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includes an interfacing inductor connecting between single- An AC supply from grid to single phase AC-DC converter
phase AC and a bidirectional AC-DC converter which is has its voltage given as [6, 7],
needed to boost DC output in order to maintain the DC bus Vs ( t ) = Vm sin wt (3)
voltage at 400 V [4]. The bidirectional buck-boost DC-DC
The supply current is given as,
converter shown in Fig.2 is used for charging and discharging
in buck and boost mode respectively. I s ( t ) = I m sin( wt ) (4)
where Vm and Im are the amplitudes of voltage and current,
respectively; is the angle between the supply voltage and
current; and is the supply angular frequency.
The power from the AC grid can be expressed as follows
Vm I m V I
Pi = Vs ( t ) I s ( t ) = cos m m cos(2 wt ) (5)
2 2
The power to the input inductor is given as [5],
PL = wLI 2 m sin( wt ) cos(2 wt ) (6)
The input power to the rectifier can be obtained from (5) and
(6) and is given as,
VI VI wLI2
Pir =Pc +Prip = m m cos{ m m cos(2wt )+ m sin(2wt 2)}(7)
2 2 2
Eq. (7) can be written as constant power Pc and fluctuating
part Prip as,
Pc = 0.5(Vm I m cos ) (8)
whereas Prip the ripple power is a second order harmonics
power and given from Eq.(7) is as,
V I
Fig.1 Proposed Configuration of Bi-directional power flow with ripple Prip = { m m cos(2wt ) + 0.5wLI 2m sin(2wt 2 )} (9)
compensation 2
As seen from Eq. (7) this power consists of two parts i.e. and
III. DESIGN AND WORKING PRINCIPLE ripple power Prip. and constant power is fed to DC load.
The design of the various components of proposed amplitude of AC side fundamental current Is1 is given as,
configuration for bidirectional power flow from power grid to I s1 = 2 Pc / (Vm cos ) (10)
vehicle and vehicle to grid consists of a single phase full With the help of ripple power and amplitude current the ripple
bridge boost AC-DC converter with third leg of ripple energy can be calculated as [5],
compensation circuit, a bidirectional DC-DC boost converter,
and a battery energy storage system. The detailed design of 2wLP 2 c
2 sin 2
E = 0.5* P c + (( 2 Pc ( )) (11)
each part is given in the following sections. rip V m cos
2
cos
A. Bidirectional AC-DC Converter Ripple Energy Analysis[5] Eq. (11) shows the relevance between the ripple energy, the
grid voltage, its frequency, output power, input inductor and
During bidirectional power flow, the interaction between
input power factor. To avoid the DC load from the effect of
the grid and bidirectional AC-DC converter is the main focus.
this ripple energy auxiliary ripple compensation circuit should
This single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter is designed be used [5]. The voltage ripple fluctuation of an auxiliary
for a 3 kW. Fig. 1 shows a circuit of this type of converter. capacitor makes it capable of absorbing ripple power. For a
The fundamental converter voltage Vc is given as, single-phase VSC design, a ripple energy storage capacitor is
Vc = (mVdc ) / 2 (1) used in the DC bus when there is a tight voltage ripple
requirement. From Eq. (11) and the voltage ripple requirement
where m is modulation index, the value of m is considered as
Vdc, the DC bus capacitance can be calculated as,
0.9, and Vdc is the DC link voltage and it is taken as 400 V.
The value of Vc by using eq. (1) is 254.59V. 2wLP2 sin 2
The relation between fundamental converter voltage and C = 0.5* Pc2 + (( 2 c2 Pc ( )) (VdcVdc ) (12)
d V cos cos
source voltage is given as, m
where Pc is constant power and its value is considered as 3kW.
Vc = Vs 2 + ( I s 2 * X l 2 ) (2)
L is interfacing inductor, from Eq. (2) its value of L is
where Vs is rms grid voltage and the value of Vs is 230 V and calculated as 3mH. The power factor is considered unity, the
Is is grid rms current and the value of Is is 13.04 A. The value value of Vm is taken 325V and DC link voltage Vdc is
of =2f is 314 radian/sec. By using eq. (2) the value of grid regulated to 400V. Based on this Eq. (12) the calculated value
inductance is calculated as 3mH. of the DC link capacitor is 18 mF. This is the conventional
design of the DC link capacitor when there is no ripple
3
compensation circuit is used. Detailed design parameters are La [{(2 I cc ) / I max f s }{VCC (V 2 cc / Vdc )}] (21)
given in Appendix A.
The corresponding current rating of the capacitor is given as where Vdc is 400V. Ts = 1/fs , fs is 20 kHz Calculated value of
[5], the La from Eq.(21) is 45 H.
C. Design of Bidirectional Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter
icd = ( 0.707 Prip max ) Vdc (13) Bidirectional buck-boost DC-DC converter is shown in
The ripple power fed to the DC capacitor is given as, Fig.2. The switch S7 is used for boosting while the switch S8 is
used for the buck mode. The relationship between switching
Pcrip = Prip max sin(2 wt ) (14)
frequency f, inductance Li, in buckboost mode is given as,
If capacitor voltage is Vcc, according to power balance
relationship, the differential equation is given as,
fsb = 1/ (2* P * Li )[(1 {1/ (1/ Vdc + 1/ Vo )})] (22)
2
dVcc / dt = (2 Prip max / Ca ) sin(2 wt ) where P is power, Vdc input voltage and V0 is output voltage
(15) and fsb is the switching frequency and its value is 50 kHz. The
Solving differential equation, the auxiliary capacitor voltage is value of P is 3 kW, Vi = Vdc input voltage is 400 V and V0 is
given as, output voltage is 120 V. From Eq. (22) the value of Li is 3.21
mH [8]. Detailed design parameters are given in Appendix B.
Vcc = (Pripmax / Ca w)(k 2wt) (16)
D. Design of Storage Battery
where
2
k = (Vcc Ca w) / Prip max 1, k 1 Battery has an important play an important role in PHEV. A
model of a lead-acid the battery is implemented in
Low frequency capacitor is given as, MATLAB/simulink. Fig. 3 shows a Thevenins equivalent of
Pripmax the storage battery as an energy unit. Its storage capacity is
icc = Pripmax sin(2wt ) (k cos 2wt) (17) represented in kWh which is stored in an equivalent capacitor
Ca w (Cbb) expressed as,
The relation between ripple energy of conventional VSC Cbb = kWh *3600*1000 /{0.5(V 2oc max V 2oc min )} (23)
circuit (Erip) and ripple power of ripple compensation circuit where Vocmax is the terminal voltage of the battery when it is
Ecrip can be explain in terms of K as, fully charged and Vocmin is the terminal voltage of the battery
( K + 1) / 2 = ( Ecrip / Erip ) (18) when it is fully discharged. Here Rs is the equivalent series
where K is coefficient defined as the energy storage margin resistance of the battery, the value of Rs is taken 0.01. The
coefficient. If K=1, the maximum energy stored in the parallel circuit of Rb and Cb represents the self discharging of
capacitor is equal to the ripple energy. Higher the value of K the battery. The value of Rb for this battery is taken as 10k.
means more redundant energy in the DC link capacitor [5]. So Here the battery is designed, having capacity of 3.6 kW for 15
the capacitance selected according to Eq. (16) and Eq.(17) is Hrs, and with the variation in the voltage of order of 107 V to
1.5mF. 137V. The calculated value of Cbb for this battery is from Eq.
If complete charging and discharging of an auxiliary capacitor (23) is calculated as 2114.92 F [9].
using the active method is considered then the minimum E. Working Principle of System
capacitor can be derived as, Charging and discharging modes of the converter are shown
in Figs. 4(a)-4(b), its phase angle, , determines the direction
2Pripmax of the reactive power flow. If is positive, the reactive power
Ca = (19) is fed to the grid, and if is negative, the reactive power is
Vcc max w
where Vcc is the voltage across capacitor (Ca).
Eq.(12) shows the conventional design capacitance Cd needed S7 Li
buck
for compensation of second harmonic ripple power in DC bus, Ib
and Eq.(19) shows the capacitance needed for the idle C0 Rb Cb
Vdc Battery
condition. Vb
B. Ripple Compensation Inductor Selection[5] S8
boost
Vb
Rs
The ripple compensation circuits works in DCM, and the buck boost
Voc
auxiliary inductor is the ripple energy transfer component. Ib
PWM
Inductance La is selected based on two criteria the first Control I*b
criterion is the DCM limit, and the second criterion is the peak
current limit. In order to maintain DCM operation, the
auxiliary inductor selection limit can be calculated as,
provided by the grid to the converter. Different operating
La [{(0.5Ts ) / I cc }(VCC (V 2 cc / Vdc )] (20) modes such as inductive charging, capacitive charging is
where Vdc is 400 V, Vcc =180V, the calculated value of L from shown in Figs. 4(c)-4(d) [10].
Eq.(20) is 30H. The auxiliary inductance needs to be bigger
than a certain value to make sure the peak current is lower
than the requirement as,
4
where Kpv and Kiv are the proportional and integral gains of discharging to charging mode of operation is shown i.e. boost
the voltage controller. This technique is applicable for buck mode of operation to buck mode of operation and at the mean
mode as well as boost mode. The output of the controller Icb(k) time current is 1800 out of phase. It shows that power is
at ksh instant is compared with fixed frequency (fsw) saw-tooth flowing in the reverse direction. In Fig.5 while showing Vs, Is
carrier waveform and inverted saw-tooth carrier wave for to in same axis, Is, grid current is amplified by factor of 10 in
get the control signals.[10,11] order to observe it in comfortably to the given axes. Figs. 6
and 7 show the ripple current in conventional single phase
V. MATLAB BASED MODELING VSC and single phase VSC using ripple compensation circuit.
The simulation model of the proposed system It consists of This shows that the ripple current is reduced by using ripple
modeling of single-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter with compensation circuit. Fig.8 and Fig. 9 show the harmonic
third leg of IGBTs and a ripple compensation circuit. This 1- spectrum of discharging and charging current respectively.
bidirectional AC-DC converter with ripple compensation The THD of the charging as well as discharging current are
circuit is designed for a power of a 3 kW. The detailed of well within the reasonable limit. Table I and table II show the
various are given in Appendix A. Simulation is carried out in comparison between the component selection of conventional
MATLAB/SIMULINK VSC and VSC with ripple compensation circuit. This shows
that the size of the DC link capacitor is reduced in comparison
with conventional PWM VSC.
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Simulated results for the charging and discharging modes VII. CONCLUSION
are shown in Figs. 5 - 8. Fig 5 shows the charging and
discharging profile of the proposed configuration. In these The system under consideration delivered the ac current
results Vdc is DC link voltage and kept at 400V dc, V b is the to and from the grid at UPF and at reduced current
battery voltage, The battery current is Ib which has opposite harmonics. It neglects the possibility of distorting the
direction of flow in charging and discharging mode. Vs and Is grid voltage. This V2G interaction could be utilized to
are the grid voltage and source current respectively. And Irip is improve the efficiency of the grid and for load leveling
the ripple current in DC link. The current coming from grid also. By using the ripple compensation circuit in the
and entering to the grid the grid is sinusoidal and in phase
single phase VSC the size of the DC link capacitor is
with the source voltage. Thus maintaining UPF and
compensate current harmonics. During discharging mode of reduced drastically. It further reduces the overall size of
operation, the injected current is in, 1800 phase shift from the the configuration. Moreover ripple compensation circuit
grid voltage. The converter maintains 400 V across the DC also reduces the ripple current in the circuit
bus while supplying or absorbing the required current. These
simulation results show the bidirectional power flow VIII. APPENDIXES
capability of the proposed configuration. The battery voltage A. Parameters for Single-Phase full bridge boost AC-DC
increases while charging and decreases while discharging. The Converter
voltage profile is shown in Figs.5, between 1s to 1.1s There is Ki1=1.2, kp1=0.5, Ls = 3 mH, Ki2=0.02, kp2=0.85,
change in the mode of operation i.e. from buck mode 3000W, 230V rms, fs = 20 kHz.
operation to boost mode operation and at 1.4s to 1.5s B. Parameters for Bidirectional DC-DC Buck Boost Converter
6
Buck, Ki1=1, kp1=0.001 for Boost Ki2=0.65, kp2=0.009, Fs = [3] W. Kempton and J. Tomic, Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From
stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy, Journal.
50 kHz, L0 = 3.21 mH.
Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 280294, Jun. 2005.
[4] Bhim Singh, Brij N. Singh, Ambrish Chandra, Kamal Al-Haddad, Ashish
Pandey and Dwarka P. Kothari, A review of single-phase improved power
quality ACDC converters, IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 50,
no. 5, pp. 962-981, Oct. 2003.
[5] Ruxi Wang, Fei (Fred) Wang, Dushan Boroyevich, Rolando Burgos, Rixin
Lai, Puqi Ning, and Kaushik Rajashekara, A high power density single
Fig 6. DC link current ripple with conventional VSC. phase PWM rectifier with active ripple energy storage, IEEE Trans. on
Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 5, May 2011.
[6] T. Shimizu, T. Fujita, G. Kimura, and J. Hirose, A unity power factor
PWM rectifier with DC ripple compensation, IEEE Trans., on Industrial
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[7] Kuo-Hen Chao,Po-Tai Cheng and Tosihisa Shimizu, New control method
for single phase PWM regenerative rectifier with power decoupling
function. IEEE conf. on power electronics drives and energy system, 2009.
Fig.7 DC link ripple current by using ripple compensation circuit [8] M. Jain, M. Daniele and P.K. Jain, A bidirectional DC-DC converter
topology for low power application, IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol.15, no.4, pp.595-606, Jul.2000.
[9] Massimo Ceraola, New Dynamic models of lead-acid batteries, IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, vol.15, no.4, pp. 1184-1190, Nov 2000.
[10]M.C. Kisacikoglu, B. Ozpineci and L.M. Tolbert, Examination of a PHEV
bidirectional charger system for V2G reactive power compensation, in
Proc. of Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference
and Exposition (APEC), 2010, 21-25 Feb.2010, pp.458-465.
[11]Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland and William P. Robbins, Power
Fig.8 Harmonics Spectrum for Discharging Current electronics converters, applications, and design, Wiley India Press (p.)
Ltd. Third Edition, Reprint 2009.
[12]Y. M. Jiang, Development of advanced power factor correction
techniques, Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytech. Inst. State Univ.,
Blacksburg, 1994.
IX. REFERENCES
[1] Willett Kempton, Jasna Tomic, Steven Letendre, Alec Brooks, andTimothy
Lipman, Vehicle-to-Grid Power: Battery, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles
as Resources for Distributed Electric Power in California, Institute of
Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, 2001.
[2] Willett Kempton and Jasna Tomi, Vehicle-to-grid power implementation:
From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy,
Journal of Power Sources, Article in press.