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sions. are a very strong function of
temperature and a we&er function of
excess oxygen.
With waste gases that do not already 95
loo
contain CO, CO emissions will be less /
than 0.02 Ib/MM BTU of heat release /
S'
if operating temperatures are greater /
than 1,600"F. The CO emissions in-
crease exponentially below 1,60VF
and can be as high as 0.10 Lb/MM
BTU of heat release at 1,400"F.
Many times, CO is a constituent of
waste gases. It has a relatively high
AIT (1,128'F) and, as such, is more
difficult to destroy than most VOCs. A
plot of temperature versus destruction
efficiency for CO is shown on Figure I ~
assuming at least 3.0% oxygen in the 1400 1450 1500 1550 I600 I650
combustion products. The dramatic af- TEMPERATURE ("F]
fect of operating temperature is evi-
dent. Figure 1. Carbon monoxide destruction versus temperature.
RELATIVE
THERMAL
NOx
I I I ! ! I
Ibbb 1800 2000 2200 2400 5
COMEUSrOR TEMPERATURE iTJ
% OXYGEN IN PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION b
4I A
-
A schematic of an actual air-staged
thermal oxidation system is shown on
Figure 6 for a waste gas without nitro-
MTURU
Rf:iElNG OXlDlZlNG OFF-GAS gen bearing compounds. Here, the air
QAS
14s.) UIBTWIR)
ZONE TO STACK and waste gas (Absorber Off-Gas) . ~
1642 *F (12 PPM NOx) streams are split such that the upstream
zone of the thermal oxidizer is operat-
ing substoichiometric or reducing. By
combusting the waste gas and auxiliary ~
4
In this case, the organic constituents
-
of the waste gas were propane, propy-
lene, acrylic acid, acetic acid, formal-
R::{ZNG OXlDlZlNG OFF-GAS dehyde, and acrolein. The VOC de-
NAPRIA
P . # MB W R ) ZONE TOSTACK struction efficiency was 99.91% at
2600F 1800 "F 1,550'F and 99.997% at 1,650'E For
this case, CO was also a major constit-
uent of the waste gas at concentrations
near 1.0%.CO destruction efficiencies
Figure 7. Schematic 01 staged-air combustion system with wastes having chemically bound were 92.4% at 1,550"F and 99.96% at
nitrogen. 1,650'F.
Another staged-air system is shown
WASlEWulDs on Figure 7. In this case, the wastes
consist of compounds with chemically
bound nitrogen. These compounds
produce extremely high levels of NO,
if oxidized using a single-stage design:
however, by staging the air entry, a
high-temperature-reducing zone oc-
NMHl
4
(0.6 w BTwlRl
*
R::{ZNG
2600%
OXlDlZlNG
ZONE
1800 O F
- OFF-GAS
TO STACK
curs upstream of the oxidizing zone.
Due to the absence of excess oxygen in
the reducing zone, nitrogen com-
pounds are converted primarily to mo-
lecular nitrogen gas rather than NO,.
Also, CO and hydrogen produced un-
der reducing conditions react with the
small amount of NO, that is formed
Figure 0. Schematic of tueiatage thermal oxidation system. and convert it back to molecular nitro- ~
ond is injected downstream to com- nitrogen to molecular nitrogen rather sions, only about 2% (by weight) of
plete combustion. than NO,. To achieve a high level of the chemically bound nitrogen was
Air staging can also be applied to NO, reduction, the reducing zone sto- converted to NO,.
the overall thermal oxidizer design. ichiometty must be controlled in a Fuel staging can also be used to
This is typically done with wastes con- range of 0.5 to 0.8. The resulting tem- minimize NO, formation. In contrast
taining large quantities of nitrogen perature falls in the range of 1,500 to to air staging, the fuel is split into two
compounds. Operating under reducing 2,800'F. Fuel-bound NO, reductions streams. A portion of the fuel is mixed
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