Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONDUCTOR TIINIFIC:
Prof. Univ. Dr. URSULA STNESCU
DOCTORAND:
Farm. Drd. Silvia Robu
IAI - 2012
ABREVIERI
2
Lucrarea este structurat pe dou pri ce cuprind 6 capitole, dintre
care 5 constituie partea personal.
TEZA prezint urmtorul CUPRINS:
Parte general
Capitolul I. Cunotine farmacobotanice, fitochimice i biologice actuale privind speciile
de Lavandula....................................................................................................................5
Parte personal.................................................................................................33
Capitolul II. Material. metode i tehnici de lucru..............................-...........................35
2.1. Prezentarea materialului vegetal luat n studiu i proveniena acestuia....................35
2.2. Analiza farmacognostic...........................................................................................36
2.2.1. Cercetri histo-anatomice.
2.2.1.1. Metode i tehnici utilizate n cercetrile histo-anatomice
asupra aparatului vegetative la plantele mature prelevate
2.2.1.2. Metode i tehnici utilizate n cercetrile de morfogenez
floral
2.2.2. Analiza farmacognostic macroscopic
2.2.3. Studiul microscopic al elementelor caracteristice n pulberile de
Lavandulae flos
2.3. Studiul fitochimic al probelor de levnic................................................................41
2.3.1. Metode de extracie aplicate...................................................................46
2.3.1.1. Obinerea epuizatelor metanolice/extractelor hidroalcoolice
2.3.1.2. Obinerea tincturilor
2.3.1.3. Obinerea fraciunilor volatile
2.3.2. Analiza chimic calitativ.......................................................................50
2.3.2.1. Cromatografia pe strat subire pentru derivai flavonoidici
2.3.2.2. Analiza cromatografic a acizilor polifenolici
2.3.2.3. Analiza cromatografic pe strat subire pentru compui
volatili
2.3.3. Analiza chimic cantitativ....................................................................................57
2.3.3.1. Determinri spectrofotometrice
2,3.3.2. Analiza prin cromatografie n faz lichid de nalt
performan (HPLC) a polifenolilor
2.3.3.3. Determinarea compuilor volatili
2.4. Determinarea activitii biologice.............................................................................58
2.4.1. Determinarea activitii antioxidante......................................................58
2.4.1.1. Determinarea capacitii de scavenger de radicali liberi
2.4.1.2. Determinarea capacitii de chelatare a ionului feros
2.4.2. Determinarea activitii antimicrobiene a unor uleiuri volatile de
levnic............................................................................................................62
3
Capitolul III . Analiza farmacognostic macro -i microscopic a florilor
de Lavandula angustifolia Mill............. ..........................................65
3.1. Introducere............................................................................................................65
3.2. Material i metod.................................................................................................66
3.3. Rezultate i discuii................................................................................................67
3.3.1. Caractere histo-anatomice la Lavandula angustifolia Mill.
3.3.1.1. Caracterizarea histo-anatomic a organelor vegetative
A. RDCINA
B. TULPINA AERIAN
C. TULPINA SUBTERAN
D. FRUNZA
3.3.1.2. Caracterizarea histo-anatomic a inflorescenei
A. STRUCTURA AXEI INFLORESCENEI
B. STRUCTURA FLORII
3.3.2. Analiza farmacognostic macroscopic a florilor de levnic
3.3.3. Analiza farmacognostic microscopic a florilor de levnic
3.4. Concluzii................................................................................................................90
4.1. Tatonri privind compoziia chimic a uleiurilor volatile separate din flori de
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. recoltate din aceeai locaie, n doi ani consecutivi
(2004/2005)................................................................................................................ ....91
4.1.1. Introducere....................................................................................................91
4.1.2. Material i metod de lucru..........................................................................92
4.1.3. Rezultate i discuii.......................................................................................92
4.1.4. Concluzii.................................................................................. .....................99
4.2. Uleiuri volatile de Lavandula studiate din punct de vedere chimic n 2007.........100
4.2.1. Introducere..................................................................................................100
4.2.2. Material i metod de lucru.........................................................................100
4.2.3. Rezultate i discuii................................................................................... .101
4.2.3.1. Studiul unor uleiuri de levnic provenite de la flori
recoltate n 2007 din Grdina Botanic din Galai
4.2.3.2. Cercetri privind compoziia chimic a unor uleiuri de
levnic comerciale
4.2.4. Concluzii........................................................................................................115
4.3. Contribuii la studiul chimic al uleiului volatil obinut prin hidrodistilare din flori de
Lavandula recoltate n anul 2008....................................................................................116
4.3.1. Introducere.....................................................................................................116
4.3.2. Material i metode de lucru............................................................................116
4
4.3.3. Rezultate i discuii....................................................................................116
4.3.4. Concluzii.................................................................................. ..................124
4.4. Contribuii la studiul chimic al uleiului volatil obinut prin hidrodistilare din flori de
Lavandula recoltate n anul 2009............................................................................. .126
4.4.1.Introducere............................................................................................... 126
4.4.2. Material i metod de lucru......................................................................126
4.4.3. Rezultate i discuii...................................................................................127
4.4.3.1. Cercetri privind diferenele compoziionale dintre uleiul
volatil extras din flori de levnic proaspete respectiv uscate
4.5.3.2. Compoziia chimic determinat pentru cinci uleiuri volatile
de Lavandula provenite din culturi realizate n 2009 n Grdina
Botanic din Galai
4.4.4. Concluzii....................................................................................... .............141
4.5. Analiza uleiurilor volatile de Lavandula obinute n cursul anului 2010............143
4.5.1. Introducere.................................................................................................143
4.5.2. Material i metode de lucru........................................................................143
4.5.3. Rezultate i discuii....................................................................................145
4.5.3.1. Studiul compoziiei chimice a uleiurilor volatile separate din
flori de levnic - sursa CCB Piatra Neam
4.5.3.2. Cercetri privind compoziia fraciunilor volatile extrase din
inflorescene de Lavandula cultivat la SCDA Secuieni
4.5.3.3. Studiul compoziiei chimice a cinci uleiuri de levnic
separate din flori recoltate de la Grdina Botanic din Galai
4.5.4. Concluzii........................................................................................................ 169
4.6. Cercetri cu privire la compoziia fraciunii polifenolice din florile de levnic....170
4.6.1. Introducere.............................................................................................170
4.6.2. Material i metode de lucru....................................................................170
4.6.3. Rezultate i discuii................................................................................172
4.6.3.1 Tatonri privind extracia i coninutul in polifenoli a florilor
unor subspecii/varieti de cultur de Lavandula angustifolia
4.6.3.2. Cercetri privind compoziia chimic a fraciunii polifenolice
existente n florile de Lavandula
A. DETERMINAREA FLAVONOIDELOR
B. DETERMINAREA POLIFENOLILOR TOTALI
C. DETERMINAREA ACIZILOR HIDROXICINAMICI
4.6.3.3. Analiza prin cromatografie n faz lichid de nalt
performan a polifenolilor existeni n Lavandulae flos
4.6.4. Concluzii..............................................................................................187
Capitolul V. Contribuii la studiul activitii biologice a unor fraciuni
separate din Lavandulae flos...........................................................190
5.1. Obiective................................................................................................................190
5
5.2. Evaluarea in vitro a potenialul antioxidant al extractelor obinute din inflorescenele
de lavanda............................................................................................. .........................196
5.2.1. Introducere
5.2.2. Material i metod
5.2.3. Rezultate i discuii
5.2.3.1. Stabilirea coninutului n polifenoli totali
5.2.3.2. Determinarea activitii de scavenger de radicali liberi
5.2.3.3. Stabilirea capacitii de chelatare a ionului feros
5.4. Concluzii.........................................................................................................204
Bibliografie.....................................................................................................................212
Lista lucrri publicate.....................................................................................................224
6
INTRODUCERE
Florile de levnic i uleiul volatil separat din acestea sunt
mult utilizate n terapeutic [Abuhamdah S, 2008], att la noi n
ar, ct mai ales n Comunitatea European, unde n ultimul
deceniu s-au efectuat cercetri intense, care au avut ca rezultat
ducerea pe piaa farmaceutic a unui nou medicament, Lasea,
coninnd sub denumirea de silexan, Lavandulae aetheroleum
mbogit cu linalool. Produsul se adreseaz tratamentului
sindromului de anxietate generalizat (GAD) i formei
subsindromale a acestuia [Bruning E, 2011].
7
Din acest motiv, obiectivele cercetrii au constat n:
stabilirea caracterelor morfo-anatomice a unor specii/
subspecii de cultur de Lavandula cultivate n Romnia;
evaluarea coninutului n ulei volatil extras prin
hidrodistilare i stabilirea profilului chimic al acestora prin
analiza gaz-cromatografic cuplat cu spectrometrie de
mas (GC-MS);
urmrirea variabilitii compoziionale a uleiului volatil n
funcie de factori climatici (an de cultur, temperatur i
nivel de precipitaii medii, solarizare), locaia de
provenien, vrsta plantei, momentul din perioada de
vegetaie cnd se preleveaz probele de material vegetal,
natura drogului analizat (flori/inflorescene),
aprecierea calitii farmaceutice i aromaterapeutice a
uleiurilor volatile separate;
studiul chimic calitativ al flavonoidelor i al derivailor de
tip acizi polifenolcarboxilici [FRX, 1993];
testarea activitii antimicrobiene a fraciunilor volatile;
stabilirea concentraiei minime inhibitorii (CMI) si a
concentraiei minime bactericide (CMB) [NCCLS, 2009];
evaluarea in vitro a potentialului antioxidant al extractelor
de Lavandulae sp. prin 2 teste.
8
Analiza fitochimic a apelat la metode de cromatografie pe
strat subire, gaz-cromatografie cuplat cu spectrometrie de mas,
determinri spectrofotometrice i cromatografie de lichide de nalt
performan (HPLC).
Investigarea aciunii biologice a urmrit dou aspecte i
anume:aciunea antioxidant i aciunea antimicrobian i
antifungic.
n acest scop am apelat la metode de determinare a aciunii de
scavenger de RLO i a capacitii de chelatare a ionului feros,
metode de determinare a activitii antimicrobiene.
n prima faz am ncercat s caracterizm din punct de
vedere histoanatomic diferitele organe vegetative pentru
Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Lavandula angustifolia ssp.
anguustifolia, i Lavandula angustifolia ssp pyrenaica.
Diferenele identificate sunt mici i mai mult de ordin
cantitativ, dup cum reiese din imaginile prezentate n fig. 1.
9
De asemeni, o serie de elemente microscopice difereniale cum
ar fi fost perii tectori i glandulari au acelai aspect, diferene
existnd doar cu privire la densitatea lor pe unitatea de suprafa.
10
n concluzie, deosebirile de structur ntre cele 2 subspecii,
angustifolia i pyrenaica sunt mici i doar de ordin cantitativ chiar
i la nivelul florilor care sunt singurele oficinalle.
Comparativ cu L. angustifolia ssp angustifolia, L. angustifolia
ssp. pyrenaica are:
nervurile (coastele) caliciului mai puin
proeminente dect ale primei subspecii;
tubul corolei mai deprtat de cel al caliciului;
corol cu petale mai subiri, celulele ambelor
epiderme fiind mult mai mari n comparaie cu cele
ale mezofilului;
numrul perilor tectori i secretori de pe caliciu i
corol, mai mare
11
% compusi
40
30
20
10
0
2004
2005
2005
2004
12
temperatura temperatura
la suprafaa atmosferic
solului (0C) (0C)
30
25
26,7 28,3 28,2 21,3 23,3
20,7 21,2
25 26 20
24,9 25,2 20,1
18,4
20
15
15 9,9
12,8 10
10 9,2
7,3 6,9 6,6
5 5
0,3 0,7
0 0
3 4 5 6 7 luna 3 4 5 6 7
luna
umiditatea
precipitaii 200 relativ (%)
(mm/m2) 180 173 76
171,8 80 69
160 139 69
70
140 67
60 53 66
120 115,7 59
50 55
100 50 51
80 40
60 30
39,8 42
40 15,3
20
31,9 31,1
20 14,4 10
0 0
3 4 5 6 7 luna 3 4 5 6 7
luna
durata de
strlucire a
soarelui 400 340,8
(total ore) 320,2 271,6
300
304,8
190,6 203,3 268,2
247,3
200
125 175,2 2004
100
2005
0 luna
3 4 5 6 7
13
Botanic Galai, la care s-au asociat apoi 3 uleiuri comerciale
pentru care productorii declarau c provin de la L. angustifolia.
14
Tabelul 1. Caracteristicile profilului gaz-cromatografic cerut
de Ph.Eur. a 6-a i valori identificate n studiul nostru pentru
cele patru uleiuri volatile (2007)
Cerin Determinat %
Component
Ph.Eur. a 6-a LAA LHB LAM LAP
limonen sub 1 % 0.60 0.35 0.40 0.35
cineol sub 2.5 % - - - -
3-octanon 0.1 2.5 % - - - -
camfor sub 1.2 % - - - -
linalool 20.0 45.0 % 24.22 28.22 26.11 25.19
acetat de 25.0 46.0
13.31 9.98 13.28 11.43
linalil %
4 terpinen-ol 0.1 6.0 % 9.68 8.12 - 4.94
acetat de peste 0.2 %
5.05 5.07 3.43 5.93
lavandulil
lavandulol peste 0.1 % - - - 2.69
-terpineol sub 2.0% 4.23 3.07 5.12 3.51
15
LHB LAA LAM
LAP
16
Cercetnd compoziia chimic a uleiurilor comerciale
comparativ cu proba martor Piatra Neam, constatm aceeai
variabilitate larg. Fa de martorul de la Piatra Neam, proba
Solaris este mult mai bogat n linalool, fapt care presupunem c se
datoreaz adugrii n ulei a acestei componente de ctre
productor, n scopul apropierii de cerinele de calitate menionate.
Aceast practic de mbogire nu este ns permis nici de ctre
Farmacopeea European i nici n aromaterapie.
De altfel, suplimentarea cu linalool a uleiuli volatil de la
Solaris este aceea care scade artificial coninutul probei n celelalte
componente (acetat de geranil, -terpineol, camfor).
% linalool
60 % geranilacetat
40 10
20
0 0
LA A B C LA A B C
% -terpineol % camfor
10
5
5
0 0
LA A B C LA A B C
Fig. 7. Coninutul n linalool, geranilacetat, -terpineol i camfor
identificat n mostrele comerciale de ulei de Lavandula
(LA = prob martor Piatra Neam; A = Hofigal; B = Solaris; C = Fares)
17
Tocmai de aceea, am aplicat i acestor uleiuri cerinele
menionate, situaia gsit fiind ilustrat n imagine. Dup cum se
vede, nici unul dintre uleiurile volatile nici chiar martorul dar
nici Solaris nu se ncadreaz n cerinele Farmacopeei.
18
%
%
mono-
lavandul
terpen-
il- acetat
esteri
15
10
10
5
5
0 0
LAA LAM LHB LHP LAA LAM LHB LHP
20 20
0 0
LAA LAM LHB LHP LAA LAM LHB LHP
%
lavandulol 5
0
LAA LAM LHB LHP
19
% mono- %
terpene30 ocimen
10
20
10
0
0
LAA LAM LHB LHP
LAA LAM LHB LHP
20
flori proaspete flori uscate
Fig. 10. Gaz-cromatograma uleiului volatil din Lavandula
angustifolia Mill. (SCDL - Bacu)
21
ACIUNI N PLAN PSIHIC
echilibrant +++ + ++
sedativ +++ + ++
anxiolitic i antidepresiv +++ - +
analeptic i revigorant n stri de
epuizare psihic i lips de ++ - +
motivaie
Legend: activitate foarte bun (+++), bun (++), slab (+), lips (-), dermoiritant (*)
22
Studiul a continuat cu cercetri privind compoziia chimic a
fraciunii polifenolice din florile de levnic.
S-au urmrit:
componentele flavonoidice,
polifenolii totali,
derivaii de tip acizi hidroxicinamici, prin
determinri spectrofotometrice i HPLC.
Studiul polifenolilor din lavand s-a desfurat pe parcursul a 2
ani consecutivi n anul 2008, probe de LAA, LAM, LHB, LAP
(Galai), iar n 2009, au fost analizate probele LAA, LAM, LHB,
LAP i LHY (Galai), la care s-au adugat 2 probe de Lavandula
angustifolia Mill. de la Piatra Neam, LAV1 = 07.07.2010 ; LAV2
= 18.10.2010.
ntr-o prim faz, am testat influena solventului de extracie
asupra epuizrii materialului vegetal, i implicit a rezultatelor
privind coninutul la % n flavonoide i acizi polifenolici. Am
constatat astfel, c fraciunea polifenolic se extrage complet la
utilizarea unui alcool inferior diluat.
23
g flavonoide/100g drog
0,5
0,4
0,3 E 70 %
0,2 E 50 %
0,1
0
LAA LHB LAM LAP LHY LAV1 LAV2
Fig. 11. Continutul flavonozidic (%) in probele de Lavandulae flos
(E70%=extractie etanol 70%; E50%=extractie etanol 50%)
10
8
6 E 70 %
4 E 50 %
2
0
LAA LHB LAM LAP LHY LAV1 LAV2
Fig. 12. Concentratia polifenolilor totali (%) in probele de
Lavandulae flos
24
cumaric), a 3 compui flavonoidici (rutozid; luteolin;
apigenol) i a catehinei.
Coninutul n aceste componente este prezentat n tabelul 5.
25
Trecnd la studiul activitii biologice a unor fraciuni
separate din Lavandulae flos, au fost investigate:
activitatea antioxidant a fraciunii polifenolice, prin testul
DPPH i prin stabilirea capacitii de chelatare a ionului
feros [Capecka E.,2005; Apetrei C, 2011],
efectul antimicrobian i antifungic a uleiurilor volatile.
mg acid galic/
1g extract uscat
100
80
60
40
20
0
LAA LHB LAM LAP LHY LAV1 LAV2
Fig. 14. Coninutul n polifenoli totali exprimai n mg acid
galic/1g extract uscat de Lavandula
26
Tabel 6. Activitatea de scavenger de radicali DPPH a extractelor
uscate de Lavandula i concentraia inhibitorie a acestora
Proba/ Concentraie Eu (mg/ml)
CI50 ( g/ml)
etalon 20 10 5 2.5
LAA 85.4198 0.13 66.8936 0.73 45.7988 0.50 26.8737 0.78 95.6000 1.70
LHB 88.5053 0.50 67.6040 0.45 45.2210 0.48 27.3299 0.27 96.5333 1.45
LAM 85.1819 0.27 68.1173 0.69 42.7933 0.19 21.4148 0.21 101.4000 0.90
LAP 85.9800 0.44 65.1209 0.97 39.6023 0.13 24.4064 0.16 110.3666 1.40
LHY 91.3995 0.51 76.1863 0.78 51.9172 0.76 31.7290 0.36 73.5333 1.25
LAV1 92.4127 0.14 87.1801 0.32 64.4878 0.41 38.0901 0.21 56.9666 0.45
LAV2 90.8866 0.48 60.2115 0.55 66.4588 0.24 39.7781 0.58 54.3333 0.65
Cvercetol 96.2588 0.35 96.0419 0.09 95.5488 0.48 94.0285 0.03 3.4000 0.00
Rutozida 92.8949 0.08 92.4943 0.023 91.8886 0.11 90.9540 0.13 11.5333 0.15
Ac. galic 97.3433 0.07 97.2334 0.08 97.2110 0.01 96.2494 0.35 1.5000 0.00
27
Ca i n testul anterior calculnd CI50, activitatea chelatant
cea mai bun o au probele LAV1 i LAV2, iar cea mai slab LAP.
28
40
30
25 30
20
15 20
10 A 10 C
5 LAA LAA
0 0 LHB
LHB
LAM LAM
Ampicilina 10g+ ul vol LAP Cloramfenicol 30g+ ul LAP
20l LHY vol 20l LHY
30
25 30
20 25
20
15
15
10 AK 10 OF
5 LAA 5 LAA
0 LHB 0 LHB
LAM LAM
Amikacina 30g+ ul LAP Ofloxacina 5g+ ul vol LAP
vol 20l LHY 20l LHY
Fig. 17. Efectul antimicrobian sinergic determinat in vitro pentru
asocierile ulei de levanic/antibiotic
29
50
40
30
20 N
10 LAA
LHB
0
LAM
LAP
Nistatina 100g+ ul vol 20l LHY
Fig. 18. Efectul antifungic sinergic determinat in vitro pentru
asocierile ulei de levanic/nistatin
30
specia, subspecia i varietatea de cultur prelucrat,
momentul din perioada de vegetaie i partea de plant
prelevat,
locaia de provenien,
condiiile climatice ale anului n care se face recoltarea,
tipul de material (proaspt/uscat) supus antrenrii.
specie,
subspecie i
31
varietatea de cultur, probele de la Piatra Neam (L.
angustifolia Mill.) fiind mai active dect variantele de
cultur recoltate de la varietile cultivate n Grdina
Botanic din Galai.
32
funcional a unor plante utilizate n obinerea unor suplimente
alimentare cu component vegetal, care s corespund cerinelor
Comunitii Europene.
Cu siguran prin lucrarea de fa se deschide o cale de monitorizare
a produselor vegetale care constituie surse pentru extracte cu utilizare
terapeutic i cercetrile se pot extinde, mai ales pentru Lavandula dar i
pentru alte splante medicinale, pn la obinerea i selectarea unor specii
valoroase prin prisma principiilor active cu aciune biologic.
Bibliografie selectiv
33
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Angioni A, Barra A, Coroneo V, Dessi S, Cabras P. Chemical composition,
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Bark and Needles. Molecules. 201, 16(9):7773-88
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Barroceli E. Novel antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of essential from
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601
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Williams JD and Wilkins, London, 1981, 1-23
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Binet L, Binet P, Micque M., Roux M, Bernier A. Recherches sur les
propriets pharmacodynamiques (action sdative et action spasmolytique) de
quelques alcools terpniques aliphatiques. Ann.Pharm. Franc, 1972, 30:611-
616
Bousmaha L, Boti JB, Bekkara FA, Castola V, Casanova J. Infraspecific
chemical variability of the essential oil of Lavandula dentata L. from Algeria.
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42(3):31-32
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39
LUCRRI PUBLICATE IN EXTENSO
DIN TEMATICA TEZEI DE DOCTORAT
n reviste B+
1. Robu S, Aprotosoaie AC, Spac A, Cioanca O, Hancianu M, Stanescu
U. Cercetari privind compoziia chimic a uleiurilor volatile extrase din
flori de levnic. Rev. Med. Chir. Soc. Med. Nat. Iai 2011, 115 (2),
584-589, ISSN 0048-7848
2. Robu S, Gales R, Toma C, Stanescu U. Cercetari histo-anatomice
privind doua subspecii de Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Rev. Med. Chir.
Soc. Med. Nat. Iai 2011, 115 (1), 232-236, ISSN 0048-7848.
40