ADDRESS OF THE HONBLE FORMER VICE-PRESIDENT OF INDIA, SHRI M.

HAMID ANSARI, AT THE

CONFERENCE ORGANISED BY INSTITUTE OF THE OBJECTIVE STUDIES AT KOZHIKODE, KERALA,
ON 23.9.2017

Role of Women in Making a Humane Society

I thank Dr. Manzoor Alam saheb and the Institute of Objective Studies for inviting me to this conclave. Coming to
the beautiful and historic city of Kozhikode is in itself a bonus.

At a first glance, todays theme is self evident and in no need of commentary. Women constitute about half of
humankind and should therefore share the same responsibilities as men.

The term humane according to the dictionary is compassion or benevolence; a humane society is therefore one that
avoids pain or suffering to fellow humans. Sociologists consider a society humane if it is motivated by the most
desirable of human values. It implies a society dedicated to the principles of justice, equality and fraternity and one
in which its members are recognized and respected as human beings without differentiations of religion, race, caste,
sex or place of birth.

This, in relation to the female half of humankind, implies that women get justice, equality and fraternity in equal
measure in the societies they live in.

Does this correspond to reality? Data published by UN Women shows that:

Gender inequality is a major cause and effect of hunger and poverty; About 60 percent of chronically
hungry people are women and girls;
Women make up more than two-thirds of the world's 796 million illiterate people.
Almost 70 percent of employed women in South Asia work in agriculture, as do more than 60 percent of
employed women in sub-Saharan Africa.
In most countries, women in rural areas who work for wages are more likely than men to hold seasonal,
part-time and low-wage jobs.
Women also receive lower wages for the same work.
A large gender gap remains in women's access to decision-making and leadership.

Some questions inevitably arise: Why has this come about? What lends legitimacy to it? Does this benefit women as
a human species or the societies they live in? Can women inequality in most spheres of human activity place them
to be equal beneficiaries of the benefits of a humane society? How can it be corrected?

These and related questions need to be answered, in this conference, and on all platforms where human progress is
discussed. The Concept Notes focus is on the status and role of women in the Muslim world. This includes
Muslim women in India since demographic data shows that the worlds second largest Muslim population,
amounting to around 189 million, resides in India.

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I begin with the wider Indian scene. Jawaharlal Nehru had once said that you can tell the condition of a nation by
looking at the status of its women. The June 2015 Report of the High Level Committee on the Status of Women in
India, headed by Professor Pam Rajput, was candid in its assessment and I would like to quote from its chapter on
the Socio-Cultural Landscape:

Indian women are born into and raised in a socio-cultural environment that is highly discriminatory, patriarchal
and hierarchal, in which economic, political, religious, social and cultural institutions are largely controlled by
men. This environment has evolved over centuries through various social practices and institutions that are
governed by patriarchy. Through a combination of family, caste, community and religion, among others,
patriarchal values and ideas are constantly reinforced and legitimized

It adds that the first lesson in hierarchy, subordination and discrimination are learnt in the family.

Thus for purposes of analysis, the question of status in society requires determination at three levels: as citizens, as
women, and as women members of a specific religious grouping.

The rights of citizens are enshrined in our Constitution. It not only grants equality to women and prohibits
discrimination but also recognizes their marginalization and empowers the State to adopt measures of positive
discrimination in their favour. This has been reinforced by Supreme Court which has held that the equality clause
does not speak of mere formal equality before law but embodies the concept of real and substantive equality which
is an essential ingredient of social and economic justice.

As against this, the Gender Inequality Index of the 2016 Human Development Report of UNDP ranks India at 125
in a list of 159 countries.

Since it is nobodys case that Muslims in India are altogether immune to the social impact of the Indian society
including some of its ailments, a working hypothesis could be to accept these shortfalls as generally representative
of the ground situation; at the same time, care is to be taken not to treat Muslim women as a monolithic category
since like other large communities, it is also highly differentiated and heterogeneous. The Sachar Committee Report
sheds much light on this.

A number of academic and field studies are available on the general condition of Muslim women as well as in
different socio-economic segments. One study examined them in three categories: education, workforce
participation and social mobility. Allow me to summerize its findings:

Education:
in 2009-10, 34.7% (rural) and 19.8% (urban) Muslim women have never attended school
19% (rural) and 11% (urban) have illiterate husbands
Less than 10% have completed schooling.

Workforce participation:
Out of the total Indian women who participated in the workforce, 70% are Hindu women and 29% are
Muslim women
Tow-third of Muslim women are self-employed or engaged in home based labour and have a low level of
earning

Social mobility:
75% of Muslim women need their husbands permission to engage in almost all activities
Many are unaware of government schemes
20% have access to media.
These, and other actual or alleged drawbacks, are often attributed to tradition based on socio- religious beliefs and
practices. It is therefore essential in the first place to distinguish religion per se from practices attributed to it by
tradition in individual societies.

The principle of equality and justice between men and women in terms of their rights and obligations is
emphatically stated in Sura Al-Ahzab. This is reiterated in other places of the Holy Book. It is to be noted that Islam
makes no distinction between secular and religious duties; also that in Islamic law a woman has an independent
juridical personality. She has to be respected as a person.

When then, and how, did inequality creep in?

The answer to this question lies in the psycho-sociological totality that prevailed for centuries in most societies
including Indian, and still does, and which can be summed up as a system of values and social practices that became
and remain embedded in economy and culture and are referred to as patriarchy. Details, of course, vary from
society to society; its overall impact was and remains a lessoning of the equal status of women.

Thus the equality bestowed by faith was diluted or denied by tradition and practice and replaced by subordination.
An obvious result of this was overt or covert misogyny so vividly reflected in proverbs relating to women in most
languages in use in Muslim societies.

III

This state of affairs is clearly contrary to tenets of faith. It is unethical and is harmful to the individuals and the
community. It must change. Only then can women, as equal partners participate in the creation of a society that is
humane. This requires meaningful correctives in social practices.

I asked a lady sometime back about empowerment of women. She said: we are born empowered; life is created
within us, through us.

The validity of her response is evident. A childs first lessons in life are received from the mother. Despite this, the
fact remains that deep-rooted social handicaps diminish the full impact of this relationship. The conscious or sub-
conscious perception in many segments of society is that the girl child is a burden, even a misfortune, on account of
social evils like insistence on dowry outlawed though it is and many beliefs and practices associated with the
institution of marriage.

Our present effort, through affirmative action initiatives of the government, or through voluntary initiatives, is to
produce equity of varying intensity rather than substantive equality. It is clearly inadequate.

The challenge is to produce substantive gender equality so that women become active and equal partners in the
creation of a humane society.

The first step in this direction is to be taken with the girl child, with her nourishment, education and inculcation of a
sense of equality. Each of these has to be given adequate weight. The principal responsibility for this lies with the
parents but for this to happen meaningfully, the social ambiance and the attitude of the husband has to change
accordingly. The traditional societal bias towards a patriarchal relationship in the family unit has thus to give way to
a relationship of equal partners.

The next step is at the nursery, primary and secondary school level where gender equality has to be practiced and be
a part of the curricula. A supportive but essential element in this is obligatory physical training and yoga and
encouragement to participate in sports of choice. The human potential for learning and excellence has no gender and
class ceiling and experience shows that given opportunity the most deprived in both sexes can scale the heights.
Alongside is the question of preparing the younger generation for participation in the workforce and for requisite
career planning. At present, according to World Bank data, it is only 27 percent for India as against 51 in Indonesia,
49 in Malaysia, 43 in Bangladesh, 30 in Sri Lanka and 25 in Pakistan. The Muslim womens share of this 27 percent
is barely 10 percent.
There is, surely, considerable room for improvement. Such an improvement would be in consonance with
requirements of faith and necessitates individual and community effort since Verily never will God change the
condition of a people until they change it themselves. (s xiii.11).

This indeed is an imperative need of our times.

Jai Hind.