PREFACE

Praise be to God who has provided His pleasure and pleasure especially
the opportunity and health so that the writer can finish the paper .

This paper was created to provide additional insight into the science of
psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, Sigmun Freud biography, discussion of
personality structure, personality dynamics and personality development
according to Sigmun Freud.

Hopefully this paper can provide a broader insight to the reader. Although
this paper has advantages and disadvantages. Authors beg for advice and
criticism. Thank you.

Medan , 22 September 2017

Author

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE .............................................................................................................. i

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................ii

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 2

1.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 2

1.2 Problem Formulation ............................................................................................ 3

1.3 Destination ............................................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER 2 : DISCUSSION ............................................................................... 4

2.1 Biography of Sigmund Freud ................................................................................ 4

2.2 Basic Theory of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud .................................................. 5

2.3.1 Mental Life Level ...................................................................................................... 5

2.3.2 Areas of Mind ............................................................................................................ 6

2.4 Personality Dynamics According to Sigmund Freud ............................................ 7

2.4.1 Instinct ....................................................................................................................... 7

2.4.2 Anxiety ...................................................................................................................... 9

2.4.3 Ego Defense Mechanism ......................................................................................... 10

2.5 Personality Development According to Sigmund Freud (Psychosexual stages of

Personality Development) ......................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 3 : CLOSING ................................................................................... 15

3.1 Knot ..................................................................................................................... 15

3.2 Advice ................................................................................................................. 15

REFERENCES.................................................................................................... 16

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The Subconscious Theory of Sigmund Freud

Supriadi

170403091

Majoring in Industrial Engineering

University of North Sumatera

Jl. Dr. T. Mansur No. 9 , Padang Bulan

EMail : gosupri45@gmail.com

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Personality psychology is one of the branches of psychology. Personality psychology
is one of the basic science essential for understanding the science of psychology. Man as a
material object in the learning of psychology certainly has a personality and character
different from each other not even everyone can understand his own personality. That is the
background of my paper on the theory of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, as we know, that
Sigmund Freud's personality theory is the most controversial. Psychoanalytic theory, became
the most comprehensive theory among other personality theories.

According to Freud, every individual is not a free being, but an organism whose
behavior is determined by a number of determinants for human behavior derived from the
individual himself (instinct or impulse). Each individual can only be understood when the
individual is seen and studied as a totality intact. Individual personality is determined by
early childhood experience and will not change throughout the life of the individual.

Freud believed that the whole behavior was a defensive attitude. But not everyone
uses the same self defense. We are driven by the same impulse id, but not all humans have
the same tendency of ego and superego. Although these things have the same function, but
there are many kinds of people, because they are shaped by the experience of the mind and
there are never two people who are exactly the same in their experience even though they
were raised in one house.

The three structures of Freud's personality are id, ego, superego. First, the id is an
original personality system, when human is born it only has id, because its the main source
of psychic energy and where the instinct arises. Second, the ego is in contact with the realm
of reality that exists outside of itself. It acts as a mediator between instinct and the world
around it. Third, the superego is the one who holds justice or as a filter of both personality
systems, know the right-wrong. Here the superego acts as an ideal, which is in accordance
with the moral norms of society.

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1.2 Problem Formulation
1. Who is Sigmund Freud?

2. What is the theory of psychoanalytic personality according to Sigmund Freud?

3. What is discussed about the personality expressed by Freud?

1.3 Destination
The purpose of this paper is to find out more about the Sigmund Freud's biography,
psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud, personality structure, personality dynamics and
personality development according to Sigmun Freud. In addition , the author hope that with
this paper the readers will understand more about what is written in this paper.

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 CHAPTER 2

DISCUSSION

2.1 Biography of Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud was a Jewish - German born in Freiberg, Moravia, May 6, 1856. His
father was a less successful merchant of the time. When his father's business failed in
Moravia, Freud's family moved to Leipzig, Germany. When Freud was 4 years old the family
moved back to Vienna and lived there for about 80 years. After the Nazis came and
conquered Austria, he moved again to London where in the end he died.

Freud looks intelligent from childhood compared to his age. He went to school one
year earlier than anyone else. He can speak German, Greek, Latin, French, English and
Italian. He began reading Shakespeare's essay from the age of eight. After that, Freud entered
the University of Vienna majoring in Medicine in 1873 when he was 17 years old and
graduated eight years later. Freud paid special attention to the neurological sciences that led
him to specialize in the care of people with neurological disorders. In 1881, he opened the
practice for people with mental and emotional disorders. The impulse to open practice came
from his wife named Matha Bernays. To deepen his knowledge, Freud studied at Jean Martin
Charcot, a famous French psychiatrist of the time. Jean used the hypnotic method to care for
her patients which Freud was not very satisfied with. When he heard of Joseph Breuer, a
physician in Vienna who used another theory that is by inviting patients to talk about the
symptoms they experienced that is better known as the theory of free association, commonly
called catharsis. Breuer applied this to a patient named Anna.O. Which ultimately led Freud
and Breuer to work together in writing the book Studies in Hysteria. But they immediately
contradicted opinions when Freud assumed the cause of hysteria were sexual conflicts. This
led to Freud doing separate research and producing his first book Traumdeutung (The
Intrepretation of Dream, 1900). His gaze earned him the attention of the whole world. He was
followed by experts from various countries such as Ernest Jones from England, Carl Gustav
Jung from Zurich, Alfred Adler from Vienna, and so on.

After that he still published several works such as Psycho-pathology of Everyday Life
in 1904 and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality in 1905. The community questioned his

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theory because he was a neurologist and why he was talking about sexuality. In 1896, Freud
believed that sexual conflicts were the basis of the cause of neurosis, most of the female
patients reporting on childhood traumatic experiences during childhood.

During 1920-1930, Freud achieved success but his health declined further. This is due
to bad habits of Freud's life such as smoking, drinking, and taking drugs. After his daughter
Anna Freud died, Freud moved to London, Freud suffered a health decline and died in
London on 23 September 1939.

2.2 Basic Theory of Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud

Freud's contribution in substantial personality psychology theory is at once between
substantial and controversial personality theories. Psychoanalysis theories become the most
comprehensive theory among other personality theories, but also get many responses both
positive and negative responses. The crucial role of the unconscious and the sex instincts and
aggression in them in the setting of behavior becomes Freud's monumental work.
Systematically used by Freud in describing personality are three main points: personality
structure, personality dynamics, and personality development.

2.3 Personality Structure According to Sigmund Freud

According to Freud, the soul's life has three levels of consciousness, namely
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. In 1923 Freud introduced three other structural
models, namely id, ego and superego. This new structure does not replace the old structure
but completes / refines the mental picture especially in its function and purpose.

2.3.1 Mental Life Level

In the theory of psychoanalysis some of which are almost largely behavioral by the
forces of the subconscious and the energy we possess are also widely used to find appropriate
expression in the unconscious.

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Sigmund Freud divides the personality into three levels of consciousness:

1. Conscious

A level of consciousness that contains all the things we look at at a given moment. According
to Freud only a small part of the mental life (thoughts, perceptions, feelings, and memories)
that go into consciousness.

2. Preconscious

Preconscious is also called ready memory, which is the level of consciousness that becomes
the bridge between conscious and unconscious. The experience left by attention, initially
realized but then no longer scrutinized, will be pressed to move to the preconscious area.

3. Unconscious

Unconscious is the deepest part of the structure of consciousness and according to Freud is
the most important part of the human soul. Freud specifically proves that the unconscious is
not a hypothetical abstraction but that is empirical reality. The unconscious contains instincts,
impulses, and drives brought from birth, and traumatic experiences (usually in childhood)
that are suppressed by consciousness are transferred to the unconscious.

2.3.2 Areas of Mind

In 1923, Freud developed a more formal structural model for psychoanalysis. Freud
introduced three basic structures in the anatomy of personality that each have different
functions, namely:

1. Id (Das Es)

Id is the original personality system, brought from birth. From this id then will appear ego
and superego. At birth, the id contains all aspects of inherited psychology, such as instincts,
impulses and drives. Id resides and operates in an unconscious area, representing subjectivity
that has never been realized by all ages. The Id is closely related to the physical process of
obtaining the psychic energy used to operate the system from other personality structures.

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2. Ego (Das Ich)

The ego is the executive or executor of the personality, who has two main tasks; first, choose
which stimuli to respond to and or which instincts will be satisfied according to the priority
needs. Second, determine when and how the need is satisfied in accordance with the
availability of opportunities that are at a minimum risk. The ego actually works to satisfy the
id, therefore the selfless ego will gain energy from the id.

3. Superego (Das Ueber Ich)

The superego is the moral and ethical force of personality, which operates using the idealistic
principle as opposed to the principle of id satisfaction and the realistic principle of the ego.
The superego develops from the ego, and like the ego, it has no source of its own energy.
However, the superego differs from the ego in one important way - the superego has no
contact with the outside world so that the superego's demand for perfection becomes
unrealistic.

2.4 Personality Dynamics According to Sigmund Freud

The level of mental life and mind region refers to the structure or composition of
personality. Thus, Freud proposed a dynamic or motivational principle to explain the forces
that drive human action. For Freud, humans are motivated to seek pleasure and lower tension
and anxiety. This motivation is derived from the psychic and physical energy of the basic
impulses they have.

2.4.1 Instinct
Instinct is the embodiment of the psychology of the body's demanding needs of
gratification eg hunger instincts derived from the physiological needs of the body as a
nutritional deficiency, and psychologically in the form of a desire to eat. The desire, or
motivation, or impulse of the instinct quantitatively is the psychic energy and the collection
of energy from all instincts that one possesses is the energy available to move the personality
process. The instinctual energy can be explained from the source, the purpose, the object and
the impetus :

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1. Sources of instinct are physical conditions or needs. The body demands a balanced state
continuously, and nutritional deficiencies for example will disrupt the balance resulting in
hunger instinct.

2. The purpose of instinct is to eliminate the physical stimulus, so that the discomfort
arising from the stress caused by increased energy can be eliminated. For example, the
purpose of hunger instinct (eating) is to eliminate the state of lack of food, by eating.

3. The object of instinct is any activity that mediates the desire and fulfillment of that desire.
So not only limited to the object, but also includes ways to meet the needs arising from
isnting it. For example, the object of hunger instinct is not just food, but it involves making
money, buying food and serving it.

4. The impetus of instinct is the instinctual force, which depends on the intensity of the
need. For example, the more hungry the person (to some extent) the driving instinct of the
greater the food.

Freud defines instinct as a mental representation of a naturally occurring stimulus in

the body, such as hunger and thirst that drive a person to do something. Instinct is the most
basic element of personality that motivates one's behavior and directs that behavior. Freud
classifies instincts into two categories:

1. Life Instinct

Life instinct is also called Eros is a boost that ensures survival and reproduction, such as
hunger, thirst and sex. The form of energy used by the living instinct is called "libido".
Although Freud acknowledges the existence of various instincts of life, in reality the most
preferred is the sexual instinct (especially in the early days, until about 1920). In the
meantime the actual sexual instinct is not just for one instinct, but a set of instincts, because
there are various physical needs that cause erotic desires.

2. Death Instinct

Death instinct is also called destructive instincts. This instinct is functioning less clearly when
compared with the instinct of life, therefore not so well known. But it is an undeniable fact
that each person will eventually die. This is what causes Freud to formulate that "The purpose
of all life is to die" (1920). A most important derivative of death instinct is an aggressive
drive. Aggressive nature is self-destructiveness that is changed with the substitution object.

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2.4.2 Anxiety
Anxiety is an important variable of almost all personality theories. Anxiety as a result
of the conflict that becomes an inevitable part of life, is seen as a major component of the
dynamics of personality. Anxiety is the function of the ego to alert the individual about the
possibility of a danger so that an appropriate adaptive reaction can be prepared. Usually the
individual reaction to the threat of displeasure and destruction that he has not faced is to be
anxious or fearful. Anxiety serves as a mechanism that secures the ego because it signals a
danger in sight.

Anxiety will arise when people are unprepared for threats. Only ego can produce or
feel anxiety. The ego's dependence on the id causes the appearance of neurotic anxiety,
whereas the superego's dependence on the superego brings up moral anxiety, and its
dependence on the outside world leads to realistic anxiety.

Freud viewed anxiety as an important part of his personality theory, and he also
considered that anxiety is fundamental to the development of neurological and psychotic
influences. Freud reveals that the prototype of all anxiety is the birth trauma. The fetus in her
mother's womb is the most stable world in which every need is satisfied without delay.
However, at birth, organisms are pushed into hostile environments. Suddenly babies need to
start adapting to reality because their instinctual demand is not always immediately fulfilled.

Freud distinguishes three kinds of anxiety, namely:

1. Realistic Anxiety

is afraid of the real danger exists in the outside world. This anxiety becomes the origin of the
onset of neurotic anxiety and moral anxiety. Examples of realistic anxiety are earthquakes,
hurricanes, and similar disasters. Anxiety reality provides a positive purpose to guide our
behavior to protect and save ourselves from actual dangers.

2. Neurotic Anxiety

is fear of punishment that will be received from a parent or other authority figure if one
satisfies instinct in his or her own way, which he believes will reap the punishment.

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Punishment is not necessarily acceptable, because parents do not necessarily know the
violations committed, and for example parents know also not necessarily punish. Thus,
punishment and punitive figures in neurotic anxiety are imaginary.

3. Moral Anxiety

is anxiety anxiety, this anxiety arises when people violate the standard of parental values.
Moral anxiety and neurotic anxiety seem similar, but it has a difference of principle that is:
the level of ego control on moral anxiety keeps people rational in thinking the problem is on
the neurotic anxiety of people in the state of distress - sometimes panic so they can not think
clearly.

2.4.3 Ego Defense Mechanism

Freud defines the ego defense mechanism as a strategy used by individuals to prevent
open emergence from impulses and to face superego pressure on the ego, with the aim that
anxiety can be reduced or mitigated. According to Freud, the ego's defense mechanism is a
complicated mechanism and much of it, and the mechanisms used in everyday life are seven
kinds:

1. Repression

Repression is an ego process using the power of anticathexes to suppress everything (ideas,
instincts, memories, thoughts) that can cause anxiety out of consciousness.

2. Denial

Denial is closely related to repression and is involved in rejecting the presence of external
threats or traumatic events that have arisen.For example, a person who has chronic pain will
deny the possibility that he will die. Parents of children who have died may continue to deny
the loss by leaving the child's room as it always was.

3. Reaction Formation

Defensive actions by replacing impulses or anxiety-inducing feelings with impulses or

opposite feelings in consciousness, such as hate replaced by love, hostility replaced by

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expression of friendship. The problem arises how to distinguish the original expression of an
impulse with the expression of a substitute for the formation reaction: how true love is
distinguished from love-reaction formation. Usually the formation reaction is characterized
by superficial, extreme, and compulsive properties.

4. Projection

Projection is the mechanism of turning neurotic or moral anxiety into realistic anxiety, by
throwing internal impulses that threaten to be moved to an object outside, so as if the threat is
projected from the external object to the person himself.

5. Regression

In the regression, man will retreat to the stage of his earlier life. Regresion usually involves
returning us to one of the psychosexual stages of childhood development. Individuals return
to that period followed by manifestations of behavior that prevailed at that time, for example
acting like a child and tending to be childlike and behavior dependent on others.

6. Rationalization

Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves the reinterpretation of our behavior to

make it more rational and acceptable to us. We condone or judge a threat through an act that
persuades ourselves that there is a rationale behind our treatment. The dismissed person may
rationalize by saying that the job is not a good job for him either. It's more or less threatening
to blame others or something than ourselves if we fail. These are points to keep in mind why
we blame our professors for not passing the exam.

7. Displacement

If the object needed to satisfy the id does not exist, people will most likely replace it with
another object. For example, when a person is unhappy with his boss or children are not
happy with their parents, they dare not express their displeasure to them for fear of
punishment. So they wreaked it out to others. In the example they replace the original object
with an object that is not a threat to them. However this is not very satisfactory id like using
the original object.

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8. Sublimation

Sublimation is involved in changing impulse id. Instinctive energy is changed to acceptable

behavior by society and also accepted by society. Sexual energy, for example, becomes an
artistic and creative behavior. Freud believed that some human activities, especially artistic
activities. It is a manifestation of impulse-id impulses that are redirected into behaviors that
can be more accepted by society.

2.5 Personality Development According to Sigmund Freud (Psychosexual

stages of Personality Development)
Freud divides personality development into three stages: infantile (0-5 years), latent
stage (5-12 years), and genital stage (> 12 years). The most important infantile stage in
personality formation is divided into three phases, namely the oral phase, the anal phase, and
the phaly phase. Personality development is determined primarily by biological development,
so this stage is also called the infantile sexual stage. The development of sex instinct means a
sex cathexic change, and biological development prepares the body part to be chosen to be
the center of sexual satisfaction (erogenous zone).

1. The Oral Stage

Age Range: Birth to 1 Year

Erogenous Zone: Mouth

During the oral stage, the infant's primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so
the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and the
infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and
sucking. Because the infant is entirely dependent upon caretakers (who are responsible for
feeding the child), the infant also develops a sense of trust and comfort through this oral
stimulation. The primary conflict at this stage is the weaning process--the child must become
less dependent upon caretakers. If fixation occurs at this stage, Freud believed the individual
would have issues with dependency or aggression. Oral fixation can result in problems with
drinking, eating, smoking, or nail biting.

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2. The Anal Stage

Age Range: 1 to 3 years

Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control

During the anal stage, Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling
bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training--the child has
to learn to control his or her bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of
accomplishment and independence. Success at this stage is dependent upon the way in which
parents approach toilet training. Parents who utilize praise and rewards for using the toilet at
the appropriate time encourage positive outcomes and help children feel capable and
productive. Freud believed that positive experiences during this stage served as the basis for
people to become competent, productive, and creative adults. However, not all parents
provide the support and encouragement that children need during this stage. Some parents
instead punish, ridicule or shame a child for accidents. According to Freud, inappropriate
parental responses can result in negative outcomes. If parents take an approach that is too
lenient, Freud suggested that an anal-expulsive personality could develop in which the
individual has a messy, wasteful, or destructive personality. If parents are too strict or begin
toilet training too early, Freud believed that an anal-retentive personality develops in which
the individual is stringent, orderly, rigid, and obsessive.

3. The Phallic Stage

Age Range: 3 to 6 Years

Erogenous Zone: Genitals

Freud suggested that during the phallic stage, the primary focus of the libido is on the
genitals. Children also begin to discover the differences between males and females. Freud
believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mothers affections. The
Oedipus complex describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to
replace the father. However, the child also fears that he will be punished by the father for
these feelings, a fear Freud termed castration anxiety. The term Electra complex has been
used to described a similar set of feelings experienced by young girls. Freud, however,
believed that girls instead experience penis envy. Eventually, the child begins to identify with
the same-sex parent as a means of vicariously possessing the other parent. For girls, however,

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Freud believed that penis envy was never fully resolved and that all women remain somewhat
fixated on this stage. Psychologists such as Karen Horney disputed this theory, calling it both
inaccurate and demeaning to women. Instead, Horney proposed that men experience feelings
of inferiority because they cannot give birth to children, a concept she referred to as womb
envy.

4. The Latent Period

Age Range: 6 to Puberty

Erogenous Zone: Sexual Feelings Are Inactive

During this stage, the superego continues to develop while the id's energies are suppressed.
Children develop social skills, values and relationships with peers and adults outside of the
family. The development of the ego and superego contribute to this period of calm. The stage
begins around the time that children enter into school and become more concerned with peer
relationships, hobbies, and other interests. The latent period is a time of exploration in which
the sexual energy is still present, but it is directed into other areas such as intellectual pursuits
and social interactions. This stage is important in the development of social and
communication skills and self-confidence.

5. The Genital Stage

Age Range: Puberty to Death

Erogenous Zone: Maturing Sexual Interests

The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again. During the final stage of
psychosexual development, the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite
sex. This stage begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a person's life. Where in
earlier stages the focus was solely on individual needs, interest in the welfare of others grows
during this stage. If the other stages have been completed successfully, the individual should
now be well-balanced, warm, and caring. The goal of this stage is to establish a balance
between the various life areas.

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 CHAPTER 3

CLOSING

3.1 Knot
Freud developed a structural model that introduces three basic structures in the
anatomy of personality that each have different functions, namely id, ego, and superego.

Freud sees instinct as the most basic element of personality that motivates one's
behavior and directs that behavior. Freud also saw anxiety as an important part of his
personality theory. Freud describes anxiety as a unity without objects because we can not
point to the source of fear or to a special object that causes the fear.

If anxiety makes the ego's position threatened then the ego issues its defense
mechanisms that include repression, denial, reaction formation, projection, regression,
rationalization, displacement, and sublimation.

Freud makes the theory of psychosexual stages of development consisting of oral

stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latent period, and genital stage. In every stage of
development, a conflict must be resolved before the baby or children go to the next stage
because the unique character of the personality develops in childhood. Freud therefore
suggests that the first five years of life are an important period for the development of
personality.

3.2 Advice
Forming of a personality is very important role in the family, especially parents. So
that early established, taught and familiarized good personality. The family modeled,
behaved, behaved, communicated well with neighbors and the community. Let's learn about
self-awareness, so we can be nice, polite, and not be rude to others. By learning the
personality of ourselves we can transform ourselves into a professional person.

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