Hashemite University 9/24/2012

The Hashemite University

Department of Civil Engineering

Introduction to Earthquake Engineering

Seismology

Dr.HazimDwairi

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Introduction
Earthquakesmayresultofanumberofnatural
and human induced phenomena including:
andhumaninducedphenomena,including:
Meteoricimpact
Volcanicactivity
Undergroundnuclearexplosions
Rockstresschangesduetofillinglargehumanmade
reservoirs
Relativedeformationsattheboundariesofcrustal
tectonicplates
ThevastmajorityofdamagingEQsoriginateator
adjacenttotheboundariesoftectonicplates.
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Introduction
Relativedeformations
betweenplatesmay
reach several meters
reachseveralmeters
beforefaultingoccur
Typically,theboundaries
ofplatesdonotconsist
ofsimplesinglefault
surfaces.
Itsworthnoting,that
Its worth noting that
faultsystemmapsare
incomplete,withnew
faultsbeingdiscovered
continuously.
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FaultMovement

A
B
B
A
(a) Strike-slip fault (b) Normal-slip fault
(left slip), AB = strike-slip AB = dip-slip

A
B B
A

(c) Reverse slip fault (d) Left-oblique-slip fault

(Thrust or Subduction) AB = oblique slip

AB = reverse slip
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FaultRupture(Chi
ChiEQ,Taiwan,1999,M=7.1)

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Terminology
Hypocenterorfocusorsource:therupture
pointwithintheearthcrust.
i t ithi th th t
Epicenter:thepointontheearthssurface
abovethehypocenter.
Focaldepth:distancebetweenhypocenter
and epicenter
andepicenter.
Focaldistance:distancebetweenhypocenter
andanyreferencepoint.

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SeismicWaves
Energyreleasesbyearthquakepropagatesby
different types of body waves:
differenttypesofbodywaves:
Pwaves(primaryordilatationwaves):arrivefirst
whichinvolveparticlemovementinthedirectionof
propagation.
Pwavescantravelthoughsolids,liquids,andgases
Swaves(secondaryorshearwave)arrivesecond
whichinvolveparticlemovementperpendiculartothe
hi h i l ti l t di l t th
directionofpropagation.
Swavesdonttravelthroughliquidsorgasessincethese
donthaveanyshearstrength.

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BodyWaves

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LocatingEpicenter
PandSwaveshavedifferent
velocities vp andv
velocitiesv and vs.PandS
P and S
wavesatagivensiteare
proportionaltothefocal Recording
Station
distancexf. x1

RecordingofthePStime
Recording of the P S time
interval(T)atthreeormore
nonlinearstationsenables Epicenter x2
thepositioningofthe x3
epicenter.
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SurfaceWaves
Whenbodywavesreachthegroundsurfacethey
reflect,butalsogeneratesurfacewaveswhich
include:
Lovewaves(Lwaves):producehorizontalmotion
transversetothedirectionofpropagation.
Rayleighwaves(Rwaves):produceacircularmotion
analogoustothemotionofoceanwaves.
Inbothcases,theamplitudeofthesewaves
, p
reduceswithdepthfromsurface.
Becausesurfacewavevelocitiesarelow,they
arriveafterbodywaves.

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SurfaceWaves

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MagnitudeandIntensity
Magnitude:isameasureoftheenergyreleasedduringand
earthquake,thusdefinesthesizeoftheseismicevent.
Intensity:isasubjectiveassessmentoftheeffectofthe
earthquakeatagivenlocationandisnotdirectlyrelatedto
magnitude.
TheacceptedmeasureofmagnitudeisRichterscale.The
magnitude(M)isrelatedtothemaximumtracedeformation
atadistanceof100kmfromtheepicenter.
p
Theacceptedrelationshipbetweenenergyrelease(E)and
Richtermagnitude(M)is:

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MagnitudeandPotentialDamage
Magnitude Potential Damage
< M5 Rarely cause significant structural damage
M5 ~ M6 Cause structural damage over quite small area. 1986,
M5.4, San Salvador EQ, caused damage over an area of =
100 km2
M6 ~ M7 The area of potential damage is quite large. 1971 San
Fernando EQ (M6.4) caused structural damage over an
area = 2000 km2
M7 ~ M8 Causes damage over an area of = 10,000 km2 . Tangshan
Earthquake, China, 1976.
> M8 Great Earthquakes, capable of causing damage over area
of = 100,000 km2. (Alaska 1964 & Chilea 1960)

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Mercalli Scale
AcceptablemeasureofintensityisMercalliscale.
DevelopedbyMercalliin1902andmodifiedbyWoodand
Developed by Mercalli in 1902 and modified by Wood and
Neumannin1931
MM I Not felt
MM II Felt by persons at rest on upper floors
MM III Felt in doors. Hanging objects swing. Vibration like
passing light trucks
MM IV Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing heavy
trucks, ..

MM XII Damage nearly total.

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Seismometers
Basicprinciple:
mass
massattachedtoamoveable
attached to a moveable
frame,whenframeisshakenby
seismicwavestheinertiaofthe
masscausesitsmotiontolag
behindrelativemotion
recordedonrotatingdrum,on
magnetictapeordigitally
g p g y
Massisdampedtoprevent
continuedoscillationThislimits
thefrequencyresponseofthe Schematic of mechanical
seismometer seismometer

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StrongMotionSeismometer
Designedtopickupstrong,highamplitude
shakingclosetoquakesource.Insensitivetoweak
h ki l t k I iti t k
shaking.
Recordhorizontalandverticalground
accelerations
Gralp Systems Ltd
Theseseismometersrecord
groundaccelerationsin
opticalordigitalformasa
timehistoryrecord
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1995AqabaEQAccelerations
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)

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AccelerographStationsinJordanPalestineArea

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2005Earthquakes

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Remarks
Influenceofsoilstiffness:softsoilstendto
modify the characteristics of strong motion
modifythecharacteristicsofstrongmotion
recordbyamplificationinlongperiodrange.
Directionaleffect:fractureinitiatesatapoint
andpropagatesinoneorbothdirections.A
buildinginthedirectionofpropagationmay
experience enhanced peak accelerations
experienceenhancedpeakaccelerations.
Geographicalamplifications:steepridgesmay
amplifystrongmotionrecords.

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Direction of
fracture
propagation Fault line
Extensive damage

No damage 50m

200m 1000m

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