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can be easily remembered by means of the right hand rule. With the thumb pointing in the
direction of the current, the fingers of the right hand encircling the wire point in the direction
of the magnetic field.
According to Biot-Savarts law, the magnetic flux density at any point P as produced by
a current carrying element shown in Fig. 2.1 is given by
Idl sin
dB = (2.2)
4 r2
where dB = infinitesimal flux density at point P,
P
I = current in the element,
dB
dl = length of element, r
= angle between current direction and radius q
vector to P, and
dI I
r = radius vector.
In order to determine the magnetic flux density B
due to a long, straight or curved conductor, we assume
that the conductor is made up of infinitesimal lengths dl
and B is given by
Fig. 2.1 Flux density to a current
B=
4
z
I sin
r 2
dl (2.3)
carrying element.
z Bdl = 2IR z dl
Fig. 2.2 Amperes law: Line integral
I
= . 2R = I of H over a closed path.
2R
or z Hdl = I as H = B (2.5)
In words it states that the line integral of H around a single closed path is equal to the
current enclosed. This is known as Amperes law. If the path of integration encloses N number
of turns of wire, each with a current I in the same direction, then
z Hdl = NI (2.6)