower level of energy pyramids to the highest 7. Deign:_____:condescend
ones:__:Decreases 8. Proletariat:__:working class
47. Which of the following is not a major sub division of the 9. Ludicrous:____:comic
Biosphere:_:Stratosphere 10. Malefic:__:baleful
48. Vaccination is synonymous with.
Immunity:_:Artificial Active (b)choose the word that is nearly most opposite in
49. When a patients immune system becomes reactive to a meaning to the capitalized words
11. Languid:___:vigorous
drug this is an example of :_:Allergy
12. High-strung:___:calm
50. What is the smallest unit of heredity:_:Gene
13. Mettle:__:cowardice
14. Abridgment:_:dissect
15. Cajole:__:_none of these
MCQs of CSS English Composition & Precis Paper
16. Celibacy:__:wedlock
2013
17. Inclement:__:genial
Q-1 (a) Choose the word that is near similar in
18. Irresolute:__:sturdy
meaning to the capitalized words.
1. Bristle: _____flare up 19. Annexation:__:contraction
2. Tirade:________angry speech 20. Incure:__:shun
3. Deluge:_______over flow

PMS General Knowledge Paper

2009
1. The world is celebrating in 2009, 200th birth 18. Why Black Sea is so called? The dense fog that
anniversary of the scientist: Charles Darwin prevails there in water
2. BIN is the intelligence agency of: Indonesia 19. The Muslims of Mindanao Island are struggling for
3. Science of human races is called? Anthropology their political rights in: Philippines
4. American Presidents special envoy to the Middle 20. Likud and Kadima are the two main political parties
East is: Richard Holbrooke of: Israel
5. Aramco is the oil company of: Saudi Arabia 21. Three Gorges Dam project is located in: China
6. Tenge is the currency of Kazakhstan 22. Blue Houseis the official resident of: German
7. Chennai is the new name of the Indian city: Chancellor
Madras 23. Under the proposed law Enhanced Partnership with
8. World Bank President is: Jim Yong Kim Pakistan Act the Us would: establish
9. Asiana Airlines is: South Korea reconstruction opportunity zones in the tribal
10. California is known as Silicon Valley because areas of Pakistan
of: Computer software industry 24. Which part of human body is more prone to damge
11. Which of the following countries is celebrating 50 from the :Hepatitis Virus? Liver
years of Communist Revolution in 2009? Cuba 25. What do you understand by the term :Brain Drain?
12. Which of the following Central Asian states has Migration of skilled labour to other countries
recently closed downAmerican air base at 26. The idea of Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM)
Manas? Kyrgyzstan organization was initiated in 1994 by Goh Chok Tong,
13. Seattle is the seaport of: USA the Prime Minister of: Singapore
14. Kerry-Lugar Bill in US congress, if approved, 27. Which of the following international organization was
would provide to Pakistan an annual economic established fist: OIC
assistance of: $ 1.5 billion 28. Which of following South Asian countries has recently
15. Klaus Schwab is the founder of: World been elected a member board of International Atomic
Economic Forum Energy Agency (IAEA)? Sri Lanka
16. The Nobel Peace Prize 2008 has been awarded to 29. Nippon is stock exchange market of: Tokyo
Martti Ahtisarri for his efforts in conflict resolution 30. Khar is the main town of: Bajaur Agency
on different continents; he is a former President of: 31. The worlds oldest national anthem is of: Japan
Finland 32. Hamas was founded in 1987 by: Sheikh Ahmad
17. Chronometer is used to measure: Time Yasin

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33. Which of the following leaders has recently been
elected as Head of 53 members African Union:
Muammar Gaddafi of Libya
34. Who is called Father of Computer? Charles
Babbage
35. Which of he P-5 countries in the UN Security
Council has exercised veto power at the maximum
times so far? Russia
36. The worlds largest foreign exchange reserves
almost $ 2 trillion is of: China
37. In computer, CPU stands for: Central
Processing Unit
38. The biggest bird is: Ostrich
39. 3 May each is observed as: Press Freedom day
40. Human Rights Organization Human Rights
Watch is based in: New York
41. Which of the following agencies has received Nobel
Prize? All of these (UNICEF, ILO, UNHCR)
42. Almost 40% of the worlds oil supply passes
through the strait of: Hormuz
43. The famous city Waterloo is in: Belgium
44. Which of the following Gulf States has recently
donated 320 MW gas fired power plant ot
Pakistan? UAE
45. Who was Hemant Karkare? Indian Anti-terror
squad chief killed during Mumbai attack in
2008
46. Which of the following films has won eight Oscar
Awards in a ceremony on 23rd February 2009?
The Dark Knight
47. Israels brutal attack on Gaza started on 27
December 2008, killing more than 1300
Palestinian had been given the name: Operation
Cast Lead
48. Pakistans largest trading partner at present is:
China
49. What is Khmer Rouge? A communist
movement in Cambodia
50. The UN spends the largest amount , almost $ 8
billion annually on: Peace Keeping Mission
51. The oldest search engine is? Yahoo
52. The headquarters of IMF is located at:
Washington DC
53. The main factor attributed to the global financial
criseis 2008 is: Collapse of housing prices and
mortgage market in the US
54. Karachi Nuclear power plant was uitl with the
assistance of: Canada
55. The term :Hung Parliament: describes a situation
in which: No single party has a mojortiy in the
house
56. Which of the following categories of Nobel Prizes
was nit created by Swedish Scientist Alfred Nobel?
Economics
57. Which of the following provinces of Afghanistan
shares border with Paksitan? Ningarhar, Pakita,
Ghazni
58. Russia supplies natural gas to European counties
which transit through the state of: Ukraine
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
59. Itar-Tass is the news agency of: Russia
60. The worlds largest subway system is in: Moscow
61. Under the Status of Forces Agreement with the Iraqi
government, US intend to remove all troops from Iraq
by the end of : 2011
62. Philately is a: Stamp collection
63. The worlds largest number of newspaper are
published from: India
64. The most famous book of 2008, The Way of the
WorldA Story of Truth & Hope in an Age of
Extremism is written by: Ron Sukind
65. Paracel Islands in the south China sea are disputed
between China and: Vietnam
66. National income is essentially composed of: Income
derived from taxes by the central government.
67. Fleet Street London is famous for: Offices of the
newspapers and press agencies
68. Petra an archaeological site is among the new seven
wonders of the world located in: Jordan
69. Marco Polo was a famous: Traveler
70. The only vitamin which cannot be stored in human
body is: Viamin C
71. Swat Valley is situated in the mountain range of:
Hindukush
72. 1 metric ton is equal to: 1000 KG
73. In which of the following countries, 240 years old
monarchy was abolished in 2008? Nepal
74. Which of the following countries first introduced
paper currency in the world? China
75. Anemometer is an instrument used for measuring:
Wind speed
76. Green vegetables are good source of: protein
77. British East India Company was established during
the reign of Mughal Emperor? Jahangir
78. The International Criminal Courts of Justice has
recently issued arrest warrant of one of the following
sitting president of a country on Committing War
Crimes, he is: President of Sudan Omar al-Bashir
79. Pakistan and Afghanistan have Transit Trade
Agreement signed in 1965
80. What do you understand by the disease Insomnia?
Inability to sleep
81. On which of the following issue, Arab Israel Peace
process stalled? Issues of Palestine
82. The worlds famous Madame Tussauds museum is
situated in: London
83. The worlds oldest parliament, founded in the year
930 AD is: Althing of Iceland
84. The last king of Afghanistan was: Zahir Shah
85. Ornithology is the study of: Birds
86. Order of Cloud and Banner is the most prestigious
military award of: China
87. Naxalite Movement is a pro communism movement
started in: India
88. What is meant by Petticoat Governmetn ? A
government runs by a woman
89. Which of following South Asian leaders has recently
given a proposal to form a: South Asian task force to
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combat terrorism in the region? PM Hasina
Wajid (Bagladesh)
90. World cup football tournament 2010 will be held
in? South Africa
91. The largest opium producer province of
Afghanistan is: Nangarhar
92. Light travels from sun to earth in: 499 Seconds
93. What do you understand by the term Intifada?
Uprising
94. Which of following rivers run through Paris The
Seine
95. Pearl Harbour is located in American state?
Hawaii
Solved FPSC Assistant Director Federal Government
Organization (Intelligence Bureau) Paper 2009
1. Death Valley in USA is located in? California
2. Which is the third largest peak in the world?
Kangchenjunga
3. The earth is closer to sun in? January
4. Time required for computer to locate and transfer data
is called? Access time
5. A device which encodes character by the depression of
keys is known as? Keyboard
6. Mixture of two metals is called? Alloy
7. The area inside a computer frame and auxiliary storage
where date and instructions are stored is called? Memory
8. An extremely small piece of silicon on which integrated
circuits are implicated is called? Chip
9. The time taken by light to reach earth from sun is?
8min 15 seconds
10. The shape of our Milky Way galaxy is? Spiral
11. The coldest planet of solar system is? Pluto
12. BIMAN is the airline of? Bangladesh
13. A man is 24 years older than his son. In two years, his
age will be twice the age of his son. The present age of his
son is? 22 years
14. If Rs.1000 is invested at 12% interest and interest is
compounded half yearly, what will be total amount at the
end of one year? Rs.1123.60
15. Six years ago, the ratio of ages of Sadaf and Khalid was
6:5.Four years hence, the ratio of their ages will be
11:10.What is Sadafs age at present? 16 years.
16. The square root of the cube of this number is the cube of
its square root. It is not 1 and it is less than 6.What is it? 2
17. The sum of the present ages of a father and his son is 60
years. Six years ago, fathers age was five times the age of
the son. After 6 years, sons age will be: 20 years
18. In sequence 462, 420, 380, X, 306.X stands for? 342
19. Ten percent of twenty plus twenty per cent of ten
equals? 2 percent of 200
20. A 5-foot-long cylindrical pipe has an inner diameter of
5 feet outer diameter of 8 feet. If the total surface area
(inside and out, including the ends) is kpi, what is the value
of k? 84
21. OJRI Camp was: An Ammunition Depot
22. Which report rejected the demand of separate
electorate? Nehru Report
23. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was given the title of Quaid-e-
Azam in: 1938
24. Who is the author of the book The Last Days of Quaid-
e-Azam? Col. Elahi Bakhsh
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
96. Russia criticizes American missile defence system
deployed in: Poland and Czech Republic
97. Deficiency of vitamin C in human body leads to:
Teeth disease
98. Tamil in Sri Lanka are struggling for an independent
state in the territory of: Jaffna
99. The largest section of the Kurd population is living in:
Turkey
100.Which of the following is the least free country in view
of poor human rights record as described by US based
organization freedom House in its annual report
2009? Myanmar
25. The oldest regional language of Pakistan is: Sindhi
26. Humayyun reigned from: 1530-1556
27. Which religious scholars gave the fatwa of jihad in
1857? Maulvi Ahmed Saeed and Maulana Fazal Haq
Khairabadi
28. In which year Dutch formed United East Company of
Netherlands in the subcontinent? 1600
29. After the failure of independence war Bahadur Shah
Zafar was tried by the British deposed and deported to the
city of Burma: Rangoon
30. Which Mughal emperor died in 1556 after falling down
from library stairs? Humayyun
31. A male is coffined/wrapped in ___________dressed
sheets: 3
32. Amount of zakat cannot be used in ___________?
Mosque
33. What is Sahihain: Bukhari and Muslim? Bukhari and
Muslim
34. Jehad became mandatory in _________ Hijra: 2
A.H
35. Which one is called Mashaar ul-Haram: Muzdalifa
Valley
36. Who was the first martyr in Islam in the following:
Hazrat Sumaya (RA)
37. Who first embraced Islam among women: Hazrat
Khadija (RA)
38. What is Istelam? Kissing Hajre Aswad
39. Who collected Quranic verses in one place? Hazrat
Usman (RA)
40. How much Surah the Quran contains: 114
41. Education is strong _________ of poverty status.
Predictor
42. The study __________ that the largest group of street
children in Karachi work as coolies: revealed
43. The Earth constantly tries to __________ a balance
between the energy that it receives from the sun and the
energy it emits back out to space. Maintain
44. Climate change is already having____________ on
animal and plant species throughout the United States.
Impacts
45. Higher educational attainment of the household head
is___________ with a lower probability of entering
poverty. Associated
46. Those were only crocodile tears. Pretended sadness
47. He was murdered in cold blood. Unfeelingly
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48. The students were in the blues when they heard that the
examination would not be postponed after all: Cheerless
and depressed
49. To give so much importance to this dispute is to make
a mountain of a molehill:To give great importance to
trifles
50. The captain played with determination because the
honor was at stake: In danger
51. The inspector was caught red handed: Caught in the
act of committing the crime
52. She cut a sad figure in her first performance on the
stage. Preformed a sad role
53. He never wanted to keep her under his thumb and so he
let her do what she liked. Unduly under control
54. I have a bone to pick with you in this matter. Am
angry
55. The cashier wiped the nose of his employer by
presenting false bills. Cheated
56. It is time that professors came down from their ivory
towers and studied the real needs of present day students.
Detachment and seclusion
57. She is quite at sea and does not know what course of
action to take in the matter. Perplexed
58. To work on this project is like flogging a dead horse.
Dragging something too far
59. To beg the question. To take for granted
60. To keep ones temper. To be in a good mood
61. Which is the longest river in Europe? Volga
62. On june21, the sun is vertically overhead the. Tropic of
cancer
63. Altinkaya dam is located in. Turkey
64. Which of the following countries is in the continent of
Europe? Albania
65. Which is the smallest continent of the world area wise?
Australia
66. What is the share of urban population in the total
population of Pakistan according to census of 1998? 32.5%
67. When Ghauri missile was handed over to Pakistan
army for full operational use. January, 2003
68. In which type of climate are coniferous forest found?
Siberian
69. Which of the following is the icy continent?
Antarctica
70. The length of Suez Canal is approximately: 170 km
71. Khojak Pass is located between: Quetta and Chaman
72. Nearest part of atmosphere to earth is called:
Troposphere
73. Colosseum an amphitheatre was built in: Rome
74. Special theory of relativity was proposed by: Albert
Einstein
75. Issac Newton gave: Laws of motion and
Gravitation
76. Composition of Alchemy is written by Jabir bin
Hayyan
.
FPSC FIA Paper 2012 for Assistant Director
English
1. The reply that she liked chocolate didnt seem _____ to
my question on whether Judy wanted to meet at nine or
ten to study. (relevant)
2. The restaurant felt it had the right to ____the man when
he started to make derogatory remarks about the
waitress. (oust)
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
78. The book Al Qanun Fi Tib is written by: Abu Ali Sina
79. Chile has a longest shore along: Pacific Ocean
80. Of the following human bones, which one is of arm:
Radius
81. Of the following human organs tell which one is least
susceptible to harmful radiations: Brain
82. Who developed the first digital computer? H.H Aiken
83. Of the following human muscles, tell which one is of
thigh: Biceps
84 .An analgesics is taken to relieve oneself of: Pain
85. Which of the following is the key function of the
kidneys? Removal of urea and other nitrogenous
wastes from blood
86. How many chromosomes are there in a body cell of
human beings? 46
87. On a sports day, if 30 children were made to stand in a
olumn, then 16 columns could be formed. If 24 children
were to stand in a column, then how many columns could
be formed? 20
88. In a two digit number, the digits differ by 2 10 times
the number exceeds 5 times the sum of the number formed
by reversing tis digits and the sum of its digits by 90. Find
the number. 46
89. A classroom has equal number of boys and girls. Eight
girls left to play kho-kho, leaving twice as many boys as
girls in the classroom. What was the total number of girls
and boys present initially? 32
90/ A rectangle has a length of 10cm & a perimeter of
30cm. Find the width of the rectangle? 5 cm
91. If A = x2 - , B = 20, X + Y = 10, then: It is
not possible to compare A and B as the data
provided is inadequate
92.5448 rounded off ot the nearest 1000 is: 5000
93. 0.26 / 100 = 0.0026
94. A rectangle has a perimeter of 50 meters. If its length is
13 meters more than its breadth, then its area is: 144
95. Two packs of cards are thoroughly mixed and stuffed
and two cards are drawn at random, one after the other.
What is the probability that both of them are Jacks?
96. A rectangle has a length of 16cm and a breadth of 3cm.
What is its area?
97.P is 300 km eastward of O and Q is 400 km north of O.
R is exactly in the middle of Q and P. The distance between
Q and R is:
98 How many chromosomes are there in a body cell of
human beings?
99. Of the following bones, tell which one is the neck?
100. Of the following computers, which one is called the
first generation computer?
3. The rubber chicken on the mantel from the otherwise
sophisticated atmosphere of the livingroom.
(detracted)
4. The scientists ideas were so ______ that only a handful
of people worldwide would comprehend them.
(abstract)
5. The sculptor will convert this _____ piece of clay into a
beautiful bust. (amorphous)
48

Solved Past Papers FPSC PPSC NTS
6. The speakers _____ remarks about our company made
several workers angry. (derogatory)
7. The stained table cloth _____ from the fine china and
lovely flowers the hostess had put on the table.
(detracted)
8. The storeowners _____ didnt convince me that he knew
nothing about what cause the fire. (testimony)
9. The waiter told us about the specials _____ both the
Selman and turkey dishes sound good to me.
(disclosed)
10. The waiter told us that the pasta _____ is penne with a
basil-mushroom sauce I am going to order that. (dujor)
11. The website guaranteed that it would _____ my
personal information, so I decided to use my credit card
to buy new clothes. (encrypt)
12. The western film took advantage of the landscape to
show the wagons crossing the valley with the impressive
_____ rising in the background. (plateaus)
13. The will did not require _____ of witnesses since it was
______ . (attestation-holographic)
14. The woman couldnt meet her sales _____ so she was
fired . (quota)
15. The woman loves to show her _____ by wearing
diamonds and furs. (affluence)
16. The more time I spend with Joy, I see that she is a _____
person. She has many interests and insightful opinions
on a wide variety of topics (multifaceted)
17. The most recent ____ from the dig indicate that the
society was involved in farming. (artifacts)
18. The morning throng was preparing for a_____.
(monody)
19. The movie stars latest _____was captured by several
photographers. Prancing around half-naked in a
fountain seemed tame for her. (escapade)
20. The musicians _____ was surprisingly varied. He
played jazz, country swestern and hip hop. (repertoire)
General knowledge :
21. In 1943, Frankin D Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and
Joseph Stalin met at Tehran primarily. (for creating
an effective instrument for maintaining
international peace )
22. Innocent III, who became pop in 1198 led the fourth
crusade. (the fourth crusade)
23. In which year a resolution uniting for peace was
adopted by UN general assembly. (1950)
24. In which of the following organs of human body does
maximum absorption of food takes place. (small
intestine)
25. Human rights day is on. (10 December)
26. In the last world cup hockey finals in 2002 Germany
beat. (Australia)
27. How much of blood does the normal human heart on
each of its contraction pumps into the arteries. (60 cm)
28. Hygrometer is used to measure. (relative humidity)
29. India became a member of the United Nations in. (
1945)
30. If the plane of the earths equator were not, inclined in the
plane of the earths orbit. (there would be no change
of seasons)
31. Mesopotamia is the ancient Greek name of (Iraq)
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Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
32. Baath is an Arabic word. It means (Resurrection)
33. The Atomic Energy Comission of Pakistan was
established in. (1956)
34. CTBT is of (Unlimited duration)
35. Kofi Annan work in UN for more than three decades,
became the first carrier UN official to be elected
Secretary General. He belongs to (Ghana)
36. Camp David Accord was signed by Egypt and Israel in
(1978)
37. The Geneva base WORLD INTLECTUAL PROPERTY
ORGANIZATION (WIP0) was inaugurated in 1967 and
became a specialized of UN in 1974 its main objectives
are. ( all of the above)
38. From 1954 to 1961, which Pakistani, served as member of
the international Court of Justice in Hague? ( Sir
Muhammad Zafrullah Khan)
39. Which South Asian leader wrote leaders wrote letters to
his counterparts and promoted idea of regional
cooperation which led to the formation of SAARC? ( Zia-
ul-Haq)
40. What is the name of SAARC magazine? ( SPpectrum)
41. To resolve the Middle East Problem, Wye River Accord
was signed in: (1998)
42. What is Hammas? ( a radical Palestinian group)
43. The length of Karakoram Highway in Pakistan is ( 805
km)
44. The Karakoram Highway in Pakistan begins from (
Havelain)
45. When did Turkey invade Cyprus? ( 1974)
46. Temple Trees is an official residence of the. ( Prime
Minister of Sri lanka)
47. Faiz Ahmad Faiz died in . (1984)
48. Ahmad Nadeem Qasmee famous Urdu poet died in .(
September, 2006)
49. How many times Allah-o-Akbar came in Azan? (6
times)
50. The Holy Prophet (SAW) died on . ( 8 june 632 A.D.)
Maths :
51. The price of suga increases by 32%. A family reduces its
consumption so that the expenditure of the sugar is up by
10% only if the total consumption of sugar before the
price rise was 10 kg per month then the consumption of
sugar per month at present (in kg ) is . (8.33)
52. A ball pen factory decided to reduce its production by
10@ over that of previous month for next 3 months
starting from February 1994. In January 1994, it
produced 3000 ball pens. How many ball pens were
produced in March 1994? ( 2187)
53. A building worth Rs. 133,100 is constructed on land
worth Rs. 72,900. After how many years will the value of
both be the same if land appreciates at 10% p.a and
building depreciates at 10% p.a? ( 3 )
54. A mans basic pay is for a 40 hours week is Rs.2000.
overtime is paid for 25% above the basic rate. In a
certain week, he worked overtime and his total wage
was Rs. 2500. He therefore, would for a total of: ( 48
hours)
55. Salaries of A,B and C are in the ratio 1:2:3 salary of B
and C together is Rs. 60000. By what percent is salary of
C mote than that of A? ( 200)
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Solved Past Papers FPSC PPSC NTS
56. The price of a table is Rs.400 more than that of a chair. If
6 tables and 6 chairs together costs Rs 4800, by what
percent is the price of the chair less than that of the
table? (None of these)
57. The length and breadth of a square are increased by 40%
and 30% respectively. The area of the resulting rectangle
exceeds the area of square by? ( 82%)
58. The length of a rectangle is increased by 20% and the
width is decreased by 20%. The area decreases by. ( 4%
) 80. Who proposed the Big Bang Theory? (George
59. The length of a rectangle is increased by 60%. By what
percent would the width have to be decreased to
maintain the same area? ( 37%)
60. In a market survey, 20% opted for product A whereas
60% opted for product B. The remaining individuals
were not certain. If the difference between those who
opted for product B and those who were uncertain was
720 how many individuals were covered in the survey? (
1800 )
61. The monthly income of Peter and Paul are in the ratio of
4:3. Their expenses are in the ratio of 3:2. If each saves
Rs. 600 at the end of the month their monthly incomes
respectively are (in rupees). (2400 and 1800)
62. Out of a total of 120 musicians in a club, 5% can play all
three instruments-guitar, violin and flute. It so happens
that the number of musicians who can play any two and
only two of the above instrument is 30. The number of
musicians who can play the guitar alone is 40. What is
the total number of those who can play violin alone or
flute alone? (38)
63. If the number representing volume and surface area of a
cube are equal, then the length of the edge of the cube in
terms of the unit of measurement will be (6)
64. 45. X ? = 25%of 900 (5)
65. 218% of 1674 = ? x 1800 (none of these)
66. 13937.869 + 199.54+ 15% of 201 = ? (100)
67. 63% of 25/7 (2.25)
68. If 30% of a number is 12.6, then the number is? (42)
69. 5% of (25% of Rs. 1600) is? Rs. 20s
70. (25/3) % of ? = 1800
Science
71. Who among the following invented the small pox
vaccine? (Edward Jenner)
72. Zero was discovered by (Al Khawarzmi)
73. Who invented the Doctors thermometer? (Farenheita)
74. The velocity of light was measured by (Romer)
75. Who proposed the chemical evolution of life? (Oparin)
76. What product invented by William Shockley, John
Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947
revolutionised the electronics industry? (Transistor)
st
Weekly Analysis May 31 2017
77. Though Mitsubishi built the VCR market from 1969
onwards with its VHS standard, it was actually some
other company which made the first video-recorder
Name it (Ampex)
78. The invention of which product by Robert Noyce in 1959
made the electronic equipments shrink in size?
(integrated circuits)
79. Which two companies developed compact disc
independently in 1979? (Sony and Philips)
Lemaitre)
Pakistan Affairs
81. On 9th May 1857 some 50, soliders refused to use the
suspicious cartridge. They were stationed in: (Meerut
Cantonement)
82. On 10th May 1857 the regiments in Meerul (Rebelled
against their British officer)
83. How many Britains were killed in the war of
independence? (five thousand)
84. The Khilji Dynasty was from (1290 to 1320)
85. The slave Dynasty was from (1206 to 1290)
86. The Pakistan resolution had everlasting impacts on
Indian politics and British government (all of these)
87. The Pakistan resolution was a (political foundation
of Pakistan)
88. What was the August offer? (both a and b)
89. The Hindu shahi ruler who burnt himself on a funeral
pyre after being defeated by Mahmud Ghazni was
(Jayapala)
90. Which one of the following was the official language of
Gupta period? (Sanskrit)
Islamiat
91. Bait e Rizwan was made to take the revenge of (Hazrat
Usman (RA)
92. Adam is the word of which language? (Synani)
93. How much height of Hazrat Adam (AS)? (90 feet)
94. Name the youngest son of Hazrat Adam (AS)? (Hazrat
Shees (AS)
95. Hazrat Idrees (AS) is associated with (All of these)
96. How many Saheefay were revealed to Hazrat Idrees
(AS)? (30)
97. Abu-al-Bashir Sani is (Hazrat Nuh (AS))
98. Which Prophet was send to nation of Samood? (Hazrat
Saleh (AS))
99. Which lady is the wife of Hazrat Ibrahim (AS) and the
daughter of Pharaoh of Egypt? (Hazrat Sara)
100. __________ Sahifay were revealed to Hazrat
Ibrahim (AS) (3)
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