GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING

COLLEGE

A Project Report On

MORDEN EFFIICIENT IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND DESIGN OF

DESALINATION PLANT AT DANDI VILLAGE

Submitted by:

SR. NO. ENROLLMENT NO. NAME

1. 150170106007 CHAUDHARI JAIMIKKUMAR P.
2. 150170106008 CHAUDHARI PRADIPKUMAR M.
3. 150170106014 JADAV KETANKUMAR M.
4. 150170106041 PATEL KUNJANKUMAR S.
5. 150170106051 RAUT NANUBHAI L.

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
 VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(CIVIL ENGINEERING)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report is submitted, entitled MORDERN EFFICIENT
IRRIGATION SYSTEM AND DESIGN OF DESALINATION PLANT AT DANDI
VILLAGE has been carried out by 3rdsemester students of Civil Engineering,

SR. NO. ENROLLMENT NO. NAME

1. 150170106007 CHAUDHARI JAIMIKKUMAR P.
2. 150170106008 CHAUDHARI PRADIPKUMAR M.
3. 150170106014 JADAV KETANKUMAR M.
4. 150170106041 PATEL KUNJANKUMAR S.
5. 150170106051 RAUT NANUBHAI L.

Under my guidance in fulfillment for the degree of: Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering 3rdSemester of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad during the
academic year2016-2017. These students have successfully completed activities under my
guidance.

_____________________ ______________________
Internal Guide Signature Head of the
Department
(Asst. Prof. Asim Shaikh) (Prof. K.L. Timani)
 ABSTRACT
Water is a scarce resource in many parts of the developed world. As per last 2-3 years
scenario, the rainfall is occurring at non uniform rate in Dandi(Navsari) village. Due to this,
crops can not growth in its natural ways. Sometimes, due to heavy rainfall, it eliminate the crops
and make bad effect on the crops. . Two solutions are possible to address water scarcity.

(1). Conservation of existing resources.

(2). Treat the polluted or salty water by desalination plant.

As a solution of wastage of runoff water we are storing this runoff water in a storage tank at a
location where huge quantity of water is gathered.

We are providing the sprinkler irrigation method in this area as an modern efficient irrigation
method.And as a next semester work we are going to introduce a system for removal of salinity
of water.

The main aim of project is to develop the modern efficient irrigation system and design
the desalination plant at Dandi(Navsari) village to treat and use the salty underground water.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without
the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to extend us
sincere thanks to all of them.

We are highly indebted to Asst. Prof. Asim I Shaikh for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their
support in completing the project.

We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents & member of Vishwakarma
Government Engineering College, Chandkheda for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help us in completion of this project.

We thanks and appreciations also go to the people who have willingly helped us out with
their abilities.
 INTRODUCTION

The crop yield from an agricultural land depends upon a number of factors, but the most
important factor is that the crops get adequate water at the various stages of the grow of plants.
The natural supply of water to the agricultural land is through rain. If the rainfall is adequate to
meet the total water requirements of the crop and it occurs at the time when the crops require it,
then irrigation is not required.
But, India is a tropical country with vast diversity of climate,topography and
vegetation.Rainfall in Indiavaries considerably from placeto place as well as in its amount. Even
at a particular place, the rainfall is highly irratic and irregular, as it occurs only during a few
particular months of the year.
In order to get the maximum yield of crops, it is necessary to supply the optimum quantity of
water, and to maintain correct timing of water. This possible only through a systematic irrigation
system.

OBJECTIVES :

- Increase the yield of crops

- Growing perennial crops
- Growing a number of crops during a year
- Modern efficiently use of rain water
DEFINITION:

IRRIGATION:
Irrigation is defined as the process of artificially supplying water to soil for raising crops.

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING:
It is the science dealing with planning, designing, construction, operation and maintenance
of various irrigation works.

METHODS OF IRRIGATION :

Irrigation water may be applied to the crops by three basic methods:

(1) Surface irrigation methods

(2) Sprinkler irrigation methods
(3) Sub-surface irrigation methods
 Irrigation methods

Surface irrigation Sub-surface irrigation Sprinkler irrigation

Flooding method Furrow method Contour farming

Wild flooding Controlled flooding

(uncontrolled)

Free Contour Border Checks Basin Zig-zag

Flooding laterals strips basin flooding method
Choice of irrigation method:

The selection of the irrigation method is based on the following method:

(1) Topography of the area

(2) The available water supply

(3) Type of crop and its water requirements

(4) Size of the stream supplying irrigation water

(5) Amount of water required in each irrigation

(6) Possible erosion hazard of soil

 PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION :

Problem :

We have taken Dandivillage of Navsari district,which is located in Navsari taluka.

As per last 2-3 years scenario, the rainfall is occurring at non uniform rate in this area. Due to
this, crops can not growth in its natural ways. Sometimes, due to heavy rainfall, it eliminate the
crops and make bad effect on the crops.

So, because of the irregularity of the rainfall, it affects the monsoon crops. Also rainwater during
rainy season runoff as a waste water which is affecting winter crop also.

In this area, there is also an one problem of sodium present in the soil due to nearer sea. After the
time of monsoon , the salty water is made available from the wells and tube wells, etc. We can
not say its level in ground, it varies from place to place and time to time. So winter crop is also
effected due to this reason sometimes.

Solution :

So, we are providing an modern efficient irrigation system and method for increase the yield of
crop and eliminate the wastage of water.

As a solution of wastage of runoff water we are storing this runoff water in a storage tank at a
location where huge quantity of water is gathered .It happens only when the slope of land is
given towards the tank.We are providing the sprinkler irrigation method in this area as an
modern efficient irrigation method.And as a next semester work we are going to introduce a
system for removal of salinity of water.
 Sprinkler irrigation:

In the sprinkler irrigation method,water is applied to the land in the form of a spray. It resembles
a light rainfall in the form of a drizzle. The sprinkler irrigation is also sometimes called overhead
irrigation. The greatest advantage of sprinkler irrigation is its adaptabilities to use under
conditions where surface irrigation methods are not efficient.
A sprinkler irrigation system consists of the following components:

(1) Pumping unit

(2) Main delivery pipes
(3) Laterals
(4) Sprinklers
(5) Other accessories

(1) Pumping unit :

The pump lifts water from a water source and supplies it to the main pipe line.
Normally, to lift water from a depth up to 5.0 m single stage centrifugal pumps is
required.

(2) Main delivery pipes :

These are usually buried in the ground.
They are made of concrete, asbestos, cement, G.I., plastic or C.I. The mains are laid at a
depth 0.5 to 0.75 m below ground level.
The diameter of mains varies from 5 cm to 15 cm.

(3) Lateral pipes :

Lateral pipes are connectedto the main pipe lines.
Sprinklers are fitted on the laterals with risers.
These pipes are 50 mm in diameter and 6 m long.
 (4) Sprinklers :

Sprinkler are mainly two types :

Sprinkler with fixed head

Sprinkler with rotating head

(5) Other accessories :

Special couplings
Regulating valves
Pressure gauges
Bends, elbows, tees
Reducers, plugs, clamps,etc.

Sprinkler systems are mainly three types :

(1) Fixed nozzle pipe

(2) Perforated pipe
(3) Rotating sprinkler
 (1) Fixed nozzle pipe :

The fixed nozzle pipe type of sprinkler consists of the lateral pipes having a line of small holes
drilled at the top at some regular interval along their lengths and on each of these holes small
nozzles are fitted. A series of such pipes are installed parallel to each other at a distance of about
15 m apart and are supported on rows of posts. The spray of water is developed through the
nozzles and the entire 15 m width between the pipelines may be irrigated by turning the pipes
through 13 5 . This type of sprinkler was the early system. These days it is rarely used in
practice.
 (2) Perforated pipe sprinkler :

In this method, lateral pipes are perforated. The perforations in the lateral pipes are drilled on the
top surface and sides in a specially designed pattern to spray the water uniformly. The lateral
pipes are placed on the land surface at asuitable spacing. When the water is supplied to the lateral
pipes, it comes out the perforations in the form of spray. The sprays are directed from both the
sides of the pipe and can cover a strip of land of 6 to 15 m width. Fig. 3.14 shows a perforated
pipe. The rate of application of water is usually greater than 2 cm depth per hour. The operating
pressure for these sprinklers is usually in the range of 50 to 250 k N/m2.This type of sprinkler
system is generally used for irrigation of orchards and nurseries.
 (3) Rotating sprinkler :

The rotating sprinkler consists of one or two nozzles mounted on a body which is rotated slowly
about vertical axis by the action of a deflecting vane connected to it. The jet of water issuing
from one of the nozzles impinges on the vane and thrusts it aside.

The rotating sprinklers are placed on the riser pipes and are located just above the crops to be
irrigated. As such the height of the riser pipes depends upon the maximum height of the crop.
However, the minimum height of the rise pipe is 0.3 m when the riser pipe is of 25 mm diameter
and 0.15 m when it is of 20 mm diameter. The riser pipes along with the sprinklers are fixed at
regular intervals along the length of the lateral pipes and their spacing is so adjusted that the
water spread areas of the adjacent sprinklers partially overlap with eachother in order to achieve
uniform application of water.

The required discharge of each sprinkler depends upon the water application rate, spacing of
the sprinklers along the lateral pipelines and the spacing of the lateral pipelines along the main
pipeline.
Rotating Sprinkler
Advantages of sprinkler irrigation :

Elimination of the channels for conveyance, therefore no conveyance loss

Suitable to all types of soil except heavy clay

Suitable for irrigating crops where the plant population per unit area is very high.It is most
suitable for oil seeds and other cereal and vegetable crops .

Water saving

Closer control of water application convenient for giving light and frequent irrigation and
higher water application efficiency

Increase in yield

Mobility of system

May also be used for undulating area

Saves land as no bunds etc. are required

Influences greater conducive micro-climate

Areas located at a higher elevation than the source can be irrigated

Possibility of using soluble fertilizers and chemicals

Less problem of clogging of sprinkler nozzles due to sediment laden water

 FUTURE WORK

At present what we done in the present semester is given in the above progress report. Now, we
have found that in the our location of project there was a problem of saline water is generated
due to the nearer sea area. The salinity of water will decrease the growth of a crop and it will
affect the yield of a crops.

Therefore, as a future work we are going to remove this salinity from water and make it useful
for an irrigation water. For that we will introduce a desalination plant for removing salinity from
water.
 CANVAS

AEIOU SUMMARY:

(Image : Canvas-1)
 In this canvas, we have discussed about activity in which people were doing, users
involved, objects involved and interaction in which interact persons with field are shown. Our
object is to store rain water which is runoff during rain as a waste water by introducing a storage
tank. This stored water is then used as an irrigation water by introducing a sprinkler system of
irrigation.

EMPATHYCANVAS:

(Image : Canvas-2)
In this empathy canvas we have discussed about users involved, stakeholders involved and
various activities related to our topic. In the Happy and Sad we have discussed what is good after
the project and problems before introducing the project.

IDEATION CANVAS:

(Image : Canvas-3)
In this canvas, we have discussed about the People, activities, location, situations and possible
solutions. In this canvas we have discussed about the present scenario of our location site at
Dandi Villlage.We have used various props as Pipes, Nozzle, Valve, Filter, Pump, Cement, etc.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS:

(Image : Canvas-4)
In this product development canvas, we have discussed about the purpose, people, product
experience, product functions, product features, components, customer revalidation and redesign
needed etc. The function is to proper conveyance of runoff water. The features is to provide
better system of applying water, reducing wastage of water, increase in yield of crops etc.
 ABSTRACT :-

One of the main problems our actual society faces is the shortage of water.
Despite the great effort made by authorities and researchers, multiple countries with
poor economic resources are experiencing serious difficulties derivative of water
scarcity.

Desalination provides a feasible solution for inland and coastal areas. Through
literature and reviewed articles analysis the reader will meet the actual issues regarding
designing a desalination plant, and more over with reverse osmosis (RO) processes,
which are the main arguments of this work.
One of the big deals is the environmental concern when handling the
concentrate disposal. Another important point about desalination processes
is the increasingly interest in coupling the units with renewable energy sources (RES).
The results point out that regardless of the efforts made until today, additional
achievement is required in fields such as membranes structure materials for RO
method, concentrate disposal systems, governmental water policies review and update,
and greater distinction researches between brackish water and seawater RO
desalination processes. Taking into consideration the previous outcomes it is finally
concluded that some particular steps must be accomplished when beginning a
desalination plant design.

HUMAN NEEDS :-

Human life depends upon the existence of fresh water. The World Health
Organization (WHO) sets in fifty liters per person and day the minimum quantity of
water needed to maintain a certain level of hygiene and avoid the transmission of
infectious diseases. From those fifty liters just 0.75 are for drinking and the rest would
befor self-cleaning, cook, wash, etc.

In Spain, according to the Environmental Ministry, most of the water consumed is

used for agriculture (80%), industry (5%) and domestic consume (15%) including the
touristic demand in certain seasonal areas and moments.

WATER RESOURCES :-

In our planet, water reserves are immense. According to estimates, our

hydrosphere has around 1,386 millions km2, of this area the most is covered by the
oceans, near three out of four parts of land surface to be more precise, which have a
salinity of 3% in weight, which make it completely useless for any kind of usage. The
rest is fresh water, but the 68.9% is present as ice and snow covering polar and
mountain areas. The leftover is present as groundwater in a 29.9% and as lakes, rivers
and reservoirs in a 0.3%. This last fresh water is the one we can manage without
technical and economic limitations.
The terrestrial hydrologic cycle (evaporation, cloud formation, precipitation and
runoff) is the responsible for the existence of the renewable hydric resources mentioned
before (the renewal period of the polar ice is 10,000 years and seventeen for glaciers
and aquifers). The average value of the hydric renewable resources is 42,750 km 3 per
year, a very variable quantity in function of the period in the year.

SUPPLY SYSTEMS :-

The human being has progressively adapted to the environment in order to have
water in different locations. History abounds in examples of settlement areas of people
at the edge of the water sources, lakes or rivers and after periods flowering are forced
to migrate to other sources by resource depletion or what is more frequent, deteriorating
water quality available to levels where harvests its use in basic subsistence agriculture
or even basic consumption needs.

Little by little the man has been improving its ability to obtain and store drinking
water to meet their needs, such as the construction of prisoners to form wetlands or
wells. However, the sharp climatic variations have caused great difficulty not only of
availability water but storage.
Water shortages also are often linked to the poor quality of it, and although over
the centuries there are references of efforts to obtain fresh water from salt water, it can
be said that it is in this century when such efforts are reflected in acquiring technologies
that ensure the reliability and transformation process.

PURPOSE :-

The purpose of this project is to expose the reader the actual background in the
field of design of desalination plants by explaining the processes involved in it, mainly in
the Mediterranean regions. Once the main issues are explained it will be possible to
understand the actual debate surrounding two main points:

a) Environmental aspects of desalination plants and;

b) Efforts made by engineers and researchers to develop desalination units
powered by renewable energy sources.

Some questions will be thrown to be able to follow a path:

Why reverse osmosis is becoming the most efficient and economic

desalination process?
What factors to take into account when designing a desalination plant?
6. METHODOLOGY
 DESALINATION PROCESSES

Desalination is achieved through thermal technology processes and membrane

technology. Thermal processes cover multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) multieffect
distillation (MED) and vapor compression (VC). Membrane processes include
electrodialysis (ED) and reverse osmosis (RO). Both methods get as result two flows: A
flow of clean water with low salt concentration and a flow with high salt concentration.
Both methods require energy for operation. Energy consumption in membrane
processes depends on the feed water salinity whereas in non-thermal processes there
is no such dependence. Energy consumption in RO and ED processes for brackish
waters and low salt content waters is much lower than in the processes of distillation. In
addition, recent advances in RO technology for seawater desalination have reduced
energy consumption.
The most widespread current technique and the one that holds most of the future
projection is reverse osmosis. Therefore, when choosing either desalination process it is
important to know what kind of water will be treated.
Here is a brief description of the various desalination processes for marine
waters or continental brackish waters:
a) Distillation processes are divided into:
Thermal Distillation: the energy for the desalination is obtained from
fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil, etc.).
Vapor compression: a compressor to get two adiabatic different sectors of
pressure is used to generate a flow of steam from the sector of higher pressure
and condensing temperature to the lower, where condensation occurs.

Figure 1.Vapor Compression process diagram.

Solar distillation: suitable for small communities in arid or semiarid
 regions. It has two variants depending on whether the sun's energy is used
directly or its catched by using solar cells.

Figure 2. Solar distillation process diagram.

b) Freezing processes: salt water is subjected to various cooling systems to

subsequently evaporate at low pressure in a vacuum crystallizer. This results in ice
crystals mixed with brine crystals that can be separated by mechanical processes.

c) Membrane Processes are widely distributed today. There are two basic types:

Reverse osmosis: by applying mechanical pressure to counteract the

natural osmotic pressure water flows from the area with higher salt concentration
to the lower concentration area until pure water is achieved.

Electrodialysis: ion separation through a series of membranes located

successively millimeters apart. The application of electric fields generates the
migration of ions that pass through these membranes that act as sieves.

REVERSE OSMOSIS DESALINATION

What is natural osmosis?

Osmosis is a natural phenomenon by which two different salt concentration

solutions, separated by a semipermeable membrane (i.e. allows the passage of water
but not salts) tend to equalize their concentrations from the more dilute solution to the
more concentrated, until it reaches equilibrium. The passage of water creates a
pressure called osmotic pressure.
What is reverse osmosis?

Osmosis is a natural process that occurs in plants and animals, so by observing

figure 3 we can say that when two solutions with different concentrations are united
through a semipermeable membrane, there exists a natural circulation for the weaker
solution to match the final concentrations, thereby the height difference obtained
(assuming the recipients of each solute at the same level) translates into a difference of
pressure, called osmotic pressure.

Figure 3. Reverse Osmosis process.

But by applying an external pressure greater than the osmotic one, one solution
over another, the process can be reversed by circulating water from the more
concentrated solution and purifying the lower concentration area, obtaining finally an
acceptable water purity (although not comparable to distillation processes).
The amount of permeate depends on the pressure difference applied to membrane
properties and concentration of raw water. The strip is normally brine rejected to sea
again, and can be used previously for a process of energy recovery due to the high
pressure that comes out of the membranes.

REVERSE OSMOSIS APPLICATIONS

For food industry:

Fish industry: wastewater treatment, recovery of protein, processing of

biochemicals.Concentrated fruit juices: apple juice, tomato, orange, recovery of
essential oils from citrus processing.

Wine industry: increase of alcohol content, avoiding the addition of sugar.

Adequacy of drinking water with low sodium content and mineral salts.

Coffee Industry: wastewater treatment for pollution control.

Brewing Industry: elimination of alcohol in beers with lower alcohol or

without alcohol.

Chocolate industry: treatment of wastewater from the bottling chocolate

syrup.

Candy Industry: treatment of wastewater from the lubrication of blades for

cutting the product.

For industrial water treatment:

Dairy Industry: Concentration of whey.

Paper industry: wastewater treatment and recovery of organic and

inorganic substances valuable to reduce pollutant concentrations operating costs,
and also recovery of process water.

Metal surface treatment: treatment of oily wastewater, electroplating

processes, electrodeposition.

Textiles: dye concentration and recovery of process water.

Microelectronics industry: production of ultrapure water.

Production of nitrogenous fertilizers: ammonium nitrate recovery.

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

As Mathioulakis et al. (2007) refers, in the field of desalination plants there has
been a high effort in R&D in the recent years that has lead into a significant reduction of
cost and an increase of the process efficiency. Also the experience gained is a strong
factor.

The future within seawater RO modules points in two different scenes. One of the
actual researches is focused in lower the temperature of desalination to achieve in an
easy way the required quality of water. The other scenario would be to divide the RO
process into two passes in order to reduce the operating expenses by increasing the
capital expenses (Garca Molina et al. 2010) Regarding the challenge against
biofouling, considered the Achilles heel of membrane processes, modifying the
membrane through its chemical composition making it smoother, more hydrophilic,
stronger negative surface charge and a thicker feed spacer the membrane will be much
less propitious to be attacked by bacteria as more turbulence can be created along the
feed channel, avoiding attachment of bacteria into the membrane surface (Garca
Molina et al. 2010)

One of the main actual problems that face engineers working in designing
membranes for RO plants is the concentration of particles that increase significantly the
energy consumption. This effect is called fouling. Among all the kinds of fouling,
biofouling is considered the main issue to face (Garca Molina et al. 2010)
According to Greenlee et al. (2009), actual researches will help future
LEARNING NEEDS METRIX

TOOLS / METHODS :-
PIPE
VALVE
PUMP
NOZELS
FILTER
CEMENT
SAND
STEEL
 APLICABLE
USE WATER EFFICIENCY
INCRESE YIELD CROP
RELIABLE

COMPONENTS OF MATERIALS STRENGTH

MULTI STAGE VERTICAL PUMP
PRESURE HOUSE
CONDUCTIVITY METER
VALVE
STEEL FRAME

PROTOTYPE
 SUMMARY OF LEARNING FROM DESIGN THINKING

Design involves a range of human activities involving planning, organizing and

envision something that does not yet exist. Design Thinking involves the
evaluation of new ideas, new concepts and to bring this idea in the working form.
It also helps to look for the problems of the users and to look after the problem of
users and bring solution for that problem. It also helps to us bring the solution to
the product which users feels that is not comfortable. Redesigning the product
again with new features or updating the old features according to the users can
also be done with the help of design thinking.

Design thinking is a problem solving methodology that helps students, Faculty

members and innovators to approach todays problems from a new perspective
and methodology. This multidisciplinary process involves the involvement of users
at an early stage and rapidly leads towards the prototype. This thinking process
will provide practical experience in approaching problems with this innovative
methodology.

Design Thinking gives the feedback of the problem occurring with the users
which can be looked out and solved out. Nowadays technology is increasing
very rapidly which makes the life of user simple and fast but in turn has also
a lot disadvantages. Automobile technology is also increasing rapidly but it
also has lot of disadvantages like accidents are increased and so many other
problems. This problem can be solved out with the help of design thinking.

Students, Faculty members and innovators will learn key Design

Thinking concepts and then get to apply these concepts working with
companies on real examples. Now a days electricity has become costly
for common people. We came across about the design engineering and
we thought of designing something for reducing these problems, so we
designed.