Composite Structures 106 (2013) 754763

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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

A simple rst-order shear deformation theory for laminated composite

plates
Huu-Tai Thai, Dong-Ho Choi
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, a simple rst-order shear deformation theory is presented for laminated composite plates.
Available online 29 June 2013 Unlike the existing rst-order shear deformation theory, the present one contains only four unknowns
and has strong similarities with the classical plate theory in many aspects such as equations of motion,
Keywords: boundary conditions, and stress resultant expressions. Equations of motion and boundary conditions are
Laminated composite plate derived from Hamiltons principle. Analytical solutions of simply supported antisymmetric cross-ply and
Plate theory angle-ply laminates are obtained and the results are compared with the exact three-dimensional (3D)
Bending
solutions and those predicted by existing theories. Comparison studies show that this new rst-order
Free vibration
shear deformation theory can achieve the same accuracy of the existing rst-order shear deformation
theory which has more number of unknowns.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction both in-plane and transverse displacements through the thickness,

Laminated composite plates are widely used in the aerospace,
automotive, marine and other structural applications because of
advantageous features such as high ratio of stiffness and strength
to weight and low maintenance cost. In company with the increase
in the application of laminate in engineering structures, a variety of
laminated theories have been developed to predict its behavior. A
critical review of more recent works on the development of lami-
nated theories can be found in Refs. [1,2]. These theories can be
classied as equivalent single layer (ESL), layer-wise and zigzag
theories. The ESL theories can be divided into three main catego-
ries: classical plate theory (CPT), rst-order shear deformation the-
ory (FSDT), and higher-order shear deformation theories (HSDTs).
The CPT ignores shear deformation effects and provides reason-
able results for thin laminates. However, it underestimates deec-
tion and overestimates buckling load and frequency of moderately
thick or thick laminates where shear deformation effects are more
pronounced [35]. The FSDT proposed by Reissner [6] and Mindlin
[7] accounts for shear deformation effects by the way of linear var-
iation of in-plane displacements through the thickness. Since the
FSDT violates the equilibrium conditions on the top and bottom
surfaces of the plate, a shear correction factor is required to com-
pensate for the difference between actual stress state and assumed
constant stress state [814]. The HSDTs account for shear deforma-
tion effects by higher-order variations of in-plane displacements or
Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 2220 0328; fax: +82 2 2220 4322.
E-mail addresses: thaihuutai@hanyang.ac.kr (H.-T. Thai), samga@hanyang.ac.kr
(D.-H. Choi).
and satisfy the equilibrium conditions on the top and bottom sur-
faces of the plate without requring any shear correction factors. For
example, Reddy [15] developed a third-order shear deformation
theory (TSDT) with cubic variations for in-plane displacements.
Xiang et al. [16] proposed a n-order shear deformation theory in
which Reddys theory comes out as a specic case. Kant and Pand-
ya [17], Kant and Mallikarjuna [18] and Kant and Khare [19]
presented HSDTs with cubic variations for in-plane displacements
as in the case of TSDT of Reddy [20], but contain more number of
unknowns than the TSDT. To account for the thickness stretching
effect (i.e., ez 0), Lo et al. [21] and Kant et al. [22] introduced the
HSDTs in which in-plane and transverse displacements are as-
sumed as cubic and parabolic variations, respectively, through
the thickness. In company with the use of polynomial functions
in aforementioned works, trigonometric functions are also em-
ployed in the development of HSDTs. For example, Touratier [23],
Zenkour [24] and Ferreira et al. [25] used sinusoidal functions for
in-plane displacements, while Ferreira et al. [26] used sinusoidal
functions for both in-plane and transverse displacements. The
use of hyperbolic functions for in-plane displacements are rst
proposed by Soldatos [27] and later adopted by Xiang et al. [28],
Akavci [29], and Grover et al. [30]. Karama et al. [31] and Aydogdu
[32] adopted exponential functions for in-plane displacements.
More recently, Mantari et al. [3335] proposed the use of trigono-
metric functions for in-plane displacements. It is worth noting that
some of the abovementioned HSDTs are computational costs due
to additional unknowns introduced to the theory (e.g., theories
by Refs. [17,18] with seven unknowns, Ref. [19] with nine
unknowns, Refs. [21,22] with 11 unknowns). Although some

0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.06.013
 H.-T. Thai, D.-H. Choi / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 754763 755

well-known HSDTs have ve unknowns as in the case of FSDT (e.g., @ws

cyz 3e
theories by Refs. [15,16,2325,2735]), their equations of motion @y
are much more complicated than those of FSDT. Thus, needs exist
for the development of shear deformation theory which is simple
2.2. Constitutive equations
to use.
In this paper, a simple FSDT which was recently developed by
Consider a rectangular plate of total thickness h composed of n
Thai and Choi [36] for functionally graded plates is evaluated for
orthotropic layers with the coordinate system as shown in Fig. 1.
laminated composite plates. Unlike the existing FSDT, the one pre-
Under the assumption that each layer possesses a plane of elastic
sented by Thai and Choi [36] contains only four unknowns and has
symmetry parallel to the xy plane, the constitutive equations for
strong similarities with the CPT in many aspects such as equations
a layer can be written as
of motion, boundary conditions, and stress resultant expressions. 8 9 2 38 9
The partition of the transverse displacement into the bending >
> rx >> Q 11 Q 12 0 0 0 > > ex >>
>
> >
> 7>
> >
and shear parts leads to a reduction in the number of unknowns >
>
< ry >> 6
= 6 Q 12 Q 22 0 0 0 7>>
< ey >>
>
=
and governing equations, hence makes the theory simple to use. 6 7
6
rxy 6 0 0 Q 66 0 7
0 7 cxy 4
Equations of motion and boundary conditions are derived from >
> > 6 7> >
Hamiltons principle. Closed-form solutions of simply supported
>
>
>
>
ryz >
>
>
>
>
4 0 0 0 Q 44 0 5>
>
>
>
>
cyz >
>
>
>
>
: ; :
antisymmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminates are obtained rxz 0 0 0 0 Q 55 cxz ;
and the results are compared with the existing solutions. where Qij are the material constants in the material axes of the layer
given as
2. Theoretical formulation
E1 m12 E2
Q 11 ; Q 12 ; Q 22
2.1. Kinematics 1  m12 m21 1  m12 m21
E2
; Q 66 G12 ; Q 44 G23 ; Q 55 G13 5
In this study, further simplifying assumptions are made to the 1  m12 m21
existing FSDT so that the number of unknowns is reduced. The dis- Since the laminate is made of several orthotropic layers with
placement eld of the existing FSDT is given by their material axes oriented arbitrarily with respect to the laminate
coordinates, the constitutive equations of each layer must be trans-
u1 x; y; z ux; y zux
formed to the laminate coordinates (x, y, z). The stressstrain rela-
u2 x; y; z v x; y zuy 1 tions in the laminate coordinates of the kth layer are given as
u3 x; y; z wx; y 8 9
k 2 k 3 8 9
>
> rx >> Q 11 Q 12 Q 16 0 0 >
> ex > >
where u, v, w, ux and uy are ve unknown displacement functions >
> >
> 6 7 >
> >
>
>
> ry >> 6 Q Q Q 0 0 7 >
> e y >
>
< = 6 12 22 26
7 < =
of the midplane of the plate; and h is the thickness of the plate. By
rxy 6
6 Q 16 Q 26 Q 66 0 0 7
7 cxy
6
deviding the transverse displacement w into bending and shear >
> > 7 > >
parts (i.e., w = wb + ws) and making further assumptions given by
>
>
> r >
> yz >
>
>
>
6
4 0 0 0 Q 44 Q 45 5 >
>
>
>
>
cyz >>
>
>
>
: ; : ;
ux = owb/ox and uy = owb/oy, the displacement eld of the new rxz 0 0 0 Q 45 Q 55 c xz
theory can be rewritten in a simpler form as [36]
where Q ij are the transformed material constants given as
@wb
u1 x; y; z ux; y  z
@x
@wb 2 z
u2 x; y; z v x; y  z
@y
u3 x; y; z wb x; y ws x; y y

Clearly, the displacement eld in Eq. (2) contains only four

unknowns (u, v, wb, ws). In fact, the idea of partitioning the
transverse displacements into the bending and shear components
is rst proposed by Hufngton [37], later adopted by Krishna Murty h/2
[38], Senthilnathan et al. [39], Shimpi [40], and recently by Thai and a
h/2
his colleagues [4161] and Refs. [6266]. It is worth noting that
Senjanovic et al. [67,68] also employed the same assumption as in x b
the present work but was in conjunction with Timoshenko theory.
The nonzero strains associated with the displacement eld in
Eq. (2) are: z
n
@u @ 2 wb
ex z 3a h z n+1
@x @x2
2 k zn
@v @ 2 wb
z k+1
ey z 3b zk
@y @y2 x
z3
@u @ v @ 2 wb h z2
cxy  2z 3c 2 z1
@y @x @x@y 2

@ws
1
cxz 3d
@x Fig. 1. Coordinate system and layer numbering used for a typical laminate.
756 H.-T. Thai, D.-H. Choi / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 754763

2 4    ( @ws )
Q 11 Q 11 cos4 h 2Q 12 2Q 66 sin h cos2 h Q 22 sin h Qy A44 A45 @y
j 11c
2
Q 12 Q 11 Q 22  4Q 66 sin h cos2 h Q 12 sin h cos4 h
4 Qx A45 A55 @ws
@x

4
Q 22 Q 11 sin h 2Q 12 2Q 66 sin h cos2 h Q 22 cos4 h
2 where j is the shear correction factor and (Aij, Bij, Dij) are the stiff-
ness coefcients dened by
Q 16 Q 11  Q 12  2Q 66 sin h cos3 h Z h=2

Q 12  Q 22 2Q 66 sin h cos h
3 Aij ; Bij ; Dij Q ij 1; z; z2 dz 12
h=2
3
Q 26 Q 11  Q 12  2Q 66 sin h cos h The variation of work done by the transverse loads q can be ex-
7
Q 12  Q 22 2Q 66 sin h cos3 h pressed as
Z
2
Q 66 Q 11 Q 22  2Q 12  2Q 66 sin h cos2 h dV  qdwb ws dA 13
A
4 4
Q 66 sin h cos h
The variation of kinetic energy can be written as
Q 44 Q 44 cos2 h Q 55 sin h
2 Z
dK u_ 1 du_ 1 u_ 2 du_ 2 u_ 3 du_ 3 qdAdz
Q 45 Q 55  Q 44 cos h sin h V
Z
2
Q 55 Q 55 cos2 h Q 44 sin h _ u_ v_ dv_ w
fI0 ud _bw
_ s dw
_bw
_ s 
A
with h being the angle between global x-axis and local x-axis of each  
@w_ b @dw
_ b @w_ b @dw
_b
lamina. I2 dA 14
@x @x @y @y
2.3. Equations of motion where dot-superscript convention indicates the differentiation with
respect to the time variable t; q is the mass density; and (I0, I2) are
Hamiltons principle is used herein to derive equations of mo- mass inertias dened by
tion. The principle can be stated in an analytical form as Z h=2
Z T I0 ; I2 1; z2 qdz 15
0 dU dV  dKdt 8 h=2
0
Substituting the expressions for dU, dV, and dK from Eqs. (9), (13)
where dU, dV, and dK are the variations of strain energy, work done, and (14) into Eq. (4) and integrating by parts, and collecting the
and kinetic energy, respectively. The variation of strain energy is coefcients of du, dv, dwb and dws, the following equations of motion
calculated by are obtained:
Z Z h=2
@Nx @Nxy
dU rx dex ry dey rxy dcxy rxz dcxz ryz dcyz dAdz du :
I0 u 16a
A h=2 @x @y
Z "
@du @ 2 dwb @dv @ 2 dwb
Nx
 Mx Ny  My @N xy @Ny
A @x @x 2 @y @y2 dv : I0 v 16b
# @x @y
 
@du @dv @ 2 dwb @dws @dws
Nxy  2M xy Qx Qy dA 9 @ 2 Mx @ 2 Mxy @ 2 M y
@y @x @x@y @x @y dwb : 2 s  I2 r2 w
b w
q I 0 w b 16c
@x 2 @x@y @y2
where N, M, and Q are the stress resultants dened by
Z h=2 @Q x @Q y
dws : b w
q I 0 w s 16d
Nx ; Ny ; Nxy rx ; ry ; rxy dz 10a @x @y
h=2
The natural boundary conditions are of the form:
Z h=2
Mx ; M y ; Mxy rx ; ry ; rxy zdz 10b du : Nx nx Nxy ny 17a
h=2
dv : Nxy nx Ny ny 17b
Z h=2
Q x ; Q y rxz ; ryz dz 10c  
@M x @M xy @wb
h=2 dwb : I2 nx
@x @y @x
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (6) and the subsequent results into Eq.  
@M xy @M y @w b @Mns
(10), the stress resultants are obtained in terms of displacements I2 ny 17c
(u, v, wb, ws) as @x @y @y @s
8 9
8 9 2 38 @u 9 2 3>  @ 2 wb > dws : Q x nx Q y ny 17d
> N > A A A > > B B B >
> @x2 > >
< x = 11 12 16 < @x = 11 12 16 < =
6 7 @v 6 7 2
N y 4 A12 A22 A26 5 @y 4 B12 B22 B26 5  @@yw2b 11a
>
: >
; >
: @u @ v ; > >
> >
> @dwb
N xy A16 A26 A66 B 16 B 26 B 66
>
: @ 2
w >
; : Mn 17e
@y @x 2 @x@y b
@n
8 9 where
8 9 2 38 @u 9 2 3 >  @ 2 wb >
> M > B B B > > D D D >
> @x2 > >
< x = 11 12 16 < @x = 11 12 16 < = Mns M y  M x nx ny M xy n2x  n2y 18a
6 7 @v 6 7 2
M y 4 B12 B22 B26 5 @y 4 D12 D22 D26 5  @@yw2b 11b
>
: >
; >
: @u @ v ; > >
> >
>
M xy B16 B26 B66 D D D >
: @ 2
w >
;
@y @x 16 26 66
2 @x@y b
Mn Mx n2x M y n2y 2Mxy nx ny 18b
 H.-T. Thai, D.-H. Choi / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 754763 757

@ @ @
nx ny ;
@
nx
@
 ny
@
18c @3u @3u @2u @3u @3v
@n @x @y @s @y @x B11 3
3B16 2 B12 2B66 2
B26 3 B16 3
@x @x @y @x@y @y @x
with nx and ny being the direction cosines of the unit normal to the @3v @2v @3v @ 4 wb
boundary of the middle plane. Clearly, when the shear deformation B12 2B66 2
3B26 2
B22 3  D11
@x @y @x@y @y @x4
effects are neglected (ws = 0), the present theory recovers the CPT.
The above boundary conditions can be rewritten in an explicit @ 4 wb @ 4 wb @ 4 wb
 4D16 3
 2D12 2D66 2 2  4D26
form as: @x @y @x @y @x@y3
Clamped edge
@ 4 wb
 D22 q I 0 w s  I2 r2 w
b w b 23c
@wb @y4
uv wb ws 0; at x 0; a 19a
@x
@ 2 ws @ 2 ws @ 2 ws
jA55 2
jA44 2
2jA45 b w
q I 0 w s 23d
@wb @x @y @x@y
u v wb ws 0; at y 0; b 19b
@y
Simply supported edge (cross-ply laminate) 3. Analytical solutions for antisymmetric cross-ply and angle-
ply laminates
Nx v wb ws M x 0; at x 0; a 20a
Consider a simply supported rectangular plate with length a
u Ny wb ws M y 0; at y 0; b 20b and width b under transverse loads q. Based on Navier approach,
Simply supported edge (angle-ply laminate) the solutions are assumed as

u Nxy wb ws Mx 0; at x 0; a 21a X
1 X
1
wb x; y; t W bmn eixt sin ax sin by
m1 n1
Nxy v wb ws M y 0; at y 0; b 21b 24a
X
1 X
1
ws x; y; t W smn eixt sin ax sin by
Free edge m1 n1

@M x @Mxy @wb 9
Nx Nxy 2 I2 Q x Mx 0; at x 0; a X
1 X
1
>
@x @y @x ux; y; t U mn e cos ax sin by >
ixt >
>
=
22a m1 n1
antisymmetric cross-ply
X1 X 1 >
>
@Mxy @M y @wb v x; y; t V mn eixt sin ax cos by >
>
;
Nxy N y 2 I2 Q y My 0; at y 0; b m1 n1
@x @y @y
24b
22b
9
It is observed from Eq. (9) that the in-plane displacements (u, v) X
1 X
1
>
ux; y; t U mn eixt sin ax cos by >
>
>
=
and the shear part of transverse displacement ws are once differen- m1 n1
tiable and C0-continuous, whereas the bending part of transverse antisymmetric angle-ply
X1 X 1 >
>
displacement wb is twice differentiable and C1-continuous. v x; y; t V mn eixt cos ax sin by >
>
;
Therefore, nite elements based on the present theory require a m1 n1

C1-continuous element with four degrees of freedom per node 24c

(u, v, wb, ws). The construction of a C1 element based on the present p
where i 1, a = mp/a, b = np/b, (Umn, Vmn, Wbmn, Wsmn) are coef-
theory is more complicated than that of a C0 element based on con-
cients, and x is the frequency of free vibration. The transverse load
ventional FSDT. However, it becomes easier when the isogeometric
q is also expanded in the double-Fourier sine series as
nite element method based on non-uniform rational B-spline
(NURBS) functions are used since the NURBS basic functions with X
1 X
1
qx; y Q mn sin ax sin by 25
the order greater than or equal to two always satisfy C1 require-
m1 n1
ment in approximate formulations [69]. In addition, the C1 nite
element based on the present theory will be free from shear lock- The coefcients Qmn are given below for some typical loads:
ing since the CPT comes out as a special case of the present theory. Z aZ b
4
By using the stress resultants from Eq. (11), the equations of Q mn qx; y sin ax sin bydxdy
ab 0 0
motion Eq. (16) can be expressed in terms of displacements (
(u, v, wb, ws) as q0 for sinusoidal load
16q0 26
mnp2
for uniform load
@2 u @2 u @2 u @2v @2 v @2v
A11 2 2A16 A66 2 A16 2 A12 A66 A26 2
@x @x@y @y @x @x@y @y Substituting Eqs. (24) and (25) into Eq. (23), the analytical solutions
" # can be obtained from
3 3 3 3
@ wb @ wb @ wb @ wb
 B11 3B16 2 B12 2B66 B26
I0 u 23a 02 3 318
2 9 8 9
@x3 @x @y @x@y2 @y3 s11 s12 s13 0 > I0 0 0 0
U mn > > 0 >
>
> >
> > >
B6 s s s 7 6 0 I 0 0 7C< V >
= < 0 > =
B6 12 22 23 0 7 26 0 7C mn
B6 7x 6 7C
@2 u @2u @2u @2 v @2 v @2v @4 s13 s23 s33 0 5 4 0 0 I0 I0 5A>> >
W bmn > >
> Q mn >
>
A16 2
A12 A66 A26 2 A66 2 2A26 A22 2 >
: ; >
> : >
;
@x @x@y @y @x @x@y @y
0 0 0 s44 0 0 I 0 I0 W smn Q mn
" #
3 3 3 3
@ wb @ wb @ wb @ wb 27
 B16 B12 2B66 2 3B26 B22 I0 v 23b
@x3 @x @y @x@y2 @y3
where
758 H.-T. Thai, D.-H. Choi / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 754763

s11 A11 a2 A66 b2 ; s12 A12 A66 ab; s22 A66 a2 A22 b2 Table 3
Dimensionless deection of antisymmetric cross-ply (0/90)n square laminates under
4 2 2 4 2 2
s33 D11 a 2D12 2D66 a b D22 b ; s44 jA55 a A44 b sinusoidal loads (Material 1).
)
s13 B11 a3  B12 2B66 ab2 a/h Theory n
for antisymmetric cross-ply
s23 B22 b3  B12 2B66 a2 b 1 3
)
s13 B26 b3  3B16 a2 b 4 ZSDT [74] 2.0010 1.5410
for antisymmetric angle-ply TSDT [70] 1.9985 1.5411
s23 B16 a3  3B26 ab2 FSDT [70] 2.1492 1.5473
CPT [70] 1.0636 0.4617
I0 I0 I2 a2 b2 Present 2.1492 1.5473
28 10 ZSDT [74] 1.2160 0.6380
TSDT [70] 1.2161 0.6382
The analytical solution of CPT can also be obtained from Eq. (27)
FSDT [70] 1.2373 0.6354
by omitting the shear part of the transverse displacement (i.e., CPT [70] 1.0636 0.4617
ws = 0) Present 1.2373 0.6354
02 3 2 318 9 8 9 20 ZSDT [74] 1.1020 0.5060
s11 s12 s13 I0 0 0 < U mn >
> = > < 0 > =
B6 7 6 7C TSDT [70] 1.1018 0.5060
@4 s12 s22 s23 5  x2 4 0 I0 0 5A V mn 0 29 FSDT [70] 1.1070 0.5053
>
: >
; : > >
;
s13 s23 s33 0 0 I0 W bmn Q mn CPT [70] 1.0636 0.4617
Present 1.1070 0.5053
100 ZSDT [74] 1.0650 0.4630
4. Numerical results TSDT [70] 1.0651 0.4635
FSDT [70] 1.0653 0.4635
CPT [70] 1.0636 0.4617
In this section, various numerical examples are described and Present 1.0653 0.4635
discussed to verify the accuracy of the present theory. For verica-
tion purpose, the obtained results are compared with the exact 3D
solutions and those predicted by other plate models. The descrip-

1.5 CPT
Table 1 FSDT
Displacement models. Present
1.2
Model Theory Unknowns (0/90)

CPT Classical plate theory 3

ZSDT Zeroth-order shear deformation theory (Ray [74]) 5 0.9
FSDT First-order shear deformation theory 5 w
TSDT Third-order shear deformation theory (Reddy [15]) 5
HSDT Higher-order shear deformation theory 12 0.6
(0/90)3
(Swaminathan and Patil [75])
Present Simple rst-order shear deformation theory 4
0.3

Table 2 0
Dimensionless deection of two-layer antisymmetric cross-ply (0/90) square lami-
0 10 20 30 40 50
nates under sinusoidal loads (Material 1). a/h
a/h Theory 
w Error (%)
Fig. 2. Variation of dimensionless deection of antisymmetric cross-ply (0/90)n
2 Exact [73] 4.9362 square laminates under sinusoidal loads versus thickness ratio (Material 1).
TSDT [54] 4.5619 7.58
FSDT [54] 5.4103 9.60
CPT [54] 1.0636 78.45
Present 5.4059 9.52
3
5 Exact [73] 1.7287
TSDT [54] 1.6670 3.57 CPT
FSDT [54] 1.7627 1.97 2.5 FSDT
CPT [54] 1.0636 38.47 Present
Present 1.7584 1.72
2
10 Exact [73] 1.2318
TSDT [54] 1.2161 1.27
w 1.5 (0/90)
FSDT [54] 1.2416 0.80
CPT [54] 1.0636 13.65
Present 1.2373 0.45 1
20 Exact [73] 1.1060
TSDT [54] 1.1018 0.38 0.5
FSDT [54] 1.1113 0.48
(0/90)3
CPT [54] 1.0636 3.83
Present 1.1070 0.09 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
100 Exact [73] 1.0742
TSDT [54] 1.0651 0.85
E1 /E 2
FSDT [54] 1.0653 0.83
Present 1.0653 0.83 Fig. 3. Variation of dimensionless deection of antisymmetric cross-ply (0/90)n
CPT [54] 1.0636 0.99 square laminates under sinusoidal loads versus material anisotropy (Material 1,
a = 10h).
 H.-T. Thai, D.-H. Choi / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 754763 759

FSDT (0/90)
Present (0/90)
FSDT (0/90)3
z/h Present (0/90) 3

z/h
FSDT (0/90)
Present (0/90)
FSDT (0/90)3
Present (0/90) 3

u x

FSDT (0/90) FSDT (0/90)

Present (0/90) Present (0/90)
FSDT (0/90)3 FSDT (0/90)3
Present (0/90)3 Present (0/90)3
z/h

z/h

y xy

FSDT (0/90) FSDT (0/90)

Present (0/90) Present (0/90)
FSDT (0/90)3 FSDT (0/90) 3
Present (0/90)3 Present (0/90)3
z/h

z/h

xz yz

Fig. 4. Distributions of in-plane displacement and stresses for antisymmetric cross-ply (0/90)n square laminates under sinusoidal loads (Material 1, a = 10h).

tion of various plate models and their corresponding number of Material 1 (Reddy [70])
unknowns are listed in Table 1. In addition, the results of the FSDT
are also calculated independently in this study using analytical E1 25E2 ; G12 G13 0:5E2 ; G23 0:2E2 ; m12 0:25
solutions given in Appendix A [70]. In all examples, a shear correc- 30a
tion factor of 5/6 is used in the present theory and FSDT. The fol-
Material 2 (Noor [71])
lowing lamina properties are used:
760 H.-T. Thai, D.-H. Choi / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 754763

Table 4 thick plates), and 100 (corresponding to thin plates). The obtained
Dimensionless in-plane displacement and stresses of antisymmetric cross-ply (0/90)n results are compared with the exact 3D solutions given by Pagano
square laminates under sinusoidal loads (Material 1, a/h = 10).
[73] and those reported by Kim et al. [54] using TSDT, FSDT and
n Method  h=2
u r x h=2 r xy h=2 r xz h=4 CPT in Table 2. In general, the present FSDT and existing FSDT give
1 FSDT 0.2457 0.7157 0.0525 0.2728 almost identical results for various values of thickness ratio a/h. For
Present 0.2457 0.7157 0.0525 0.2728 the case of very thick laminates with a/h = 2, there are small errors
3 FSDT 0.0839 0.4881 0.0228 0.1091 in values predicted by the present theory, FSDT and HSDT. How-
Present 0.0839 0.4881 0.0228 0.1091 ever, these errors become negligible when the thickness ratio a/h
is greater than 5. Due to ignoring shear deformation effects, the
CPT provides acceptable results for the laminated composite plates
Table 5
Dimensionless deection of antisymmetric angle-ply (45/45)n square laminates
with a=h P 20.
(Material 1). Example 2. In the next example, an antisymmetric cross-ply (0/
90)n square laminate subjected to sinusoidal loads is analyzed
a/h Theory Sinusoidal loads Uniform loads
using Material 1. Table 3 shows dimensionless deections of lam-
n=1 n=4 n=1 n=4 inates for different values of the thickness ratio and ply number.
10 FSDT [70] 0.8284 0.4198 1.2792 0.6366 The obtained results are compared with those given by Ray [74]
CPT [70] 0.6547 0.2462 1.0280 0.3858 using the zeroth-order shear deformation theory (ZSDT) and those
Present 0.8284 0.4198 1.2806 0.6383
reported by Reddy [70] using TSDT, FSDT and CPT. It can be seen
20 FSDT [70] 0.6981 0.2896 1.0907 0.4483 that the present FSDT and existing FSDT give solutions identical
CPT [70] 0.6547 0.2462 1.0280 0.3858
Present 0.6981 0.2896 1.0912 0.4489
to each other, and their solutions are also in close agreement with

100 FSDT [70] 0.6564 0.2479 1.0305 0.3883

CPT [70] 0.6547 0.2462 1.0280 0.3858 Table 6
Present 0.6564 0.2479 1.0306 0.3883 Dimensionless fundamental frequency of antisymmetric cross-ply (0/90)n square
laminates (Material 2, a = 5h).

E1/ Theory n
1 CPT
E2
FSDT 1 2 3 5
Present
3 Exact [71] 6.2578 6.5455 6.6100 6.6458
0.8
(/-) TSDT [52] 6.2169(0.65) 6.5008(0.68) 6.5558(0.82) 6.5842(0.93)
FSDT [52] 6.2085(0.79) 6.5043(0.63) 6.5569(0.80) 6.5837(0.93)
Present 6.2085(0.79) 6.5043(0.63) 6.5569(0.80) 6.5837(0.93)
0.6
10 Exact [71] 6.9845 8.1445 8.4143 8.5625
w TSDT [52] 6.9887(0.06) 8.1954(0.62) 8.4052(0.11) 8.5126(0.58)
0.4 FSDT [52] 6.9392(0.65) 8.2246(0.98) 8.4183(0.05) 8.5132(0.58)
(/-)4 Present 6.9392(0.65) 8.2246(0.98) 8.4183(0.05) 8.5132(0.58)
20 Exact [71] 7.6745 9.4055 9.8398 10.0843
0.2 TSDT [52] 7.8210(1.91) 9.6265(2.35) 9.9181(0.80) 10.0674(0.17)
FSDT [52] 7.7060(0.41) 9.6885(3.01) 9.9427(1.05) 10.0638(0.20)
Present 7.7060(0.41) 9.6885(3.01) 9.9427(1.05) 10.0638(0.20)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 30 Exact [71] 8.1763 10.1650 10.6958 11.0027
TSDT [52] 8.5050(4.02) 10.5348(3.64) 10.8547(1.49) 11.0197(0.15)
FSDT [52] 8.3211(1.77) 10.6198(4.47) 10.8828(1.75) 11.0058(0.03)
Fig. 5. Variation of dimensionless deection of antisymmetric angle-ply (h/h)n Present 8.3211(1.77) 10.6198(4.47) 10.8828(1.75) 11.0058(0.03)
square laminates under sinusoidal loads versus lamination angle h (Material 1, 40 Exact [71] 8.5625 10.6789 11.2728 11.6245
a = 10h). TSDT [52] 9.0871(6.13) 11.1716(4.61) 11.5012(2.03) 11.6730(0.42)
FSDT [52] 8.8333(3.16) 11.2708(5.54) 11.5264(2.25) 11.6444(0.17)
E1 =E2 open; G12 G13 0:6E2 ; G23 0:5E2 ; m12 0:25 Present 8.8333(3.16) 11.2708(5.54) 11.5264(2.25) 11.6444(0.17)
a
30b Numbers in parentheses are the percentage errors with respect to exact values.

Material 3 (Noor and Burton [72])

E1 15E2 ; G12 G13 0:5E2 ; G23 0:35E2 ; m12 0:3 30c
20
(0/90)3
For convenience, the following dimensionless forms are used:
3   3  
E h b
 z 100 2 4 u 0; ; z ; w
E h a b
 100 2 4 w ; ; x
xa2 p 16
u  q=E2
q0 a 2 q0 a 2 2 h
2   2
h a b h 31 12 (0/90)
r x;y z 2 rx;y ; ; z ; r xy z 2 rxy 0;0; z
q0 a 2 2 q0 a
 

h b h a
r xz z rxz 0; ;z ; r yz z ryz ; 0;z 8
q0 a 2 q0 a 2
FSDT
4 Present
4.1. Bending analysis

Example 1. The rst example is performed for thin and thick 0

0 10 20 30 40 50
two-layer antisymmetric cross-ply (0/90) square laminates sub-
a/h
jected to sinusoidal loads using Material 1. The thickness ratios
a/h are taken to be 2 (corresponding to very thick plates), 5 (corre- Fig. 6. Variation of dimensionless fundamental frequency of antisymmetric cross-
sponding to thick plates), 10, 20 (corresponding to moderately ply (0/90)n square laminates versus thickness ratio (Material 2, E1/E2 = 40).
 H.-T. Thai, D.-H. Choi / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 754763 761

those generated by Ray [74] for all values of the thickness ratio and excellent agreement between the results predicted by the present
ply number. theory and conventional FSDT is seen.
To further illustrate the accuracy of present theory for wide Example 3. In this example, an antisymmetric angle-ply (45/
range of thickness ratio a/h and material anisotropy E1/E2, the vari- 45)n square laminate under both sinusoidal and uniform loads
ations of dimensionless deection with respect to thickness ratio is examined using Material 1. Dimensionless deections of the
and material anisotropy are illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3, respec- plate are presented in Table 5 for different values of the thickness
tively. The obtained results are compared with those predicted ratio and ply number. The obtained results are compared with
by CPT and FSDT. The results of CPT are obtained in this study using those reported by Reddy [70] using CPT and FSDT. It can be seen
Eq. (29) while those of FSDT are calculated using Appendix A. that the present FSDT and existing FSDT give solutions close to
Again, the present FSDT and existing FSDT give almost identical each other. It should be noted that the present FSDT is simpler than
solutions, whereas CPT underestimates deections of thick lami- the existing one due to containing a smaller number of unknowns
nates with a/h < 20 due to ignoring shear deformation effects (see Table 1).
(see Fig. 2). The through thickness variations and corresponding In order to verify the accuracy of the present theory for a wide
values of the in-plane displacement u  , normal stresses (rx, ry), range of lamination angle, Fig. 5 plots dimensionless deections of
and shear stresses (rxy, rxz, ryz) are also given in Fig. 4 and Table 4, antisymmetric angle-ply (h/h)n square laminates under sinusoi-
respectively, for a moderately thick laminate with a/h = 10. An dal loads (a/h = 10). The obtained results are compared with those
given by Reddy [70] using CPT and FSDT. In general, the results of
present theory and FSDT are almost identical, except in the case of
Table 7 low values of lamination angle (h < 20) where a small discrepancy
Dimensionless fundamental frequency of 10-layer antisymmetric angle-ply (h/h)5 between the present theory and FSDT is seen. The maximum differ-
square laminates (Material 3). ence between the two results is 5.23% for the case h = 0. However,
h/a Theory h this difference is negligible when compared with the 32.45% differ-
ence between the CPT and FSDT for the same lamination angle h.
15 30 45
0.01 Exact [72] 13.2800 15.1000 15.9500
4.2. Free vibration analysis
FSDT 13.2767(0.02) 15.1033(0.02) 15.9484(0.01)
Present 13.2795(0.01) 15.1039(0.03) 15.9484(0.01)
Example 4. A thick antisymmetric cross-ply (0/90)n square
0.10 Exact [72] 11.6200 12.9600 13.5100
FSDT 11.6332(0.11) 13.0308(0.55) 13.6140(0.77) laminate with a/h = 5 is analyzed using Material 2. Dimensionless
Present 11.8161(1.69) 13.0695(0.84) 13.6140(0.77) fundamental frequencies are given in Table 6 for various values
0.15 Exact [72] 10.2400 11.2533 11.6311 of modulus ratio and ply number. The obtained results are com-
FSDT 10.2581(0.18) 11.3518(0.88) 11.7710(1.20) pared with the exact 3D solutions reported by Noor [71] and those
Present 10.5338(2.87) 11.4087(1.38) 11.7710(1.20) generated by Thai and Kim [52] using TSDT and FSDT. Here also the
0.20 Exact [72] 8.9700 9.7225 9.9825 results obtained by the present FSDT are almost identical with
FSDT 8.9810(0.12) 9.8279(1.08) 10.1288(1.47) those predicted by existing FSDT [52]. This statement is also rmly
Present 9.2965(3.64) 9.892(1.74) 10.1288(1.47)
demonstrated in Fig. 6 in which the results obtained by the present
0.25 Exact [72] 7.8944 8.4576 8.6400 theory and FSDT [52] are in excellent agreement for a wide range of
FSDT 7.8950(0.01) 8.5547(1.15) 8.7756(1.57)
thickness ratio a/h.
Present 8.2107(4.01) 8.6185(1.90) 8.7756(1.57)
Example 5. In this example, thin and thick 10-layer antisym-
0.30 Exact [72] 7.0078 7.4356 7.5667
metric angle-ply (h/h)5 square laminates are analyzed using
FSDT 6.9988(0.13) 7.5182(1.11) 7.6849(1.56)
Present 7.2930(4.07) 7.5778(1.91) 7.6849(1.56)
Material 3. Table 7 shows dimensionless frequency for various val-
ues of thickness ratio and lamination angle. The obtained results
a
Numbers in parentheses are the percentage errors with respect to exact values. are compared with the exact 3D solutions given by Noor and

Table 8
Dimensionless fundamental frequency of antisymmetric angle-ply (45/45)n square laminates (Material 2).

n E1/E2 Theory a/h

2 4 10 20 50 100
1 3 HSDT [75] 4.5312 6.1223 7.1056 7.3001 7.3583 7.3666
Present 4.4556 6.0665 7.0700 7.2694 7.3291 7.3378
10 HSDT [75] 4.9742 7.2647 8.9893 9.3753 9.4943 9.5123
Present 4.9316 7.2169 8.9324 9.3173 9.4362 9.4537
20 HSDT [75] 5.1817 8.0490 10.6412 11.2975 10.5074 11.5385
Present 5.2387 8.1185 10.6265 11.2517 11.4511 11.4806
30 HSDT [75] 5.2771 8.5212 11.8926 12.8422 13.1566 13.2035
Present 5.4104 8.7213 11.9456 12.8208 13.1077 13.1505
40 HSDT [75] 5.3325 8.8426 12.9115 14.1705 14.6012 14.6668
Present 5.5205 9.1609 13.0439 14.1790 14.5608 14.6183
2 3 HSDT [75] 4.6498 6.4597 7.6339 7.8724 7.9442 7.9545
Present 4.6519 6.4626 7.6293 7.8657 7.9368 7.9472
10 HSDT [75] 5.2061 8.3447 11.4116 12.2294 12.4952 12.5351
Present 5.3765 8.5634 11.4939 12.2463 12.4881 12.5239
20 HSDT [75] 5.4140 9.3306 14.4735 16.2570 16.8949 16.9927
Present 5.6542 9.7575 14.7292 16.3394 16.9008 16.9862
30 HSDT [75] 5.5079 9.7966 16.4543 19.2323 20.3134 20.4839
Present 5.7641 10.3391 16.8825 19.3944 20.3361 20.4827
40 HSDT [75] 5.5674 10.0731 17.8773 21.6229 23.1949 23.4499
Present 5.8228 10.6839 18.4633 21.8722 23.2368 23.4541
762 H.-T. Thai, D.-H. Choi / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 754763

20 Appendix A
FSDT (45/-45)2
Present Closed-form solutions of FSDT are [70]
02 3 2 3 18 9 8 9
k11 k12 0 k14 k15 I0 0 0 0 0 > U mn >
> > >
> 0 >
>
15 B6 7 6 7 C>>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
B6 k12 k22 0 k24 k25 7 60 I0 0 0 0 7 C> V mn > < 0 >
= >
B6 7 6 7 C< =
(45/-45) B6 0 0 k33 k34 k35 7 26 7 C
B6 7x 6 0 0 I0 0 0 7C W mn Q mn A1
B6 7 6 7 C>> > >
> X mn >
> > >
> 0 >
>
@4 k14 k24 k34 k44 k45 5 40 0 0 I2 0 5 A> > > >
> > >
>
>
: ; >
> : >
;
k15 k25 k35 k45 k55 0 0 0 0 I2 Y mn 0
10
where
k11 A11 a2 A66 b2 ; k12 A12 A66 ab; k22 A66 a2 A22 b2 ; k24 k15
)
5 k14 B11 a2 B66 b2 ; k15 B12 B66 ab
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 for antisymmetric cross-ply
k25 B66 a2 B22 b2
E1 /E2 )
k14 2B16 ab;k15 B16 a2 B26 b2
for antisymmetric angle-ply
Fig. 7. Variation of dimensionless fundamental frequency of antisymmetric angle- k25 2B26 ab
ply (45/45)n square laminates versus material anisotropy (Material 2, a = 10h). k33 jA55 a2 A44 b2 ; k34 jA55 a; k35 jA44 b
k44 D11 a2 D66 b2 jA55 ; k55 D66 a2 D22 b2 jA44 ; k45 D12 D66 ab
A2
Burton [72] and those computed independently in this study using
FSDT. A very good agreement between the results is obtained. with j being the shear correction factor.
Compared to the exact 3D solutions [72], the maximum error of
the present theory is 4.07% for the case of thick laminates with References
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