Professional Documents
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Teresa Gordon
Introduction to
EARNINGS PER SHARE
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
SIMPLE - no potentially dilutive securities exist
No Convertible Preferred Stock
No Contingent Shares
* If preferred stock is cumulative, deduct dividends whether or not paid or declared. If preferred is noncumulative,
deduct dividends only if declared.
1. Compute amount of cash that would be received if all the stock options or
warrants were exercised.
Note: If the options are part of the employee compensation package, add (to the
cash received based on option price) the amount (if any) of compensation expense
not yet recognized in income and any tax benefits (both deferred and current) that
would be credited to additional paid in capital if the options were exercised (SFAS
128 21).
2. Compute the number of shares that could be purchased with the cash amount from
step 1 using average market price for period
3. Compute the number of NET new shares - subtract the number acquired (step 2)
from the total number of options or warrants that would be exercised (step 1).
Or use formula:
Number of shares to which Avg Mkt Price Option Price
Net new shares = option holders are entitled * Avg Mkt Price
Note: Under the treasury stock method, you cannot use a negative number (decrease in denominator)!
There will be no dilutive effect if options are out of the money or at the money
Net Income
(Basic and diluted eps are both shown for each item if appropriate)
Weighted average shares used in computations
WARNING -
Using straight formulas may get you wrong answer if there are anti-dilutive
securities involved.
4. For diluted EPS, take the securities into EPS computation one at a
time until the next item on the list is bigger than the most recent
EPS figure.
There are many complex situations in computing earnings per share you will
need to consult FARS CD. The rules are primarily in FAS128 but it has
been amended. For example, SFAS No. 150:
Exclude from denominator common shares that are to be redeemed or repurchased
pursuant to financial instruments described in FAS150. Exclude from numerator any
amounts (including contractual or accumulated dividends and participation rights in
undistributed earnings) attributable to shares that are to be redeemed or repurchased
UNLESS such amounts have been recognized as interest costs in earnings. The technique
would be consistent with the two class method set forth in in paragraph 61 of FASB
Statement No. 128
EPS EXAMPLE #1 -
BASIC EPS
JKL Corp. reported net income of $1,000,000 for 2010. The tax rate was 40%. As of
1/1/10, 200,000 shares of common stock were outstanding. On 6/1/10 30,000 new
shares were sold. There are no potentially dilutive securities outstanding but JKL has
2,000 shares of 8% cumulative preferred stock ($10 par) which was outstanding all
year.
EPS EXAMPLE #2 -
WHAT IF METHOD - CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED
(Same as #1) JKL Corp. reported net income of $1,000,000 for 2010. The tax rate was 40%. As
of 1/1/10, 200,000 shares of common stock were outstanding. On 6/1/10, 30,000 new shares were
sold. There are no potentially dilutive securities outstanding but JKL has 2,000 shares of 8%
cumulative preferred stock ($10 par) which was outstanding all year.
JKL also has an issue of convertible preferred stock (cumulative) that was
outstanding during the entire year. The preferred stock has a $100 par value
and pays a $10 annual dividend. The 5,000 shares were outstanding all year.
Each share of preferred stock can be converted into 5 shares of common stock.
EPS EXAMPLE #3 -
WHAT IF METHOD - CONVERTIBLE BONDS
(Same as #1 and #2) JKL Corp. reported net income of $1,000,000 for 2010. The tax rate was
40%. As of 1/1/10, 200,000 shares of common stock were outstanding. On 6/1/10, 30,000 new
shares were sold. There are no potentially dilutive securities outstanding but JKL has 2,000 shares
of 8% cumulative preferred stock ($10 par) which was outstanding all year. JKL also has an issue
of convertible preferred stock (cumulative) that was outstanding during the entire year. The
preferred stock has a $100 par value and pays a $10 annual dividend. The 5,000 shares were
outstanding all year. Each share of preferred stock can be converted into 5 shares of common
stock.
JKL also has $3,000,000 in convertible bonds outstanding all year. The bonds
were sold at face value and pay 6% interest semi-annually. Each $1000 bond
can be converted into 50 shares of common stock.
EPS EXAMPLE #4 -
TREASURY STOCK METHOD - STOCK OPTIONS
(Same as #1) JKL Corp. reported net income of $1,000,000 for 2010. The tax rate was 40%. As
of 1/1/10, 200,000 shares of common stock were outstanding. On 6/1/10, 30,000 new shares were
sold. JKL has 2,000 shares of 8% cumulative preferred stock ($10 par) which was outstanding all
year.
JKL Corp. also 40,000 stock options outstanding all year. At any time during
the next five years, the option holders have the right to buy a share of common
stock for $10 per share. The average market price during 2010 was $40 and
the year-end closing price was $45 per share.
What if we also had the potentially dilutive securities discussed in examples #2 and #3?
SHARES IN OUT-
ISSUED TREASURY STANDING
Campbell Company had five convertible securities outstanding all during the year. It paid the
appropriate interest and amortized the premiums and discounts using either the straight-line method
or the effective interest method (as indicated below). All dividends on preferred stock were paid.
The corporate tax rate was 30%. The following table describes each security. Prepare a schedule
that lists the impact of assumed conversion of each convertible security on diluted earnings per
share and put them in the order in which they would be included in the computation of diluted
earnings per share.
A. 9.5% preferred stock $2,000,000 par value. Issued at 112. Each $100 par preferred stock
is convertible into 5 shares of common stock. This stock is not
cumulative but the dividend for the year was paid.
B. 8.0% preferred stock $1,500,000 par value. Issued at par. Each $100 par preferred stock
is convertible into 3 shares of common stock. The stock is
cumulative with no dividends in arrears.
C. 50,000 options The options were issued last year with an exercise price of $15. The
average market price for the current year is $35. Options can be
exercised during a 5 year period that begins at the end of the next
fiscal year.
D. 8.0% bonds Face value of $5,000,000. Bonds were issued at a discount. Because the
impact was material, the company uses the effective interest method. The
bonds pay interest semi-annually on June 30 and December 31. The yield on
the bonds was 10%. The book value at the beginning of the year was
$4,783,526. Each $1000 bond can be converted into 50 shares of common
stock.
E. 9% bonds Face value of $5,000,000. Bonds were issued at 101. Since the premium
was not material, the company uses the straight-line method to amortize
the premium over the 20 year life of the bond. Each $5,000 bond is
convertible into 150 shares of common stock.
2. Basic = $4.36
Diluted = $4.12
3. Basic = $4.36
Diluted = $2.82
4. Basic = $4.59
Diluted = $4.03
7. Basic = $2.55
Diluted = $2.05