1. Amplitude - are expressed either as instantaneous values or mostly as peak values.

2. Antenna - Amplitudes antenna is an array of conductors (elements), electrically connected to

the receiver or transmitter. During transmission, the oscillating current applied to the antenna
by a transmitter creates an oscillating electric field and magnetic field around the antenna
elements.
3. AM - is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for
transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude
(signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the waveform being transmitted.
4. Antipodal signaling - it's that signal 180 degree opposite to each other. one signal have value on
-1 and other on 1
5. Amplifier - is an electronic device that can increase the power of a signal (a time-varying voltage
or current). An amplifier uses electric power from a power supply to increase the amplitude of a
signal
6. analog signal - is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal
is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying
signal
7. Bandwidth - Bandwidth is defined as a range within a band of frequencies or wavelengths.
Bandwidth is also defined as the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of
time.
8. Bayes rule - describes the probability of an event, based on prior knowledge of conditions that
might be related to the event.
9. Broadcasting - is the distribution of audio or video content or other messages to a dispersed
audience via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the
electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model
10. Baseband channel - In terms of bandwidth, baseband is the highest frequency (measured in
hertz) used by the bandwidth, or the upper bound of the bandwidth..
11. Baseband signal - Baseband signals are the fundamental group of frequencies in an analog or
digital waveform that may be transmitted along a pathway or processed by an electronic circuit.
12. Balanced ring modulator - A modulator that uses tubes or diodes to suppress the carrier signal
while providing double-sideband output.
13. Bandpass filter - A band-pass filter (also spelled bandpass) (BPF) is a device that passes
frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range.
14. broadcast band - broadcast band is a segment of the radio spectrum used for broadcasting.
15. Carrier wave- carrier wave, carrier signal, or just carrier, is a waveform (usually sinusoidal) that is
modulated (modified) with an input signal for the purpose of conveying information
16. Communication channel - Communication channels refer to the way this information flows
within the organization.
17. Carrier system - carrier system is a telecommunications system that transmits information, such
as the voice signals of a telephone call and the video signals of television, by modulation of one
or multiple carrier signals above the principal voice frequency or data rate.[1]
18. Cellular networks - A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the
last link is wireless.
19. Capacitor-inpuit filter - The capacitor-input filter, also called the pi filter due to its shape that
looks like the Greek letter , is a type of electronic filter. Filter circuits are used to remove
unwanted or undesired frequencies from a signal.
20. carrier frequency - The frequency of the unmodulated electromagnetic wave at the output of a
conventional amplitude-modulated (AM-unsupressed carrier), or frequency-modulated (FM), or
phase-modulated (PM) radio transmitte
21. communication system - In telecommunication, a communications system is a collection of
individual communications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations,
and data terminal equipment (DTE) usually capable of interconnection and interoperation to
form an integrated whole.
22. Companding - In telecommunication and signal processing companding (occasionally called
compansion) is a method of mitigating the detrimental effects of a channel with limited dynamic
range.
23. CRC generating unit - A Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is an error-detecting code commonly
used in digital networks and storage devices to detect accidental changes to raw data. Blocks of
data entering these systems get a short check value attached, based on the remainder of a
polynomial division of their contents.
24. Coupling - In electronics and telecommunication, coupling is the desirable or undesirable
transfer of energy from one medium, such as a metallic wire or an optical fiber, to another
medium.
25. Cross modulation - Cross modulation is an effect that affects receivers used for amplitude
modulation or vestigial sideband, or other forms of modulation where there is an amplitude
component.
26. Cutoff frequency - is a boundary in a system's frequency response at which energy flowing
through the system begins to be reduced (attenuated or reflected) rather than passing through
27. Communications receiver - is a type of radio receiver used as a component of a radio
communication link
28. Decibel
29. Double-sideband suppressed-carrier transmission (DSB-SC) - is transmission in which
frequencies produced by amplitude modulation (AM) are symmetrically spaced above and
below the carrier frequency and the carrier level is reduced to the lowest practical level, ideally
being completely suppressed.
30. dBm - dBm (sometimes dBmW or decibel-milliwatts) is an abbreviation for the power ratio in
decibels (dB) of the measured power referenced to one milliwatt (mW). .
31. digital communication - electronic transmission of information that has been encoded digitally
(as for storage and processing by computers).
32. Data transmission - Data transmission also data communication or digital communications is the
transfer of data (a digital bit stream or a digitized analog signal[1]) over a point-to-point or
point-to-multipoint communication channel
33. Dbw - The decibel watt or dBW is a unit for the measurement of the strength of a signal
expressed in decibels relative to one watt.
34. delay distortion - Delay distortion is a guided transmission media phenomenon where network
data signals are transmitted via a medium at a certain frequency and speed.
35. delta modulation - A delta modulation (DM or -modulation) is an analog-to-digital and digital-
to-analog signal conversion technique used for transmission of voice information where quality
is not of primary importance.
36. digital switch - digital switch is a hardware device for handling digital signals
37. digital modulation - s a generic name for modulation techniques that uses discrete signals to
modulate a carrier wave. In comparison, FM and AM are analog techniques.
38. equalization - Equalization or equalisation is the process of adjusting the balance between
frequency components within an electronic signal. Equalization or equalisation is the process of
adjusting the balance between frequency components within an electronic signal.
39. Fm stereo - FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation
(FM) technology
40. Fourier series - Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function f(x) in terms of an infinite
sum of sines and cosines
41. Frequency - Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time
42. Fiber-optic communication - is a method of transmitting information from one place to another
by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.frequency modulation FM
43. frequency shift keying FSK - Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in
which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier signal.
44. ground wave - a radio wave that reaches a receiver from a transmitter directly, without
reflection from the ionosphere[
45. Internet - a global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.
46. Infrared - IR light is very similar to visible light, except that it has a slightlty longer wavelength.
47. minority carriers - The less abundant charge carriers are called minority carriers
48. microwave antennas - A microwave antenna is a physical transmission device used to broadcast
microwave transmissions between two or more locations.
49. morse code - is a method of transmitting text information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or
clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment
50. monochromatic light - Light of one color, having wavelengths confined to an extremely narrow
range.
51. minimum shift keying MSK - The MSK modulation is a constant envelope signal with continuous
phase that results from modulating the instantaneous frequency with rectangular pulses
52. multipath channel - multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals
reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths
53. A frequency synthesizer - s an electronic circuit that generates a range of frequencies from a
single reference frequency.moores law
54. Modulation - s the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the
carrier signal, with a modulating signal that typically contains information to be transmitted.
55. Microphone - is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal..
56. modulation index - of a modulation scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of
the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level.
57. noise voltage - Interfering and unwanted voltage in an electronic device or system
58. Noise figure - It is a number by which the performance of an amplifier or a radio receiver can be
specified, with lower values indicating better performance.
59. Noise - is unwanted sound judged to be unpleasant, loud or disruptive to hearing.
60. Oscilloscope - s a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying
signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional plot of one or more signals as a function of time.
61. Pulse - A rapid, transient change in the amplitude of a signal from a baseline value to a higher or
lower value, followed by a rapid return to the baseline value.
62. pulse modulation - is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in
the amplitude of a series of signal pulse.
63. pulse width modulation - s a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing
signal.
64. Passband - is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through a filter.
65. passband transmission - is typically utilized in wireless communication and in bandpass filtered
channels such as POTS lines.
66. passband filter - a device that passes frequencies within a certain range and rejects (attenuates)
frequencies outside that range.

67. Power spectrum - For a given signal, the power spectrum gives a plot of the portion of a signal's power
(energy per unit time) falling within given frequency bins.
68. power spectral density - describes the distribution of power into frequency components
composing that signal

69. rectifier - is an electrical device composed of one or more diodes that converts alternating
current (AC) to direct current
70. Radio frequency - s any of the electromagnetic wave frequencies that lie in the range extending
from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which include those frequencies used in radio communication or
radar
71. Signal to noise ratio - is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a
desired signal to the level of background noise.
72. Spread Spectrum - are methods by which a signal (e.g., an electrical, electromagnetic, or
acoustic signal) generated with a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the frequency
domain, resulting in a signal with a wider bandwidth.
73. Simplex signaling - is signaling in which two conductors are used for a single channel, and a
center-tapped coil, or its equivalent, is used to split the signaling current equally between the
two conductors
74. Simplex communication - s a communication channel that sends information in one direction
only
75. Single sideband suppressed carrier modulation - s a type of modulation, used to transmit
information, an audio signal, by radio waves
76. Signal processing - concerns the analysis, synthesis, and modification of signals, which are
broadly defined as functions conveying "information about the behavior or attributes of some
phenomenon
77. satellite radio - is a broadcasting network in which digital high-fidelity (hi-fi) audio
entertainment is transmitted from orbiting satellite s to receivers on the surface.
78. Transmitter - is an electronic device which produces radio waves with an antenna
79. Telecommunications - is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images
and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems
80. Television - s a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in
monochrome (black and white), or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound.
81. Transceiver - is a device comprising both a transmitter and a receiver that are combined and
share common circuitry or a single housing
82. Transponder - a device for receiving a radio signal and automatically transmitting a different
signal.
83. Wavelength - the distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound
wave or electromagnetic wave.
84. white noise - a random signal having equal intensity at different frequencies, giving it a constant
power spectral density
85. wireless - is the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are not
connected by an electrical conductor.