ELECTROCHIMICA

Acta
Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 4453-4464
75SU, (. J..'1

EIS measurement for corrosion monitoring under

multiphase flow conditions
Y. Chen*, W.P. Jepson
NSF [IUCRC, Corrosion in Multiphase Systems Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701,
USA
Received 7 August 1998; received in revised form 28 January 1999

Abstract

The electrochemical behavior of carbon steel in ASTM saltwater saturated with carbon dioxide (C02) with/
without animidazoline based inhibitor under different flow conditions was studied using Electrochemical Impedance
Spectroscopy (EIS). The effects of the addition of a light refined oil on the inhibitor performance were examined.
Experiments were carried out in a 101.6 mm I.D., 15 m long acrylic flow loop. The system was maintained at a
pressure of 0.136 MPa and temperature of 40C. Experiments were conducted at water cuts of 100 and 80%.
Inhibitor concentrations of 25 ppm and 100 ppm were used. Results show that the EIS technique can be used to
study mechanisms of corrosion and its inhibition in turbulent multi phase flow conditions. It was seen that the high
rate of shear stress and turbulence in multiphase flows can significantly enhance the corrosion rate and reduce the
inhibition performance of corrosion inhibitors. @ 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS); Carbon dioxide corrosion; Corrosion inhibitor; Multiphase flow; 'Large
diameter flow loop

1. Introduction pressure, fluid properties, solution pH and chemistry

In remote and offshore oil sites, the product from
the wells is transported as' a mixture of oil, saltwater
and natural gas. Carbon dioxide in the natural gas dis-
solves in saltwater and results in the formation of a
weak carbonic acid often causing severe corrosion in
carbon steel pipelines. This problem has caused the
consideration of many corrosion control methods for
oil fields. Chemical inhibitors have become important
for corrosion control. The successful selection of in-
hibitors depends on a clear understanding of the oper-
ational conditions, such as operating temperature and
* Corresponding author.
and flow conditions. Flow conditions include flow vel-
ocity, single/multiphase flow, and composition of the
multiphase mixture [1]. Inability to predict the effects
of multiphase flow patterns on inhibitors in pipelines
can seriously degrade the effectiveness of the inhibitor
[2].
Multiphase flow is characterized by many different
flow regimes. These depend on the flow rate of gas, oil
and water for three~phase systems. At high oil pro-
duction rates, the slug flow regime is prominent [3].
Slug flow is known to enhance internal corrosion in
multiphase pipelines [4-6]. The high rate of shear and
turbulence due to the mixing vortex and the bubble
impact in the mixing zone of slug can increase the cor-
rosion rate or reduce the performance of inhibitors

0013-4686/991$ - see front matter ;) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PH: SOO13-4686(99)00 160-7
4454 Y. Chen, w.P. Jepson / Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 4453-4464
v I
A
v
K
A. Liquid tank
B. Bypass
C. Liquid feed
D, Orifice plate with mercury meter
; Flow height control gate
F. Gas input
Fig. 1. Experimental system.
that might have otherwise formed on the pipe wall [7].
The flow characteristics in slug flow are characterized
by a dimensionless Froude number [3] and the turbu-
lence levels and bubble impact on the pipe wall
increase withincrease in Froude number.
Corrosion inhibitor evaluations in CO2 corrosion
conditions have been studied extensively by many
researchers [8,9). These studies were carried out in
Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE) systems or in
small-scale flow loops. These systems cannot comple-
tely simulate actual field conditions. They ultimately
provide only a qualitative ranking of conditions and
inhibitors. The studies on corrosion and inhibition in
large ~iameter flow loops under multiphase flow con-
ditions have become a critical step of corrosion control
in practical oil field.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) tech-
nique is very useful for evaluation of inhibitor per-
formances, analysis of electrochemical mechanisms and
corrosion processes. Equivalent circuit models provide
a helpful way to interpret and quantify the EIS spectra
if the physical models are understood. This paper
demonstrates the ability of this technique to study cor-
rosion and inhibition mechanisms in multiphase flow
environments and proposes equivalent circuit models
to analyze experimental data under different flow con-
ditions with or without inhibitors.
F E
c
1
G. Test section
H. Gas outlet
I. Pressure gauge
K. Heater
V. Valves
2. Experimental setup
Experiments were carried out in a 101.6 rom J.D.,
15 m long acrylic pipeline. The schematic layout of the
system is shown in Fig. 1. A specific mixture of oil and
saltwater is placed in the 1.4 m3 stainless steel tank A.
The liquid from the tank is pumped into the 76 rom
J.D. PVC pipe by a 1.5 kW centrifugal pump. The
flow rate of the liquid is controlled by a bypass line B
and is measured by a calibrated orifice meter D. The
liquid is forced under gate E into the 101.6 mm J.D.
Plexiglas pipe where it formed a fast moving liquid
film. The carbon-dioxide gas is also introduced into
the system at port E. The gas-liquid mixture passes
through the Plexiglas pipeline 'and enters the tank
where the liquid is separated using a de-entrained plate
inside the tank. Liquid is recycled and gas is vented to
the atmosphere through the exhausted at the top of
the tank. The carbon dioxide gas is also used to pres-
surize the system. The pressure inside the tank is indi-
cated by the gauge I, installed on the top of the tank.
All the measurements are taken in the test section G
located 8 m downstream from the gate. For slug flow,
a hydraulic jump [3] is generated and moved into the
test section by controlling the gas flow at the inlet F.
The liquid inside the tank is heated by two 1.5 kW
heaters positioned at K.
The EIS probe and coupons were inserted into the
 Y. Chen, w.P. Jepson/ Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 4453-4464 4455

A A

Flow

A. EIS, ECN and ER probes C. Pressure taps

B. Sampling tube D. Thermocouple

Fig. 2. Test secti<;m.

test section G shown in Fig. 2, are mounted flush with
the pipe wall. The ac impedance spectra in this work
were generated by GAMRY CMS300 corrosion moni-
toring system and analyzed using their accompanying
software. EIS measurements were carried out at an
open circle potential with 10 mV ac potential in the
frequency range from 20 mHz to 5 kHz.
Preliminary studies were made in a Rotating
Cylinder Electrode (RCE) system. Fig. 3 shows the
steady open circuit potential of stainless steel in 100%
ASTM substitute saltwater saturated with CO2. The
test was carried out at the constant temperature of
40C and at stirring speed of 1000 rpm. The counter
electrodes (CE) are two graphite rods, the reference
electrode (RE) is a Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE)
and the working electrode (WE) is 316 L stainless steel

-0.42

t3 -0.43
CIl
~
s;
E
:::--0.44

--=
.S
t.l
o
l:l.

-0.45

,
-0.46
o 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Time (s)

Fig. 3. Open circuit potential vs time for 316 L stainless steel exposed to COr saturated ASTM saltwater in the RCE system.
4456 Y. Chen; W.P. Jepson / Electrochimica Acta 44 (/999) 4453-4464

200

05 hrs (ACFJAWE=I)
x 5 hrs (ACFJAWE=4)
150 A 3 hrs (ACFJAWE=4)
_ 3 hrs (ACFJAWE=l)

'i.. oX

cI'
Ei OX
..c:I cI'
0 100
......
\)I) (J. A
A A
01

...,
EI I!' A
A A-
A -
ax

tIC A A- Ox
CI<_A
50 A-
Ox
d'A

,yf A-

A -

A -

A -
A -
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
.ReaI (Ohmcnr)

Fig. 4. Nyquist plots of EIS spectra for different area ratio of CE and WE in 100% ASTM saltwater RCE system.

with ari area of 3.02 cmi, which was polished with 600 same for the different area ratio of CE to WE at both
grid sandpaper. This figure shows that 316 L is accep- exposure times. This indicates the fact that the impe-
table as reference electrode in ASTM saltwater. The dance of counter electrode is not influencing the test
Nyquist plots for a CE with 4 times as large an area as results. The EIS probe used in the multi phase flow
the WE and CE with the same area as WE is shown in loop consists of three electrodes as shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 4 at exposure times of 3 and 5 h, respectively. The The working electrode is made of C-1018 carbon steel.
tests were conducted using C-IOI8 mild steel as WE The counter and reference electrodes are made of 316
with area of 3.02 cm2, 316 L stainless steel as CE and L stainless steel. The surface area of each electrode is
SCE as RE. The Nyquist plots seem to be almost the 0.7854 cm2 (diameter is 10 mm). The distance between
centers of every two electrode is about 13 mm.
Studies were carried out using ASTM substitute
saltwater, light hydrocarbon oil (Conoco LVT 200
PerimeterWall
with density of 825 kg/m3 and viscosity of 2 cp) and
carbon dioxide gas. Once the de-oxygenation process
Epoxy was complete, the EIS probe, which was polished by
600-grid sandpaper, rinsed with acetone and distilled
water for several times, was inserted into the test sec-
tion and measurements were started. For the inhibition
experiments, the inhibitor was injected into system and
fully mixed with testing solution before the EIS probe
installed. The experiments were made for water cuts of
100 and 80%. One imidazoline inhibitor formulated
with imidazoline salt and quaternary amine was used
at the concentration of 25 and 100 ppm. Full pipe flow
lj>32mm was studied for liquid velocities of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s
and slug flow for Froude numbers of 4, 6 and 9. The
system temperature and pressure are maintained con-
Fig. 5. EIS probe used in flow loop system. stant at 40C and 0.136 MPa for all experiments.
 Y. Chen, w.P.Jepson I Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 4453--4464 4457

75

o 1.5 hrs

.
2.1 Hz x 2.5 hrs
/:; .3.5 hrs
m
50 .x
x -2.1
x
o 0 2.rHz 0
x
o x
0
x
0

0 x
o x

o 0.03 Hz
~oxll ClQ ~X&~x 0.02Hz
0.2 Hz ~: 0 0 x

0.13 Hi h:\3Hz 0 .02 Hz

-
0

50 75 100 125 150 175

Fig. 6. Nyquist plots of EIS spectra for 1.5 mls full pipe flow at different exposure times in 100% ASTM saltwater flow loop sys-
tem.

100

ov=().5 mls

x v=1.0mls
75 0.84 Hz
A v=1.5 mls
o
o o
o x o
o x
A /:; x o
A
o x A
50 2.1 Hz A
o
o A
x A
.. x
o
x A x
A
o
A x o
A 0.02 Hz o
AX xx. o 00.02 Hz
:I' xAo~3
A Hz

/~0.11Hz
0.13 Hz

50 75 125 150 175 200

Fig. 7. Nyquist plots of EIS spectra for full pipe flow at different liquid velocities in 100% ASTM saltwater flow loop system.
 4458 Y. Chen, w.P. Jepson / Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 4453-4464

75

1.3Hz o Slug at Fr=4

0 0
0
x Slug at Fr=6
0 0 Slug at Fr=9
2.1Hz
'i .-. 50 0 0

1=... 0
x
x X
x
0

El x
.Cl 0 x 0 0.17Hz
0 x
3.~Hz
'-'
CII
<=
....S xA
0
x.
x.

x
x
0
0 /
.000
I
X 0
25 oxA x 00
"IIxx x x x
o~
o~
0.21Hz 0.02Hz 0

0
~ "'M
5000Hz
p.
t.

0,02Hz
0.02Hz

50 75 100 125 150 175 200

Real (Obmcnr)

Fig. 8. Nyquist plots ofEIS spectra for slug flow at different Froude numbers in 100% ASTM saltwater flow loop system.

3. Results and discussion flow at liquid velocity of 1.0 and I.5 m/s. For the low-
est liquid velocity of 0.5 mis, the second time constant
3.1. 100% water-cut tests without inhibitor at low frequency was unable to be detected at the low

Initially, experiments were carried out in an RCE

system and results similar to those in Fig. 4 were (A)
obtained. Here, single semicircular spectra are present,
which indicate that the system can be described by a
single time constant model. Later, single phase full
pipe and slug flow were studied.
Fig. 6 shows Nyquist plots of IS spectra under the
full pipe flow at 1.5 mls superficial liquid velocity for
different exposure times. When compared to Fig. 4 for
an RCE system, the impedance spectra do not exhibit
single semicircles centered on the real axis. A second
loop has begun to appear at low frequencies after an (B)
exposure time of 1.5 h. These might suggest that there
is an additional electrochemical process other than the
interfacial charge transfer reaction due to the presence
of a porous corrosion product layers adjacent to the
metal surface. These additiorial loops suggest that a
second time constant is present. The distance along the
real axis where the second loop appears increases with
exposure time, which indicates the charge transfer re-
sistance increases with time. Rf
Fig. 7 shows the plots for full pipe flow at different
Fig. 9. Equivalent circuit models used for analyzing EIS data
superficial liquid velocities after exposure time of 3.5 h. in 100% ASTM saltwater .flow loop system. Rs, solution re-
It is seen that a depressed semicircular first loop is pre- sistance; Rio charge transfer resistance; Cd!> double layer ca-
sent for all liquid velocities and the formation of a sec- pacitance; Rr and Cr, corrosion product film resistance and
ond loop at low frequency region exists in full pipe capacitance.
 Y. Chen, w.P. Jepson I Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 4453--4464
200 r-------------------------------,
160
,.... 120
ee
.c:
~
rl 80
40
OL----'----' __ ----L__ ---'-__
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Fig. 10.Charge transfer resistancevs time for differentflowconditionsin 100%ASTM saltwaterflowloop system.
frequency used in those tests. This could be due to a
thin or undetectable corrosion product layer at this
liquid velocity. The place on the real axis at which the
second loop begins decreases to lower values with
increase in liquid velocity.
It is well known that the mass transfer coefficient is
higher at the higher liquid velocity [10]. For the case
of full pipe flow at the higher liquid velocity, corrosive
species could reach the metal surface faster. Hence, a
lower charge transfer resistance is seen.
The EIS Nyquist plots for slug flow at different
Froude numbers are shown in Fig. 8. Again, a de-
pressed loop is found for these three flow conditions
and the second loop is seen for slug flow at Froude
numbers of 4 and 6. The data at the lower frequency
for Froude number 9 shows more fluctuations which is
due to the much higher rate of turbulence and bubble
impact in the mixing zone of the slug. In highly turbu-
lent slug flow, the shear stress at the bottom of the
pipe is very high and the impact of the bubbles pro-
duces a cavitation-type effect [7]. These can remove the
corrosion products and allow the corrosion to continue
at a high rate. Therefore, only a thin or an undetect-
able corrosion product layer is present in slug flow at
this Froude number. Compared to Froude numbers of
4 and 6, the charge transfer resistance for Froude
number 9 slug flow is the lowest due to the highest
rate of shear stress and turbulence. Flow conditions of
4459
--'--__ -'- __ '--_----L __ ---'-__ --L..__ -'
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Time(hrs)
slug at Froude number 4 is similar to full pipe flow.
The bubbles do not reach the bottom of the pipe due
to the lower turbulence. The charge transfer resistance
decreases with increase in Froude number.
".
The equivalent circuit models as shown in Fig. 9 are .'
proposed to describe the corrosion process under mul-
tiphase flow conditions. Here Rs is the solution resist-
ance, Rl is the charge transfer resistance and Cd) is the
double layer capacitance that characterizes the charge
separation between metal and electrolyte interface.
However the double layer capacitor does not behave
ideally due to the roughness caused by the corrosion
product layer. The impedance of a capacitor has the
form,
Z = A(jw)-a
For an ideal capacitor, the constant A is equal to l/C
and or. = 1. For a non-ideal capacitor, the value of or. is
less than one. The use of or. is only a description of
non-ideal behavior of the double layer but its physical
meaning is not clear [11]. With increasing corrosion
product layer presence, another electrochemical process
is seen, and is represented by the second Rr-Cr loop
nested in the typical charge transfer ReCd) network as
shown in circuit.
Fig. 10 shows that charge transfer resistance, R[, vs
time under different flow conditions. This parameter is
4460 Y. Chen, W.P. Jepson / Electrochirnica Acta 44 (1999) 4453-4464

(A) 200

c 3.5 hrs

x 2.5 hrs
150 .0.5 hrs
3.2 Hz
,-. C

1:
.. aC.Oe
C 0.21 Hz x
c

e
..cl
o
.x
ox.
x 402Hz
Xx
x x 0 0 Xc Xc
C

100 ~ x x 0 xo
~ '?c x
0
00 Xo
co
E! III
.6. .... x
xxx . xxx
C c."I<[]l(C

'" ..
Cf
"'i'

50
~.
...



5.2 Hz . . ..
It.
.
...~ ...
0.21 Hz
..
. .. 0.21 Hz

~=&
o
o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

(B) 3.0 -50

2.5
-..
"'a
'Gi'
.. t
El -30 ~
0
..cl

'-' 2.0
e
~ -Q
"Cl =' =
Q
-20 ~ "
~
co
Q
..:l
f"
1.5
-10

1.0 o
-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Log Freq (Hz)

Fig. II. EIS spectra for. Froude number 9 slug flow at different exposure times in 100% ASTM saltwater flow loop system with
100 ppm inhibitor. (a) Nyquist plots (b) Bode plots.

obtained by fitting the EIS spectra using circuit (B) in ance, while full pipe flow at liquid velocity of 0.5 mls
Fig. 9. For the case with the single loop, EIS data was has the highest charge transfer resistance. Slug flow
analyzed by circuit (A). The charge transfer resistance with higher Froude numbers (such as 6 and 9) has
increases with immersion time for all flow conditions lower charge transfer resistance than full pipe flow.
except slug flow at Froude number 9. Slug flow at This indicates that the high rate of turbulence and
Froudenumber 9 has the lowest charge transfer resist- bubble impact can increase the corrosion rate.
 Y. Chen, W.P. Jepson / Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 4453--4464 4461

200
o Full pipe flow at 1.0 m/s
0.02 Hz
x Slug flow at Fr=6
Slug flow at Fr=9
0.02 Hz

o
150
0

x o

i.. o

s
e.
l>j)
100

50

o
o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Real (Ohm.cmz)

Fig. 12. Nyquist plots of EIS spectra for different flow conditions in 100% ATSM saltwater flow loop system with 25 ppm inhibi-
tor.

3.2. Inhibitor tests
A corrosion inhibitor was then added to the system.
Fig. 11 presents EIS spectra in 100% ASTM saltwater
containing 100 ppm inhibitor for Froude number 9
slug flow' at different exposure times. The shape of
Nyquist plot for each EIS spectrum seems to have an
another semicircle at high frequency, which may rep-
resent the formation of an inhibitor film. This is in ad-
dition to a semicircle for charge transfer process and a
diffusion tail at low frequency region. The semicircle of
charge transfer process is severely depressed and the
Fig. 13. Equivalent circuit model for fitting EIS data in 100%
ASTM saltwater flow loop system with inhibitor. Rpf and Cpf,
inhibitor film resistance and capacitance; Wd, diffusion impe-
dance.
slope of diffusion tail is less than 45. These could
result from the porous inhibitor film formed on the .
metal surface. The diffusion impedance element
suggests that the electrochemical processes might be
controlled by the active species diffusing to the metal
surface or corrosion products diffusing away from the
metal surface through the inhibitor film. The charge
transfer resistance increases with time. The data at
very high frequency are unable to be detected because
of the limitation of the instrument. A maximum fre-
quency of only 5000 Hz is attainable. However, in the
Bode phase plots, a slight dip in the two merging
phase angle maximum around 400 Hz is still seen. This
could suggest that the electrochemical process occur-
ring at high frequency is the formation of an inhibitor
film. In the Bode impedance plots, the module at low
frequency region increases with time, which indicates
that the corrosion rate decreases with immersion time.
A comparison of EIS Nyquist plots for 100%
ASTM saltwater with 25 ppm inhibitor under different
flow conditions is shown in Fig. 12. The shape of
Nyquist plot appears similar to Fig. 11. The charge
transfer resistance decreases with an increase in turbu-
lence. The circuit, as shown in Fig. 13, was used to
describe the electrochemical processes in the presence
of inhibitor for 100% water cut for each flow con-
dition. Here, Cr is the inhibitor film capacitance, which
is also a constant phase element and Rpf is the pore re-
sistance arising by the formation of conducting paths
 Y. Chen, w.P. Jepson / Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999)' 4453--4464
o
A
..
Time(hrs)
..[CI]=25ppmin Fr=9 slugflow
A [CI]=100ppmin Fr=9 slugflow
Fig. 14. Charge transfer resistancevs time for differentflowconditionsin
concentrationsof inhibitor. '
iIi the inhibitor film [12]. The nested circuits are used
to indicate that pores in the film can cause corrosion
by providing areas where the electrolyte has direct
access to the metal surface. When there are pores
within the inhibitor film, the active species of electro-
lyte can pass through the pores to approach the metal
surface. The electrochemical processes with inhibitor
iIiclude both kinetic and diffusion processes. The diffu-
sion process is described by the Warburg impedance,
Wd. The other elements are the same as the circuit (A)
in Fig. 9.
The charge transfer resistance, R(, obtained by the
circuit as shown in Fig. 13 and corresponding to 25
and 100 ppm inhibitor is presented in Fig. 14. The Rl
for slug flow is lower than full pipe flow at both inhibi-
tor concentrations. This results from the much higher
turbulence and bubble impact in the mixing zone of
slug. These flow characteristics reduce the inhibition
performance of corrosion inhibitor and hence do not
decrease the corrosion rate effectively.
3.3. Effects of the addition of oil on inhibitor
performance
When oil is added to the system, significant changes
are noted. Fig. 15 shows the EIS spectra in 80% water
o
o
I!l
2 3 4
[CI]=25ppmin fullpipe flow
o [CI]=IOOppmin full pipe flow
100% ASTM saltwaterflow loop systemwith different
cut with 100 ppm inhibitor under Froude number 9
slug flow at different exposure times. In the presence of
oil, the Nyquist plots show that the loop at the high
frequency seems to appear after immersion of 2.5 h,
w~ich can be seen in Bode phase plot. It suggests the
formation of an inhibitor film. When compared to Fig.
II, the charge transfer resistance is much larger, which
indicates a lower corrosion rate. The above is expected
since the inhibitor used was oil soluble and more in-
hibitor would be transported to the surface when oil
was present in the fully mixed flow.
4. Conclusions
The EIS technique can be used to study the cor-
rosion and inhibition processes in multiphase flow con-
ditions, such as full pipe and slug flow.
For full pipe flow at the higher liquid velocities, a
second loop appears in the low frequency region,
which could be caused by formation of a porous cor-
rosion product layer. The second loop at low frequen-
cies is found in slug flow at Froude number of 4 and
6, however, it is not present in slug flow at Froude
number 9. This results from the removal of the pro-
duct layer at the high rate of shear stress and localized
 Y. Chen, w.P. Jepson / Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 4453-4464 4463

(A) 1000

00.5 hrs

800 x 2.5 hrs

A 3.5 hrs

la 600 3.2 Hz

A I:>
-=o A
A A
A
'-'
4.2Hz
. X A
llIl A X X
.0: x x
400 A

...a
I
X
X A
X A

X A

X A
200 X A
X
Xx x'/ x
A
,&x'l<x
~~ A
o
o 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Real (Ohm.cnr)

4.0 -60
(B)
x

-50
3.5

..
A

1: -... 3.0
-40

E : ...

-=0 o
'-'
2.5
=~
"CI
0

llIl
..:l 2.0
0

1.5
o

1.0 10
-2,0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Log Freq (Hz)

Fig. 15. EIS spectra for Froude number 9 slug flow at different exposure times in 80% water cut flow loop system with 100 ppm in-
hibitor.

turbulence in the mixing zone of slug at the high performance due to the high shear stress and localized
Froude number. turbulence. In the presence of oil, the inhibition per-
The corrosion process in the presence of inhibitor in formance of this inhibitor is increased. The diffusion
100% water cut seems to include charge transfer and process is not the rate controlling step under effects of
diffusion processes. Slug flow reduces the inhibition oil.
4464 Y. Chen, w.P. Jepsonl Electrochimica Acta 44 (1999) 4453-4464
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge assistance by Dr. T. Hong
and Dr. M. Gopal at Corrosion in Multiphase Systems
Center at Ohio University.
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