Tinau Khola Small Hydropower Project

Preliminary Design of Francis Turbine

Design Head (Net head) Hn 93 m

m3
Design Discharge Qp 4.31
s

Number of Units z2

Current frequency f 50 Hz

Tail Water Level TWL 325 m

Water temperature Wtemp 20 C

Input lower limit and upper limit of Barometric pressure diminished

by SVP (B-hv) from table below for assumed water temperature

ELL Floor ((TWL , 500 m)) = 0 m Bhv_LL 10.1 m

EUL Ceil ((TWL , 500 m)) = 500 m Bhv_UL 9.5 m

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 Tinau Khola Small Hydropower Project

Permissible value for Specific speed and number of pole pairs of generator
Qp m3
Rated Discharge of Turbine Qd = 2.155
z s
Permissible Highest
3
3400
Discharge related specific nq' rpm m = 75.445 rpm
5
0.6
speed 2.97 Hn

Permissible Highest nq nq' = 75.445 rpm

Discharge related specific 3
3
speed
4
Hn m 4
Permissible Highest n nq 1
1
= 1539.116 rpm
Synchoronous speed
2 2
Qd s

60 f rpm
Minimum Pair of the pole pmin = 1.949
n Hz
Synchoronous speed (turbine/generator)

Upper value of Pair of pole p ceil pmin = 2

of generator

If value of p is unacceptable input acceptable value of p (higher value) below, else

provied the same value as calculated. Even number of generator poles pair are
preferable, but generator with odd pair of poles are also available (C.C warnick,
Capter 4, Page 50)
p3

if pmin > p = OK
Select higher value for p

else
OK

60 f rpm
Sunchoronous speed of n = 1000 rpm
generator/turbine p Hz

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 Tinau Khola Small Hydropower Project

Type of turbine 1
1
2
Qd s 2
Discharge related nq n 3
3
= 49.019 rpm
specific speed
4

4
Hn m
kW (metric) related nskw 2.97 nq = 145.585 rpm
specific speed

if nskw < 107 rpm = Normal Speed Francis Turbine

Low Speed Francis Turbine

else
if n < 171 rpm
skw

Normal Speed Francis Turbine

else
if nskw < 251 rpm

High Speed Francis Turbine
else

Express type Francis Turbine

Francis turbine preliminary sizing

Runner sizing
1
Coefficient of Peripheral ku 0.293 + 0.0081 nq = 0.69
Velocity rpm

60
2g Hn 0.5
Discharge diameter of D3 ku rpm s = 0.563 m
Turbine n

1
Inlet Diameter of Turbine D1 D3 = 0.65 m
1
0.460 + 0.00829 rpm nq

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 Tinau Khola Small Hydropower Project

Height of runner b 0.5 D3 = 0.281 m

0.00702 + 0.00380 rpm 1 n

q
Height of guide vanes b0 D3 = 0.116 m
0.460 + 0.00829 rpm nq
1

Spiral case sizing

A 0.0813 ((m)) + 0.773 D3 nq 0.1 rpm 0.1 = 0.522 m

B 0.362 ((m)) + 0.1889 D3 nq 0.1 rpm 0.1 = 0.691 m

C 0.162 ((m)) + 0.2288 D3 nq 0.1 rpm 0.1 = 0.429 m

Draft tube sizing

P 0.428 ((m)) + 2.812 D3 = 2.011 m

Q 0.273 ((m)) + 0.670 D3 = 0.65 m

Z 0.568 ((m)) + 2.74 D3 = 0.974 m

b = 0.281 m

D1 = 0.65 m

D3 = 0.563 m

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 Tinau Khola Small Hydropower Project

A
+ B + C = 1.381 m
2

P = 2.011 m
D3 = 0.563 m

Q = 0.65 m
A = 0.522 m

B = 0.691 m

Z = 0.974 m

C = 0.429 m

D1
= 0.325 m
2
b0
= 0.058 m
2

b0 = 0.116 m

b = 0.281 m

D3
= 0.281 m P = 2.011 m b0
2 P + = 2.069 m
2

P only for Vertical Axis Francis Turbine

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 Tinau Khola Small Hydropower Project

Additional Calculation for Horizontal Axis Francis Turbine; Spiral Case Top level
A
For Penstock above P + B + = 2.963 m
Turbine Centerline level 2

For Penstock below P + C = 2.44 m

Turbine Centerline
level

Minimum value of stub diameter A

m
Allowable maximum stub Vstub 12
velocity s

4 Qd
Amin = 0.478 m
Vstub
if A < Amin = OK
Select higher value for p

else
OK

Permissible suction head

Barometric pressure
((Bhv_UL Bhv_LL))
diminished by SVP (B- Bhv Bhv_LL + ((TWL ELL))
hv) ((EUL ELL))

Bhv = 9.71 m

nskw 1.4
Cavitation Coefficient rpm 1.4 = 0.085
12500

Permissible suction head hs Bhv Hn = 1.768 m

If suction head value is unacceptable, Change value of p

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 Tinau Khola Small Hydropower Project

For Horizontal axis turbine wiht positive value of suction head and conical draft tube

D1
TCL TWL + hs + = 327.093 m
2

TWL = 325 m

DOL TCL 4.5 D3 = 324.56 m

TPL DOL D3 = 323.997 m

TLSC TCL + C = 327.522 m

D1
RTL TCL + = 327.418 m
2

TCL = 327.093 m

A
TLS TCL B + = 326.663 m
2
RBL RTL D1 = 326.768 m
PSL TCL B = 326.402 m

A
BLSC PSL = 326.14 m
MFL TLS + 0.3 m = 326.963 m 2

TCL: Turbine Center Level

DOL: Draft Tube Outlet Level
TPL: Tailrace Pit Level
TLSC: Top Level of Spiral Casing
BLSC: Bottom Level of Spiral Casing
RTL: Runner Top Level
RBL: Runner Bottom Level
TLS: Top Level of Stud
PSL: Penstock Center Level
MFL: Machine Floor Level

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