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Vehicle to Grid and Grid to Vehicle Bidirectional


Power Flow at Unity Power Factor with DC
Ripple Compensation
Arun Kumar Verma, Student Member, IEEE, Bhim Singh, Fellow, IEEE, and D.T Shahani

as well as current control modes in grid connected operation


Abstract In this paper, a single-phase AC-DC converter is when power is drawn from the grid. The voltage source
proposed with an auxiliary circuit for DC ripple compensation converter (VSC) should, typically, operate in power factor
and a DC-DC converter for bidirectional power flow between correction mode. This paper deals with the design, modeling
PHEV (Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) and power grid. There is
and analysis of a proposed configuration for such purpose with
an existence of second-order harmonic ripple voltage on the DC
bus of single phase PWM voltage source converter (VSC). The bidirectional power flow having reduced ripples and small size
low frequency ripple voltages normally filtered using a bulk DC link capacitor, from vehicle to grid and grid to vehicle [1].
capacitor at the DC bus which results in low power density and The concept of bidirectional power flow allows PHEV or EV
require large space. An auxiliary circuit for DC ripple to provide power to help load balancing by charging at night
compensation reduces the size of DC link capacitor. The overall or at off peak period and sending power back to the power
converter configuration, with bidirectional power flow regulates
grid during peak load. An EV pack has a large amount of
unity power factor at the grid. In first stage, a 230 V 50 Hz AC
supply is converted in to 400 V DC with ripple compensation energy stored in its storage battery. One typical electric
using a single-phase VSC and in the second stage, the charging vehicle can have an output of 10-12 kW, the average drawn
and discharging of the PHEV battery is monitor through a buck power of 10 houses. The efficient charging and discharging of
boost DC-DC converter. Buck mode is used for charging and the battery is important aspect in order to maintain battery
boost mode is used for discharging. In case of discharging, energy life, safety and reliability [2]. In the earlier literature on
sent back to the grid at 230V, 50 Hz. A battery rating of 1.8 kW
bidirectional power flow, the DC link capacitor used to filter
at 120V is used in PHEV.
ripple voltages is bulky and ripples current is also high [2, 3].
Index Terms: Voltage Source Converter (VSC), Ripple In this paper, a configuration of single phase full bridge
voltage, Vehicle to Grid (V2G), Grid to Vehicle (G2V), Plug bidirectional power converter with an auxiliary circuit for DC
in hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Unity Power Factor(UPF) ripple compensation and for small DC link capacitor with a
bidirectional DC-DC converter is proposed for the
I. INTRODUCTION bidirectional power transfer of a PHEV or EV battery [3, 4].
The system is designed to charge storage battery up to 15A
Selling power from an electric vehicles battery back to the
current at 120V. It is also capable to transfer energy back to a
power grid has been touted for years as one of the advantages
230V, 50 Hz single-phase power at 12A rate. The proposed
for this new class of cars. But the reality is much more
system is composed of two parts: a single-phase bidirectional
complicated in practice. There are issues at the levels of the
full bridge boost AC-DC converter with an auxiliary ripple
car manufacturers, utility and grid operator that would have to
compensation circuit and a bidirectional DC-DC converter.
be resolved to make that transaction not only possible, but also
Single-phase bidirectional full bridge boost AC-DC converter
financially attractive. As more electric vehicles hit the road
with auxiliary ripple compensation circuit is to convert AC to
and charging stations vehicle to-grid technology is the next
DC voltage with power factor correction (PFC) [5]. The
logical step in the electrification of transportation network.
auxiliary ripple compensation circuit is responsible for
With the proliferation of alternate energy sources such as fuel
reduced size of DC link capacitor and reduced ripple current
cells and photovoltaic systems in the distributed power system
in circuit. The charging and discharging of the PHEV battery
architecture it is important to design a configuration to support
shows the capability of the system.
seamless bidirectional power flow between the plug in hybrid
electric vehicle (PHEV) or electric vehicle ( EV) and the
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
power grid. For this, a configuration should work in voltage
The system under consideration is shown Fig. 1 it consists
of a single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter with an
Arun Kumar Verma and D.T Shahani are with Instrument Design and auxiliary ripple compensation circuit and a bidirectional buck-
Development Centre, IIT Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India. (E-mail: boost DC - DC converter with a storage battery are included in
dt.shahani@gmail.com and arunverma59@gmail.com), Bhim Singh is with
Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New the system. The ripple compensation circuit consists of a third
Delhi-110016, India. (E-mail: bhimsingh1956@gmail.com) leg of two IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) switch
along with an inductor La and capacitor Ca. This system
978-1-4673-2605-6/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE
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includes an interfacing inductor connecting between single- An AC supply from grid to single phase AC-DC converter
phase AC and a bidirectional AC-DC converter which is has its voltage given as [6, 7],
needed to boost DC output in order to maintain the DC bus Vs ( t ) = Vm sin wt (3)
voltage at 400 V [4]. The bidirectional buck-boost DC-DC
The supply current is given as,
converter shown in Fig.2 is used for charging and discharging
in buck and boost mode respectively. I s ( t ) = I m sin( wt ) (4)
where Vm and Im are the amplitudes of voltage and current,
respectively; is the angle between the supply voltage and
current; and is the supply angular frequency.
The power from the AC grid can be expressed as follows
Vm I m V I
Pi = Vs ( t ) I s ( t ) = cos m m cos(2 wt ) (5)
2 2
The power to the input inductor is given as [5],
PL = wLI 2 m sin( wt ) cos(2 wt ) (6)
The input power to the rectifier can be obtained from (5) and
(6) and is given as,
VI VI wLI2
Pir =Pc +Prip = m m cos{ m m cos(2wt )+ m sin(2wt 2)}(7)
2 2 2
Eq. (7) can be written as constant power Pc and fluctuating
part Prip as,
Pc = 0.5(Vm I m cos ) (8)
whereas Prip the ripple power is a second order harmonics
power and given from Eq.(7) is as,
V I
Fig.1 Proposed Configuration of Bi-directional power flow with ripple Prip = { m m cos(2wt ) + 0.5wLI 2m sin(2wt 2 )} (9)
compensation 2
As seen from Eq. (7) this power consists of two parts i.e. and
III. DESIGN AND WORKING PRINCIPLE ripple power Prip. and constant power is fed to DC load.
The design of the various components of proposed amplitude of AC side fundamental current Is1 is given as,
configuration for bidirectional power flow from power grid to I s1 = 2 Pc / (Vm cos ) (10)
vehicle and vehicle to grid consists of a single phase full With the help of ripple power and amplitude current the ripple
bridge boost AC-DC converter with third leg of ripple energy can be calculated as [5],
compensation circuit, a bidirectional DC-DC boost converter,
and a battery energy storage system. The detailed design of 2wLP 2 c
2 sin 2
E = 0.5* P c + (( 2 Pc ( )) (11)
each part is given in the following sections. rip V m cos
2
cos
A. Bidirectional AC-DC Converter Ripple Energy Analysis[5] Eq. (11) shows the relevance between the ripple energy, the
grid voltage, its frequency, output power, input inductor and
During bidirectional power flow, the interaction between
input power factor. To avoid the DC load from the effect of
the grid and bidirectional AC-DC converter is the main focus.
this ripple energy auxiliary ripple compensation circuit should
This single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter is designed be used [5]. The voltage ripple fluctuation of an auxiliary
for a 3 kW. Fig. 1 shows a circuit of this type of converter. capacitor makes it capable of absorbing ripple power. For a
The fundamental converter voltage Vc is given as, single-phase VSC design, a ripple energy storage capacitor is
Vc = (mVdc ) / 2 (1) used in the DC bus when there is a tight voltage ripple
requirement. From Eq. (11) and the voltage ripple requirement
where m is modulation index, the value of m is considered as
Vdc, the DC bus capacitance can be calculated as,
0.9, and Vdc is the DC link voltage and it is taken as 400 V.
The value of Vc by using eq. (1) is 254.59V. 2wLP2 sin 2
The relation between fundamental converter voltage and C = 0.5* Pc2 + (( 2 c2 Pc ( )) (VdcVdc ) (12)
d V cos cos
source voltage is given as, m
where Pc is constant power and its value is considered as 3kW.
Vc = Vs 2 + ( I s 2 * X l 2 ) (2)
L is interfacing inductor, from Eq. (2) its value of L is
where Vs is rms grid voltage and the value of Vs is 230 V and calculated as 3mH. The power factor is considered unity, the
Is is grid rms current and the value of Is is 13.04 A. The value value of Vm is taken 325V and DC link voltage Vdc is
of =2f is 314 radian/sec. By using eq. (2) the value of grid regulated to 400V. Based on this Eq. (12) the calculated value
inductance is calculated as 3mH. of the DC link capacitor is 18 mF. This is the conventional
design of the DC link capacitor when there is no ripple
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compensation circuit is used. Detailed design parameters are La [{(2 I cc ) / I max f s }{VCC (V 2 cc / Vdc )}] (21)
given in Appendix A.
The corresponding current rating of the capacitor is given as where Vdc is 400V. Ts = 1/fs , fs is 20 kHz Calculated value of
[5], the La from Eq.(21) is 45 H.
C. Design of Bidirectional Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter
icd = ( 0.707 Prip max ) Vdc (13) Bidirectional buck-boost DC-DC converter is shown in
The ripple power fed to the DC capacitor is given as, Fig.2. The switch S7 is used for boosting while the switch S8 is
used for the buck mode. The relationship between switching
Pcrip = Prip max sin(2 wt ) (14)
frequency f, inductance Li, in buckboost mode is given as,
If capacitor voltage is Vcc, according to power balance
relationship, the differential equation is given as,
fsb = 1/ (2* P * Li )[(1 {1/ (1/ Vdc + 1/ Vo )})] (22)
2
dVcc / dt = (2 Prip max / Ca ) sin(2 wt ) where P is power, Vdc input voltage and V0 is output voltage
(15) and fsb is the switching frequency and its value is 50 kHz. The
Solving differential equation, the auxiliary capacitor voltage is value of P is 3 kW, Vi = Vdc input voltage is 400 V and V0 is
given as, output voltage is 120 V. From Eq. (22) the value of Li is 3.21
mH [8]. Detailed design parameters are given in Appendix B.
Vcc = (Pripmax / Ca w)(k 2wt) (16)
D. Design of Storage Battery
where
2
k = (Vcc Ca w) / Prip max 1, k 1 Battery has an important play an important role in PHEV. A
model of a lead-acid the battery is implemented in
Low frequency capacitor is given as, MATLAB/simulink. Fig. 3 shows a Thevenins equivalent of
Pripmax the storage battery as an energy unit. Its storage capacity is
icc = Pripmax sin(2wt ) (k cos 2wt) (17) represented in kWh which is stored in an equivalent capacitor
Ca w (Cbb) expressed as,
The relation between ripple energy of conventional VSC Cbb = kWh *3600*1000 /{0.5(V 2oc max V 2oc min )} (23)
circuit (Erip) and ripple power of ripple compensation circuit where Vocmax is the terminal voltage of the battery when it is
Ecrip can be explain in terms of K as, fully charged and Vocmin is the terminal voltage of the battery
( K + 1) / 2 = ( Ecrip / Erip ) (18) when it is fully discharged. Here Rs is the equivalent series
where K is coefficient defined as the energy storage margin resistance of the battery, the value of Rs is taken 0.01. The
coefficient. If K=1, the maximum energy stored in the parallel circuit of Rb and Cb represents the self discharging of
capacitor is equal to the ripple energy. Higher the value of K the battery. The value of Rb for this battery is taken as 10k.
means more redundant energy in the DC link capacitor [5]. So Here the battery is designed, having capacity of 3.6 kW for 15
the capacitance selected according to Eq. (16) and Eq.(17) is Hrs, and with the variation in the voltage of order of 107 V to
1.5mF. 137V. The calculated value of Cbb for this battery is from Eq.
If complete charging and discharging of an auxiliary capacitor (23) is calculated as 2114.92 F [9].
using the active method is considered then the minimum E. Working Principle of System
capacitor can be derived as, Charging and discharging modes of the converter are shown
in Figs. 4(a)-4(b), its phase angle, , determines the direction
2Pripmax of the reactive power flow. If is positive, the reactive power
Ca = (19) is fed to the grid, and if is negative, the reactive power is
Vcc max w
where Vcc is the voltage across capacitor (Ca).
Eq.(12) shows the conventional design capacitance Cd needed S7 Li
buck
for compensation of second harmonic ripple power in DC bus, Ib
and Eq.(19) shows the capacitance needed for the idle C0 Rb Cb
Vdc Battery
condition. Vb
B. Ripple Compensation Inductor Selection[5] S8
boost
Vb
Rs
The ripple compensation circuits works in DCM, and the buck boost
Voc
auxiliary inductor is the ripple energy transfer component. Ib
PWM
Inductance La is selected based on two criteria the first Control I*b
criterion is the DCM limit, and the second criterion is the peak
current limit. In order to maintain DCM operation, the
auxiliary inductor selection limit can be calculated as,
provided by the grid to the converter. Different operating
La [{(0.5Ts ) / I cc }(VCC (V 2 cc / Vdc )] (20) modes such as inductive charging, capacitive charging is
where Vdc is 400 V, Vcc =180V, the calculated value of L from shown in Figs. 4(c)-4(d) [10].
Eq.(20) is 30H. The auxiliary inductance needs to be bigger
than a certain value to make sure the peak current is lower
than the requirement as,
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The current error Ie(k) is calculate from reference source


current I*s(k) and grid current Is(k) as,
Ie(k)=Is*(k)-Is(k) (27)
This current error is amplified using the PI controller which is
given as,
Ic(k) = Kpv{Ie(k)Ie(k-1)}+KivIe(k) (28)
This signal is inverted by 1800 which gives {Ic(k)}, then by
comparing both signal with triangular wave and inverting the
signal, four gating signals are generated for VSC. Now Ic(k) is
further used to calculate Idc ripple. The ripple current going to
the DC bus can be derived as Idc ripple is given as,
Idcripple = {2 Ic(k) -1}*Is(k) (29)
Fig.4 Vector diagram for different operating modes: (a) Charging, (b)
This ripple current is taken as reference compensation current
Discharging (c) Charging and Inductive operation, (d) Charging and for the auxiliary bidirectional converter.
Capacitive operation.
F. Working of Ripple Compensation Circuit B. Control of Ripple Compensation Circuit [5, 11]
In addition to the two legs of VSC, another leg of ripple The PI (proportional integral) voltage controller closely
compensation circuit with La and Ca is connected on the DC tracks the reference voltage (Vccref) and gives a control signal
bus. The DC bus voltage is still controlled by the two legs Ics(t) to minimize the voltage error Vce (k) which is calculated
VSC, while the ripple power that comes from the AC side is from the reference voltage Vccref (k) and a sensed voltage
controlled by the ripple compensation circuit. The capacitor Vcc(k) at kth instant of time as,
(Ca) and inductor (La) are used as the energy storage Vce(k)=Vccref (k)-Vcc(k) (30)
component and energy transfer component respectively. This voltage error is given to PI controller and its output signal
Inductor (La) transfers the ripple energy between the auxiliary Ics(t) is given as,
capacitor (Ca) and the DC bus. Switch S5 is used to control the Ics(t) = Kpv{Vce(k)Vce(k-1)} (31)
ripple compensation circuit working in buck mode when Then this control signal Ics(t) is added with Idripple as in eq.(13),
ripple energy transferred from DC bus to Ca in buck mode. the control signal Ics(t) is given as,
When S5 is ON, the DC bus charges both the inductor (La) and Ics = Idcripple + Ics(t) (32)
the capacitor (Ca). La releases its energy to the capacitor (Ca) Now using Ics, Vdc and Vcc the duty cycle for charging phase
when S5 is OFF. If the ripple energy needs to be released from can be estimated as,
the capacitor (Ca) back to the DC bus, switch S6 is used to D5 = (2 I cs f s ) / [Vdc / Vcc * (Vdc Vcc / L )] (33)
control the ripple compensation circuit working in boost
mode. When switch S6 ON, the auxiliary inductor is charged where fs is supply frequency and L is the inductor of ripple
by the capacitor (Ca). During the turn-OFF interval of S6, both compensation circuit. When the ripple energy need to be
the auxiliary capacitor (Ca) and auxiliary inductor (La) release transferred from the DC bus to the auxiliary capacitor switch
energy back to the DC bus. [5]. S5 is used to control the circuit in buck mode. The duty cycle
for
the
IV. CONTROL ALGORITHM D 6 = ( 2 I cs f s ) (V dc / (V d c V cc ) * (V c c / L ) ) disch
argin
The control strategy for system under consideration is given
g mode estimated as,
in this section. The control of various blocks of system is
(34)
explained as follows.

A. Control of Single Phase Bidirectional AC-DC Converter


If the ripple energy need to be released from the ripple
The control of the voltage source converter is done by using compensation circuit S6 is used to control the circuit in boost
a unipolar switching as basic scheme. The output voltage mode
varies between 0 and Vdc, or between 0 and Vdc. The PI
(proportional integral) voltage controller follow the reference C. Control of Bidirectional DC-DC Converter [8]
voltage (Vref) and gives a control signal (Ism) to minimize the In order to control the charging and discharging of the
voltage error Ve (k) which is estimated from the reference battery using a bidirectional buck-boost converter, a technique
voltage Vref (k) and a sensed voltage Vo(k) at kth instant of time based on PWM control is used here. The current error Ies(k)
as, which is generated from the reference DC link current I*dc(k)
Ve(k)=Vref(k)-Vo(k) (24) and a sensed DC link current Idc(k) at ksh instant of time is
The output of the controller Ism(k) at kth instant is given as, given as,
Ism(k)= Im(K-1)+ Kpv{Ve(k)Ve(k-1)}+KivVe(k) (25) Ies(k)=I*dc(k)-Idc(k) (35)
where Kpv and Kiv are the proportional and integral gains of The output of the PI controller closely monitor this error Ies(k)
the voltage controller. The reference source I*s(k) is calculated and a signal Ic(k) at ksh instant is generated as,
as, Icb(k)= Icb(K-1) + Kpv{Ies(k)Ies(k-1)}+KivIes(k) (36)
Is*(k ) = Ic(K-1) + Ism(k)*(Vs/Vsm) (26)
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where Kpv and Kiv are the proportional and integral gains of discharging to charging mode of operation is shown i.e. boost
the voltage controller. This technique is applicable for buck mode of operation to buck mode of operation and at the mean
mode as well as boost mode. The output of the controller Icb(k) time current is 1800 out of phase. It shows that power is
at ksh instant is compared with fixed frequency (fsw) saw-tooth flowing in the reverse direction. In Fig.5 while showing Vs, Is
carrier waveform and inverted saw-tooth carrier wave for to in same axis, Is, grid current is amplified by factor of 10 in
get the control signals.[10,11] order to observe it in comfortably to the given axes. Figs. 6
and 7 show the ripple current in conventional single phase
V. MATLAB BASED MODELING VSC and single phase VSC using ripple compensation circuit.
The simulation model of the proposed system It consists of This shows that the ripple current is reduced by using ripple
modeling of single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter with compensation circuit. Fig.8 and Fig. 9 show the harmonic
third leg of IGBTs and a ripple compensation circuit. This 1- spectrum of discharging and charging current respectively.
bidirectional AC-DC converter with ripple compensation The THD of the charging as well as discharging current are
circuit is designed for a power of a 3 kW. The detailed of well within the reasonable limit. Table I and table II show the
various are given in Appendix A. Simulation is carried out in comparison between the component selection of conventional
MATLAB/SIMULINK VSC and VSC with ripple compensation circuit. This shows
that the size of the DC link capacitor is reduced in comparison
with conventional PWM VSC.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Simulated results for the charging and discharging modes VII. CONCLUSION
are shown in Figs. 5 - 8. Fig 5 shows the charging and
discharging profile of the proposed configuration. In these The system under consideration delivered the ac current
results Vdc is DC link voltage and kept at 400V dc, V b is the to and from the grid at UPF and at reduced current

Fig.5 Charging, Discharging and charging states of the proposed configuration

battery voltage, The battery current is Ib which has opposite harmonics. It neglects the possibility of distorting the
direction of flow in charging and discharging mode. Vs and Is grid voltage. This V2G interaction could be utilized to
are the grid voltage and source current respectively. And Irip is improve the efficiency of the grid and for load leveling
the ripple current in DC link. The current coming from grid also. By using the ripple compensation circuit in the
and entering to the grid the grid is sinusoidal and in phase
single phase VSC the size of the DC link capacitor is
with the source voltage. Thus maintaining UPF and
compensate current harmonics. During discharging mode of reduced drastically. It further reduces the overall size of
operation, the injected current is in, 1800 phase shift from the the configuration. Moreover ripple compensation circuit
grid voltage. The converter maintains 400 V across the DC also reduces the ripple current in the circuit
bus while supplying or absorbing the required current. These
simulation results show the bidirectional power flow VIII. APPENDIXES
capability of the proposed configuration. The battery voltage A. Parameters for Single-Phase full bridge boost AC-DC
increases while charging and decreases while discharging. The Converter
voltage profile is shown in Figs.5, between 1s to 1.1s There is Ki1=1.2, kp1=0.5, Ls = 3 mH, Ki2=0.02, kp2=0.85,
change in the mode of operation i.e. from buck mode 3000W, 230V rms, fs = 20 kHz.
operation to boost mode operation and at 1.4s to 1.5s B. Parameters for Bidirectional DC-DC Buck Boost Converter
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Buck, Ki1=1, kp1=0.001 for Boost Ki2=0.65, kp2=0.009, Fs = [3] W. Kempton and J. Tomic, Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From
stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy, Journal.
50 kHz, L0 = 3.21 mH.
Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 280294, Jun. 2005.
[4] Bhim Singh, Brij N. Singh, Ambrish Chandra, Kamal Al-Haddad, Ashish
Pandey and Dwarka P. Kothari, A review of single-phase improved power
quality ACDC converters, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 50,
no. 5, pp. 962-981, Oct. 2003.
[5] Ruxi Wang, Fei (Fred) Wang, Dushan Boroyevich, Rolando Burgos, Rixin
Lai, Puqi Ning, and Kaushik Rajashekara, A high power density single
Fig 6. DC link current ripple with conventional VSC. phase PWM rectifier with active ripple energy storage, IEEE Trans. on
Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 5, May 2011.
[6] T. Shimizu, T. Fujita, G. Kimura, and J. Hirose, A unity power factor
PWM rectifier with DC ripple compensation, IEEE Trans., on Industrial
Electron. vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 447455, Aug. 1997.
[7] Kuo-Hen Chao,Po-Tai Cheng and Tosihisa Shimizu, New control method
for single phase PWM regenerative rectifier with power decoupling
function. IEEE conf. on power electronics drives and energy system, 2009.
Fig.7 DC link ripple current by using ripple compensation circuit [8] M. Jain, M. Daniele and P.K. Jain, A bidirectional DC-DC converter
topology for low power application, IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol.15, no.4, pp.595-606, Jul.2000.
[9] Massimo Ceraola, New Dynamic models of lead-acid batteries, IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, vol.15, no.4, pp. 1184-1190, Nov 2000.
[10]M.C. Kisacikoglu, B. Ozpineci and L.M. Tolbert, Examination of a PHEV
bidirectional charger system for V2G reactive power compensation, in
Proc. of Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference
and Exposition (APEC), 2010, 21-25 Feb.2010, pp.458-465.
[11]Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland and William P. Robbins, Power
Fig.8 Harmonics Spectrum for Discharging Current electronics converters, applications, and design, Wiley India Press (p.)
Ltd. Third Edition, Reprint 2009.
[12]Y. M. Jiang, Development of advanced power factor correction
techniques, Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytech. Inst. State Univ.,
Blacksburg, 1994.

Fig.9 Harmonics Spectrum for Charging Current

TABLE-I. PARAMETERS FOR SINGLE PHASE VSC.

DC link voltage 380V


DC link capacitor 18 mF
Ripple current 10A
No. of IGBTs 4

TABLE II. PARAMETERS FOR SINGLE PHASE VSC.WITH RIPPLE


COMPENSATION CIRCUIT.
DC link voltage 400 V
DC link capacitor 1.5mF
Ripple current 1A
No. of IGBTs 4
Ripple Compensation circuit
Auxiliary capacitor 150F
Auxiliary Inductor 30H
No. of IGBTs 2

IX. REFERENCES
[1] Willett Kempton, Jasna Tomic, Steven Letendre, Alec Brooks, andTimothy
Lipman, Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles
as Resources for Distributed Electric Power in California, Institute of
Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, 2001.
[2] Willett Kempton and Jasna Tomi, Vehicle-to-grid power implementation:
From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy,
Journal of Power Sources, Article in press.

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