IAETSD JOURNAL FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCES, VOLUME 4, ISSUE 4, SEPT /2017

ISSN (ONLINE): 2394-8442

A REVIEW PAPER ON POWER QUALITY ISSUES AND MITIGATION

STRATEGIES
ANIL TEKALE1, DINESH NAWANI2, NILAM BELKAR3, VISHAL DEVKAR4
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Savitribai Phule Pune University,
2, 3, 4
Student, Department of Electrical Engineering, Savitribai Phule Pune University
1
aniltekale@parikrama.edu.in, 2ndinesh.elect@gmail.com, 3nilambelkar22@gmail.com, 4vishaldevkarelect@gmail.com

ABSTRACT.

The objective of Electric power system is to generate electrical energy and distribute that energy to the end
user appliance at an acceptable voltage. The major reason behind the deteriorations of the power quality is
nonlinearity in loads which draws harmonics. Due to that nonlinearity all load causes disturbances in the voltage
waveform. Some of the power quality issues like voltage sag, fluctuations, flickers, voltage spikes and voltage swell
come in the system. So in this paper we reviewed power quality issues and their associated causes and also some of
the devices that can fulfil all these demands regarding voltage sag and swell compensations.

Keywords Power Quality, Voltage Sag, Harmonic Distortion, Nonlinear Load, Quasi Z-Source Converter

I. INTRODUCTION
The term power quality is nothing but maintain a sinusoidal waveform of bus voltages at rated voltage and frequency which is purely free from
any distortion. Usually the prime objective of power utility companies is to provide their consumers an uninterrupted sinusoidal voltage of
constant amplitude. In power system there are many power conversion stages and also equipments are employed for these purposes which are
designed to operate on sinusoidal voltage waveform. However many devices among that distort the waveform. These distortions may disturb all
over electrical network and non-sinusoidal current flows through the electrical network. As nonlinear load draw harmonic & reactive power
components of current from ac mains. In three phase system they could also cause unbalance and draw excessive neutral currents. The injected
Harmonics and reactive power burden unbalance and excessive neutral currents cause low system efficiency and Poor power factor. Due to that
other consumers also get disturbed and cause interference near to by communication network. In that paper all these problems of power quality
and their mitigation using electronic devices are explained.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Power quality issues in distributed generation system by environmental changes and also change in load authored by Prakash K Ray, Soumya R
Mohanty are presented that solar irradiance forms voltage sag and swell system [1]. Power Quality Improvement Using Compensating Type
Custom Power Devices: A Review [2] which presents that custom power devices like Dynamic Voltage Restorer, Distribution Static
Compensator; Unified Power Quality Conditioner can enhance the power quality. Anurag Agarwal, Sanjiv Kumar, Sajid Ali Presented [3] the
investigation of power quality problems , the effects of harmonics on the power quality, the ways of evaluating the amount of harmonic
distortion present in the power system which lead to isolate the cause of the problem and finally device a solution for good power quality. In
switched DC sources based novel multilevel inverter [4] Tekale Anil A explained that the reducing no of switches can be advantageous to reduce
switching losses which is helpful to overcome total harmonic distortion. P. M. Balasubramaniam and S. U. Prabha explained that a review on
main power quality problems with their associated causes and solution with their standards and codes where solutions for mitigation of power
quality us also elaborated [5]. Swapna P. God and Anil Tekale explained in paper [6] that to boost the voltage from low level to high level how
exactly quasi Z-source network works and as per this reference we are thinking to add Buck-Boost concept into proposed system to improve
power quality issues.

To Cite This Article: Anil Tekale, Dinesh Nawani, Nilam Belkar and Vishal Devkar,.A Review Paper on Power
Quality Issues and Mitigation Strategies. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4,
Sept-2017; Pages: 51-57
52. Anil Tekale, Dinesh Nawani, Nilam Belkar and Vishal Devkar,.A Review Paper on Power Quality Issues and Mitigation
Strategies. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 51-57

III. POWER QUALITY ISSUES

The most common power quality issues are described as follows:

A. Voltage Sag or Dip

A decrease of the normal voltage levels between 10 and 90% of the nominal rams voltage at the power frequency, for durations of 0, 5 cycles to
1 minute as shown in fig. 1. The major causes behind the voltage sag or dip is nothing but the faults occurred on the transmission or distribution
network most of the times it is on parallel feeders. Also faults take place at the users installation time as well as connection of heavy or
nonlinear load and startup of motors may cause this voltage sag or dip issues. There are multiple effects of this sag like malfunctioning of
information technology equipment, microprocessor based systems like PCs and PLCs may lead to system stoppage. Voltage sag also effects on
contactor tripping so that disconnection and loss of efficiency takes place in rotating machines

Figure 1
B. Micro Interruptions

Total interruption of electrical supply for time period of few milliseconds to one or two seconds as shown in fig. 2

Figure 2

Micro interruptions are mainly because of opening and reclosing of protective devices as well as insulation failure, lightening and flashovers.
These type of interruptions mainly effects on tripping of protection devices also loss of information and stoppage of sensitive equipments.
53. Anil Tekale, Dinesh Nawani, Nilam Belkar and Vishal Devkar,.A Review Paper on Power Quality Issues and Mitigation
Strategies. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 51-57

C. Long Interruptions

We can consider this type of interruption when supply is disconnected for more than one or two seconds as shown in fig. 3

Figure.3
In power system when equipment fails due to storms and if any object striking to the power lines also due to failure of protection devices
these types of interruptions are occurred. All equipment get stop while long interruption take place.

D. Voltage Spikes

It is nothing but very fast variation of the voltage value for durations from a several microseconds to few milliseconds. These variations may
reach thousands of volts, even in low voltage which is due to Lightning, switching of lines or power factor correction capacitors, disconnection
of heavy loads as shown in fig. 4.

Figure.4
These voltage spikes consequence destruction of electronic components and of insulation materials, data processing errors or data loss,
electromagnetic interference.

E. Voltage Swells

At the power frequency there is momentary increase in the voltage outside the normal tolerances with duration of more than one cycle and
typically less than a few seconds as shown in fig. 5

Figure.5
The voltage swell is mainly due to Start/stop of heavy loads, badly dimensioned power sources, badly regulated transformers during off-peak
hours.
54. Anil Tekale, Dinesh Nawani, Nilam Belkar and Vishal Devkar,.A Review Paper on Power Quality Issues and Mitigation
Strategies. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 51-57

F. Voltage Fluctuation

Figure.6
As shown in fig. 6, Fluctuation means the ooscillations of voltage value where amplitude modulated by a signal with frequency of 0 to 30 Hz
which causes due to the frequently on off and oscillating load.

G. Voltage Unbalance

It is a voltage variation in a three-phase system in which three voltage magnitudes or the phase-angle differences between them are not equal
which is caused by incorrect distribution of loads by three phases of system. The consequence of this problem is increasing the losses as shown
in fig. 7.

Figure.7
H. Harmonic Distortion

It means the voltage or current waveforms assume non-sinusoidal in shape. The waveform corresponds to the sum of different sine-waves with
different magnitude and phase, having frequencies that are multiples of power-system frequency. See Fig.8
55. Anil Tekale, Dinesh Nawani, Nilam Belkar and Vishal Devkar,.A Review Paper on Power Quality Issues and Mitigation
Strategies. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 51-57

Figure.8

IV. MITIGATION TECHNIQUES FOR POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

There are different levels like transmission, Distribution and the end use equipment where the mitigation of power quality issues takes place.
To reduce these power quality issues there is necessity of proper transmission and distribution grid, with adequate planning and maintenance.

1) Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)

It is power device which consists of series and shunt APFs for compensation of voltage and current where it permits to mitigate such voltage and
current disturbances which could consequence to sensitive electrical loads. To reduce such distortion UPQC is placed on distribution network.
The major function of UPQC includes:

1. Voltage Regulation
2. Reactive Power Compensation
3. Unbalance compensation for current and voltage
4. Compensation for Voltage sags and swells
5. Neutral current compensation in 3 Phase 4 wire system

In UPQC, PWM converter is acts as a controlled voltage source, which behaves as a series Active Power Filter where the shunt PWM converter
is act as a controlled current source. There is no power supply given to the DC link, which contains small capacitor as an energy storage element.
The shunt active filter of the UPQC is able to mitigate all undesirable current parameters including harmonics which are imbalanced due to zero
and negative sequence components at the fundamental frequency.

Figure.9
56. Anil Tekale, Dinesh Nawani, Nilam Belkar and Vishal Devkar,.A Review Paper on Power Quality Issues and Mitigation
Strategies. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 51-57

The series active filter can mitigate the all the problems related to the voltage by injecting the voltage in series with line to obtain distortion free
voltage at the load terminal. To control the UPQC, we use normally following strategies:

a. Voltage and current signals are sensed by using power transformer and voltage sensor where we sense the voltage signal whereas to
sense current signal we use current sensor and power transformer.
b. By using Frequency and Time domain method we can compensate the commands in terms of voltage and current levels.
c. By using either PWM or Fuzzy Logic we generate the gating pulses for semiconductors switching purpose.

2) Active Filters

To improve the voltage balance, eliminate voltage harmonics, regulate terminal voltage and smother voltage flicker in three phase system,
Active Filters are used. Selection of components of active filters is important part for better performance where power electronics devices are
main component. To control Active Filter there are some strategies as follows:

a. Signal Conditioning- To implement the control algorithm multiple instantaneous voltage and current signals are required. The parameters of
active filter like load currents, Supply currents, compensating currents and DC link current can be measured by sensing the current using
power transformer and current sensor whereas by using power transformer or Hall Effect voltage sensors or isolation amplifiers we can
sense voltage signals.
b. Signal Compensation- The derivation for signal compensation can be formed by using frequency and time domain compensation where in
frequency domain control strategy is based on Fourier analysis of the disturbed voltage to extract compensating signals. The Time domain
control method is based on instantaneous compensating signals in terms of voltage or current signals from disturbed and harmonic pulled
voltage and current signals. By subtracting load currents from supply currents, compensating current signals can be obtained.
c. Gate Pulse Generation for Converter- The next stage is to generate gate signals for power electronic devices of the active filters is based on
compensating signals in terms of voltage or currents. To obtain control signals for the switching devices of active filters there are different
methods like PWM control, Sliding mode current control, Deadbeat Control and fuzzy based control schemes are implemented.

3) DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer)

DVR is method of overcoming voltage sags that occur in electric power distribution. Through voltage injections the DVR saves the energy that
affect the phase and wave shape of the power being supplied. The operating principle of DVR is to inject the voltage of the magnitude and
necessary frequency to restore the load side voltage. The DVR is a solid state DC to AC switching power converter. The energy source may
change according to the design of the DVR, but the frequently used DC capacitors and batteries drawn from the line through a rectifier. The
energy source is connected to the DVR through DC input terminal. In normal conditions, the dynamic voltage restore operates in standby mode.
During disturbances, the system voltage is compared to the voltage variation. The reactive power switching between DVR and the distribution
system is generated by DVR without AC passive reactive components.

Figure.10
4) Fuzzy Logic Controller

Fuzzy theory has been employed in control area with many applications of DC-DC converter system. At the same time fuzzy logic controller is
suitable for both small signal and large signal dynamic performance which is not possible with linear control technique. Hence fuzzy logic
controller has ability to improve the robustness of converter. Input data is converted into suitable related values with helpful fuzzy friction
interface. The inputs of fuzzy logic controllers are the error and change of error as the output voltage. The change in error and two variables
error are used in fuzzy logic system.
57. Anil Tekale, Dinesh Nawani, Nilam Belkar and Vishal Devkar,.A Review Paper on Power Quality Issues and Mitigation
Strategies. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences. Volume 4, Issue 4, Sept-2017; Pages: 51-57

V. CONCLUSIONS
The Paper explains a comprehensive review by critical analysis of power quality issues and their solutions. Various issues regarding power
quality is discussed in this paper also mentioned some kind of solutions to mitigate proper issues. The semiconductors which are considered
heart of computer industry but due to nonlinearity of that electronic devices they may effects on safe or reliable computer operation. The paper
represents that UPQC, Active Power Filters, Dynamic Voltage Restore and fuzzy logic controller can mitigate the all problems of power quality
at the distribution levels. So the consumer can select any mitigation technique which depends upon the type of system to overcome the power
quality issues.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is not possible to do such thing without any sharer so we are glad to thank our guide Mr. Anil Tekale who instructs us at every stage of this
work. Dr. Ashwinikumar who gave us his important time to do such work so we dont want to miss this opportunity to thank him. All other
partners who played invisible role behind this paper, to all of them we wish a very grateful thank

REFERENCES

[1]. Classification of power quality disturbances due to environmental characteristics in distributed generation system Prakash K Ray,
Soumya R Mohanty, IEEE Transactions on sustainable Energy, VOL 4 , NO. 2, APRIL 2013.

[2]. Power Quality Improvement Using Compensating Type Custom Power Devices: A Review Omkar Pawar, P. Marshall arockia Dass, Dr.
A Peer Fathima, NCSET-2016, vol 4, issue 6, 155-158.

[3]. A Research Review of Power Quality Problems in Electrical Power System, Anurag Agarwal, Sanjiv Kumar, Sajid Ali, MIT International
Journal of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, Aug. 2012, pp. (88-93)

[4]. Switched DC Sources based novel multilevel inverter Tekale Anil A, Ghule Puja R, Thombare Shubhangi, Agale Priyanka, International
Research Journal of Engineering and Technology vol. 4, issue. 6, June 2017, (123-127)

[5]. Power Quality Issues, Solutions and Standards: A Technology Review, P. M. Balasubramaniam, S. U. Prabha, Journal of Applied
Science and Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 371_380 (2015)

[6]. Swapna P. God, Anil Tekale and Mallareddy C. Control Scheme Based on Quasi Z-Source Network for Four Switch BLDC Motor
International Journal Research and Development 5.7 (2017): 461-464.