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Bending failure
Lateral torsional
buckling
Shear failure
Notch failure
Bearing failure
Excessive deflections
Bending Strength
Linear elastic stresses Myy M
max = =
I S
M = max S
y
M for rectangular sections
bh 2
S=
6
Design Equation:
M r = Fb S
Where Fb is the characteristic bending strength
For timber it is Fb = fb (KDKHKSbKT)
Bending failure in
compression
Only likely for very high grade material
Benign failure mode
Logging bridge
near Pemberton, BC
Glulam I-beam
Bending failure in tension
Most likely failure mode
Brittle
Combination
C bi ti off tension
t i and d shear,
h
although tension fracture is the
i iti ti mode
initiating d
Bending capacity
Lateral
Mr = Fb S KZb KL torsional
where = 0.9 buckling
and Fb = fb (KD KH KSb KT )
Glulam beams in a Gerber system
Glued--laminated beams
Glued
better laminations
better
laminations
Torsional Lateral
stiffness bending
stiffness
y
y
Le x
x
y
x
x
Note:
N t The
Th warping
i stiffness
tiff for
f y
rectangular shapes is small compared to
y
the torsional and bending stiffness
Lateral torsional
buckling of
deep I-joists
I joists
Capacity of a timber beam subject
to lateral torsional buckling
Mu
Mr = Fb S KZb
Le
Lateral torsional
KL
1.0
buckling factor KL
KL = 1
KL = 1 1/3 (CB / CK)4
0.67
practical
ti l limit
li it
0.5
y
d
N.A.
max
= V(0.5A)(d/4)
(bd3/12)b
=1.5 V/A
b
VAy VQ
= =
Ib Ib
Shear in a timber beam
As
v(max)
Vr = Fv 2/3 A KZv
where = 0.9 v(avg)
= 1.5 V / A
UNBC
g , BC
Prince George,
Shear failures
One of the very weak properties of wood
Shrinkage cracks often occur at the ends of
beams in the zone of maximum shear stress
This part of the
load transferred in
Direct compression direct
compression
transfer of loads in
the end zones
reduces the total
shear force to be 45o
carried.
i d
critical
section
Shear design of glulam beams
A simple approach for beams where the
volume < 2.0 m3:
Vr = Fv 2/3 A KN
where = 0.9
and Fv = fv (KD KH KSv KT )
KN = notch factor (see next section)
dn
e
For e < d :
KN = 1 dne/[d(d dn)]
For notches on Notch effect in
the tension side sawn lumber
l b
of supports
(sawn lumber)
In new code:
Reaction
calculation NEW !!
F r = F t A KN
= 0.9 Area A
Ft = ft (KD KH KSt KT)
where ft = specified reaction force strength = 0.5 MPa for sawn lumber
KSt = 1.0 for dry
y and 0.7 for wet service conditions
A = gross cross-section area
KN = notch factor
Notch factor d1
e d
KN
dn
Based on Fracture
Mechanics theory
0.5
1 2 1
K N = 0.0061.6 1 + 3 1
= 1 (d n d ) andd = e d
Bearing failure in a timber beam
The soft
soft property of wood
Often governs
Not onl
only compression perpendic
perpendicularlar to
grain but also tension of the fibres
along edges
compression
perpendicular
to grain
tension of fibres
along the edges
Bearing resistance
Ab
no high
bending
stress
Bearing factor
Qr = Fcp Ab KZcp KB
= 0.8
08
Fcp = fcp (KScp KT)
Critical bearing areas in woodframe construction
Bearing resistance
(double
(d bl bearing)
b i )
Ab2