Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act

An act to deter terrorism, provide justice for

Long title
victims, and for other purposes.
Enacted by the 114th United States Congress
Citations
Public law Pub.L. 114222
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 2040 by Senator John
Cornyn (R-TX) on September 16, 2015
Committee consideration by Senate Judiciary
Passed the Senate on May 17, 2016 (voice vote)
Passed the House on September 9, 2016 (voice vote)
Vetoed by President Barack Obama on September 23, 2016
Overridden by the United States Senate on September 28,
2016 (97-1)
Overridden by the United States House of
Representatives and became law on September 28,
2016 (348-77)

The Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) (Pub.L. 114222) is a law passed by
the United States Congress that narrows the scope of the legal doctrine of foreign sovereign
immunity. It amends the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and the Anti-Terrorism and
Effective Death Penalty Act in regards to civil claims against a foreign state for injuries, death,
or damages from an act of international terrorism.

Previously, U.S. nationals were permitted to sue a foreign state if such state was designated as a
state sponsor of terrorism by the United States Department of State and if they were harmed by
that state's aid for one's international terrorism. JASTA authorizes federal courts to exercise
personal jurisdiction over any foreign state's support for one's act of international terrorism
against a U.S. national or property regardless if such state is designated as a state sponsor of
terrorism or not.

The bill passed the Senate with no opposition in May 2016 and, in September 2016, was
unanimously passed by the House of Representatives. On September 28, 2016, both houses of
Congress passed the bill into law after overriding a veto from President Obama which had
occurred five days earlier. This was the first presidential veto override of Obama's
administration.

While the law does not mention the September 11 attacks or the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the
practical effect of the legislation is to allow to proceed a longstanding civil lawsuit against the
Kingdom by the victims, families, and other interests that were injured or damaged in those
attacks.[1]

Contents
1 Congressional support and objections
2 Predicted impact
o 2.1 U.S.-Saudi Arabia relationship
o 2.2 Status of sovereign immunity
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Congressional support and objections

The lead sponsors of the legislation in the United States Senate were John Cornyn, Republican of
Texas, and Chuck Schumer, Democrat of New York. The bill was originally introduced in
December 2009, and was most recently reintroduced to the Senate on September 16, 2015, and
was passed by the Senate on May 17, 2016 by a voice vote.[2] In the House of Representatives,
the bill's lead sponsors are Representative Peter T. King, Republican of New York, and
Representative Jerrold Nadler, Democrat of New York; the legislation has more than 50
cosponsors.[3]

White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest stated, shortly before the Senate voted on the
legislation, that the White House was concerned that the JASTA could put the United States, its
taxpayers, its service members, and its diplomats at "significant risk" if a similar law is to be
adopted by other countries.[4] On September 12, 2016, the bill unanimously passed the House of
Representatives.[5] On the same day the House passed the bill, Josh Earnest confirmed that
President Obama was very likely to utilize his power to veto,[6][7] which he did on September 23,
2016.[8] An override of the veto was considered likely, but not certain, because the original vote
was passed by a voice vote not requiring individual lawmakers to record their positions. An
override requires a recorded vote of the positions of all lawmakers.[8][9] On September 28, 2016,
the Senate voted to override the veto with 97 Senators voting in favor, with Senate Minority
Leader Harry Reid being the sole no vote and with Senators Tim Kaine and Bernie Sanders not
voting.[10][11] The House followed suit later the same day, passing the bill into law over the
President's objections by a 348-77 vote.[12] The veto override was the first of Obamas time as
President.[13]

Predicted impact
U.S.-Saudi Arabia relationship

See also: Saudi ArabiaUnited States relations

The bill has raised tensions with Saudi Arabia.[14] When the bill was introduced, Saudi
government "threatened" to sell up to $750 billion in United States Treasury securities and other
U.S. assets if the bill is passed.[15] A number of independent economic analysts told the New
York Times that Saudi Arabia would be unlikely to follow through on such threats, "saying that
such a sell-off would be difficult to execute and would end up crippling the kingdoms
economy."[15]

An official at Saudi Arabias Ministry of Foreign Affairs told the state-run Saudi Press Agency
on Sep 29 that the U.S. Congress must correct the 9/11 bill to avoid serious unintended
consequences, adding the law is of great concern to the Kingdom.[16]

Status of sovereign immunity

John B. Bellinger III, former Legal Adviser of the Department of State warned that the bill could
encourage other countries to enact measures that limit sovereign immunity, including the United
States'.[17] Law professor Curtis Bradley at Duke University told ABC News that the bill could
result in U.S. citizen lawsuits against potentially any country.[18] Bradley also said that it could
lead to legal response in other countries against U.S. activities such as drone strikes and military
aid to Israel.[18] Government attorney Joshua Claybourn argued in The American Spectator that
international sovereign immunity benefits the United States more than other nations due to
significant U.S. foreign activity diplomatic, economic, and military. Moreover, Claybourn
noted America's "relatively deep pockets also make the United States a particularly attractive
target."[19]

On September 30, 2016, the law went into effect when the first lawsuit was officially filed
against the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.[16] Stephanie Ross DeSimone alleged the kingdom
provided material support to al Qaeda and its leader, Osama bin Laden, in a complaint which was
filed at a U.S. court in Washington, D.C.[16] Her suit is also filed on behalf of the couples
daughter.[16] DeSimone was two months pregnant when her husband, United States Navy
Commander Patrick Dunn, was killed while working at the Pentagon during the September 11
attacks.[16]

The new law will also allow up to 9,000 plaintiffs from the New York area to sue Saudi Arabia
as well.[20] Soon after the law was passed, a group of lawyers stated that they expect that a
federal judge will once again take up the cases originally filed in courtrooms across America, but
that several years ago were consolidated into one suit in the Southern District of New York.[20]
See also
Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks
The 28 Pages

Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks gained new attention after two former U.S.
senators, co-chairmen of the Congressional Inquiry into the attacks, told CBS in April 2016 that
the redacted pages of the Congressional Inquirys report refer to evidence of Saudi Arabias
substantial involvement in the execution of the attacks,[1][2][3] and calls renewed to have the
redacted pages released. Fifteen of the 19 hijackers were Saudi citizens.[4]

Origins of the 19 hijackers of 9/11 attacks

Nationality Number

Saudi Arabia 15

United Arab Emirates 2

Egypt 1

Lebanon 1

The panel's findings 'did not discover' any role by 'senior, high-level' Saudi government officials,
said officials familiar with the report,[5] but the "commissions narrow wording", according to
critics, suggests the possibility that "less senior officials or parts of the Saudi government could
have played a role".[6] According to Florida Democratic Senator Bob Graham, who chaired the
United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence at the time the report was being written,
"the hijackers received active support and guidance from rich Saudis, Saudi charities and top
members of the Saudi government."[4]

In July 2016, the U.S. government released a document, compiled by Dana Lesemann and
Michael Jacobson,[7] known as "File 17", which contains a list naming three dozen people,
including Fahad al-Thumairy, Omar al-Bayoumi, Osama Bassnan, and Mohdhar Abdullah,
which connects Saudi Arabia to the hijackers. According to the former Democratic US Senator
Bob Graham, Much of the information upon which File 17 was written was based on whats in
the 28 pages.[8]
Contents
1 Aftermath
2 Threatening by Saudi government
3 See also
4 References

Aftermath
The Saudi government has long denied any connection.[9] Relatives of victims have tried to use
the courts to hold Saudi royals, banks, or charities responsible, but these efforts have been
thwarted partly by a 1976 law giving foreign governments immunity.[6]

According to Gawdat Bahgat, a professor of political science, following the 11 September

attacks the so-called "Saudi policy of promoting terrorism and funding hatred" faced strong
criticism by several "influential policy-makers and think-tanks in Washington".[10]

Threatening by Saudi government

In March 2016 Saudi Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir threatened Obama's government to sell
USD $750 billion worth of American assets owned by Saudi Arabia if bills clarifying that the
1976 law giving a foreign government immunity does not apply to terror acts, were passed.
There are some fears that this could destabilize the US dollar,[6] and Obama has warned against
unintended consequences, while Saudi economy analysts think that this action would damage
the Saudi government.[11]

Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton supported the legislation over whether to allow 9/11 victims'
families to sue Saudi Arabia for any possible involvement in the attacks.[12][13] The legislation
was passed by the US senate so that the victims could file lawsuits seeking damages from
officials from Saudi Arabia. This passed bill would "circumvent" a 1976 law that "gives foreign
nations some immunity from lawsuits in American courts."[14]

See also
Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism
Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act
Zacarias Moussaoui
The 28 Pages
The 28 Pages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The 28 Pages refers to a section at the end of the 2002 Joint Inquiry into Intelligence
Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001, conducted
by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on
Intelligence that contains details of foreign state sponsor support for Al-Qaeda prior to the attack
and the Saudi connection[1][2][3][4][5] to the hijackers. The pages explain that some of the
September 11 hijackers received assistance and financial support from individuals connected to
the Saudi Arabian government,[1][2][3][4][5] including Saudi intelligence officers,[2] embassy staff,[2]
and members of the Saudi royal family.[1][2][3][5]

In 2016, following a declassification review, the Obama Administration approved the

declassification of the partially redacted 28 Pages, the Joint Inquirys only wholly classified
section. The document was then sent to congressional leadership and on July 15, 2016, the House
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence approved publication of the newly declassified
section.[1][6]

Contents
1 Content
2 Attempts for declassification
3 Declassification
4 Location of the document
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Content
The 28 pages are from a redacted section of the 422-page[7] inquiry commission report on the
9/11 attacks that include controversial clues linking elements of the Saudi Arabian government
and the hijackers.[8] Some leaked information from CIA and FBI documents allege that there is
"incontrovertible evidence" that Saudi government officials, including from the Saudi embassy
in Washington and consulate in Los Angeles, gave the hijackers both financial and logistical aid.
Among those named were then-Saudi Ambassador Prince Bandar and Osama Bassnan, a Saudi
agent, as well as American al-Qaeda cleric Anwar al-Awlaki, 9/11 ringleader Mohamed Atta,
and Esam Ghazzawi, a Saudi adviser to the nephew of King Fahd.[9]

In July 2016, the U.S. government released a document, compiled by Dana Lesemann and
Michael Jacobson,[10] known as "File 17", which contains a list naming three dozen people
possibly, among them Fahad al-Thumairy, Omar al-Bayoumi, Osama Bassnan and Mohdhar
Abdullah, connecting the Saudi state to the hijackers. According to the former Democratic US
Senator Bob Graham, Much of the information upon which File 17 was written was based on
whats in the 28 pages.[11]

The 28 pages state that some of the September 11 hijackers received financial support from
individuals connected to the Saudi Government.[12] FBI sources believed that at least two of
those individuals were Saudi intelligence officers.[12] The U.S. Intelligence Community believed
that individuals associated with the Saudi Government had ties to al-Qaeda.[12]

Attempts for declassification

The Bush administration classified the 28 pages of the congressional report, allegedly to "protect
intelligence sources."[13]

In July 2003 Senator Bob Graham pressed the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence to release
the material, per its authority under Senate Resolution 400, which established the Committee in
1976. However, the committee did not vote and his request was merely denied. Then-chair
Senator Pat Roberts, (R-Kan.) and Senator Jay Rockefeller (D-W.V.) wrote Graham that "it is
our view that release of additional information from Part Four could adversely affect ongoing
counterterrorism efforts." Graham later said the response showed that the Intelligence Committee
had shown "a strong deference to the executive branch."[8] In the same month, Senator Sam
Brownback (R-Kan.) joined approximately 42 Democratic senators in calling on President Bush
to release the 28-page section which was censored for "national security reasons". Senator
Graham stated the refusal "is a continuation of the pattern of the last seven months-a pattern of
delay and excessive use of national security standards to deny the people the knowledge of their
vulnerability."[14]

In December 2013 Representatives Walter B. Jones, Jr. (R-N.C.) and Stephen Lynch (D-Mass.)
proposed Congress pass a resolution urging United States President Barack Obama to declassify
all of the 2002 report.[9][15] House Resolution 428 of the 113th Congress had 10 co-sponsors as of
September 2014.[16]

Family members of September 11 victims have said that President Obama told them both
individually and in a group setting that he would release the documents so they could know the
truth. The documents also would be used to support lawsuits against Saudi Arabia for complicity
in the attacks and deaths. Families have worked closely with Representatives Jones and Lynch
on de-classifying the documents.[17] In June 2014 the United States Supreme Court ruled that the
families, as well as insurance companies which paid large claims after the attacks, could sue
Saudi Arabia. This permitted attorneys to begin collecting documents and deposing witnesses.[18]
In April 2016, it was reported that the Obama administration was "likely" to release "at least
part" of the 28-page section and that a final decision on whether or not to release the documents
would be made by June.[19]

Saudis have welcomed declassification of the 28 pages because they argue that it would allow
us to respond to any allegations in a clear and credible manner.[20]
Declassification
United States' intelligence agencies declassified the pages, and Congress publicly released the
pages with some parts redacted on July 15, 2016.[21]

Location of the document

The document is kept in a secure room in the basement of the Capitol building in Washington,
D.C. This part of the congressional report was classified by the George W. Bush administration.
Since then, attempts have been done to declassify the redacted pages by senators and political
activists, among them former chairman of the United States Senate Select Committee on
Intelligence and the co-chairman of the joint congressional panel, Bob Graham.[7]

State-sponsored terrorism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism)
Not to be confused with State terrorism.

Terrorism
Definitions

History
Incidents

By ideology[show]

Structure[show]

Methods
Tactics

[show]

Terrorist groups[show]

Adherents[show]

Fighting terrorism[show]
 v
t
e

State-sponsored terrorism is government support of violent non-state actors engaged in

terrorism.[1] Because of the pejorative nature of the word, the identification of particular
examples are usually subject to political dispute (see Definitions of terrorism).

Contents
1 By countries
o 1.1 Afghanistan
o 1.2 India
o 1.3 Iran
o 1.4 Israel
o 1.5 Libya
o 1.6 Malaysia
o 1.7 Pakistan
o 1.8 Philippines
o 1.9 Qatar
o 1.10 Russia
o 1.11 Saudi Arabia
o 1.12 Soviet Union
o 1.13 Turkey
o 1.14 United Kingdom
o 1.15 United States
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links

By countries
Afghanistan

Afghanistan's KHAD is one of four secret service agencies believed to have possibly conducted
terrorist bombing in Pakistan North-west during the early 1980s;[2] then by late 1980s U.S state
department blamed WAD (a KGB created Afghan secret intelligence agency) for terrorist
bombing Pakistani cities.[3][4] Furthermore, Afghanistan security agencies supported the terrorist
organization called Al zulfiqar since the 1970s1990s ;the terrorist group that conducted
hijacking in March 1981 of a Pakistan International Airlines plane from Karachi to Kabul.[5]

India
India has been accused by Pakistan,[6] and Sri Lanka[7] of supporting terrorism and carrying out
"economic sabotage" in their respective countries.[8] India's Research and Analysis Wing has
been accused of training and arming the Sri Lankan Tamil group, LTTE, during the 1970s when
it was not considered a terrorist organization by any country but it later withdrew its support in
the 1980s, when the activities of LTTE became serious, becoming the first country to ban LTTE
as a terrorist organization. Although the Indian Government banned the group, the LTTE
continued to operate freely and continued to have links with RAW until the defeat of the LTTE
in 2009.[9][10][10]

From August 1983 to May 1987, India, through its intelligence agency Research and Analysis
Wing (RAW), provided arms, training and monetary support to six Sri Lankan Tamil insurgent
groups including the LTTE. During that period, 32 terror training camps were set up in India to
train these 495 LTTE insurgents,[11] including 90 women who were trained in 10 batches.[12] The
first batch of Tigers were trained in Establishment 22 based in Chakrata, Uttarakhand. The
second batch, including LTTE intelligence chief Pottu Amman,[13] trained in Himachal Pradesh.
Prabakaran visited the first and the second batch of Tamil Tigers to see them training.[14] Eight
other batches of LTTE were trained in Tamil Nadu. Thenmozhi Rajaratnam alias Dhanu, who
carried out the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and Sivarasanthe key conspirator were among
the militants trained by RAW, in Nainital, India.[15]

In April 1984, the LTTE formally joined a common militant front, the Eelam National Liberation
Front (ENLF), a union between LTTE, the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization (TELO), the
Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students (EROS), the People's Liberation Organisation of
Tamil Eelam (PLOTE) and the Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF). These
Indian trained groups later carried out some of the most devastating terrorist attacks in Sri
Lanka.[16]

Furthermore, India Research and Analysis Wing agencies supported the separatist/nationalist
terrorist organization called Al Zulfiqar since 1977.[citation needed] This terrorist group conducted
hijacking in March 1981 of a Pakistan International Airlines plane from Karachi to Kabul. The
group is currently inactive.[17] Richard Holbrooke in who is United States Special Envoy for
Afghanistan and Pakistan stated that Pakistan didn't provide any credible evidence to back their
accusations against India.[18]

U.S. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel suggested in 2011 that "India has over the years financed
problems for Pakistan" in Afghanistan.[19][20][21] Sadanand Dhume, former India bureau chief at
the Far Eastern Economic Review and current resident fellow at the American Enterprise
Institute stated that Hagel's opinion reflect a "paranoid" worldview.[19]

Pakistani Government and ISI have accused Indian consulates in Kandahar and Jalalabad,
Afghanistan, for providing arms, training and financial aid to the BLA in an attempt to
destabilize Pakistan.[22][23]

Brahamdagh Bugti stated in a 2008 interview that he would accept aid from India in his terrorist
activities in Baluchistan.[24] Pakistan has repeatedly accused India of supporting Baloch
rebels,[25][26] and Wright-Neville writes that outside Pakistan, some Western observers also
believe that India secretly funds the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA).[27] In August 2013 US
Special Representative James Dobbins said Pakistan's fears over India's role in Afghanistan were
not groundless".[28]

A diplomatic cable sent Dec. 31, 2009, from the U.S. consulate in Karachi and obtained by
WikiLeaks said it was "plausible" that Indian intelligence was helping the Baluch insurgents. An
earlier 2008 cable, discussing the Mumbai attacks reported fears by British officials that "intense
domestic pressure would force Delhi to respond, at the minimum, by ramping up covert support
to nationalist militants fighting the Pakistani army in Baluchistan."[29] Another cable dating back
to 2009 showed that UAE officials believed India was secretly supporting Tehreek-e-Taliban
insurgents and separatists in northwest Pakistan.[30]

In 2011, the Guardian published an article which mentioned that India is a safe haven for many
Hindutva extremists and that the Indian Government has turned a blind eye to many Saffron
terror groups that operate within its territory. It urged the Indian Government to crack down on
various terror groups that operate with impunity.[31]

The Indian-based Hindutva terror group Abhinav Bharat have links with the Indian Army and
with RAW. Some of its members such as Swami Aseemanand, Lt Col Shrikant Purohit, Sadhvi
Pragya Thakur, Lokesh Sharma, Kamal Chauhan, Sunil Joshi and Rajendra Choudhary allegedly
carried out the Malegaon terrorist bombings,[32] the 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, the
Malegaon blasts, Mecca Masjid bombing and the Ajmer Sharif Dargah blast.[33][34] During
investigations, it was revealed that serving and retired Indian Army officers associated with
Abhinav Bharat have motivated the youth to carry out terrorist attacks against Indian Muslims
and have advocated cross-border terrorism against Pakistan.[35]

In 2015, Chinese authorities have notified and cautioned Pakistani authorities of a possible terror
attack aimed at making the ChinaPakistan Economic Corridor project a failure. According to
China, Baluch insurgents with ties to India's Research and Analysis Wing plan on sabotaging
some key projects particularly on the eastern alignment; Gwadar to Quetta, where work has
already started. The Chinese have sounded a note of 'caution' soon after reports suggested
foreign agencies support to militants, said the official, who attended an important meeting
discussing key issues relating to Gwadar Port and the economic corridor at the Ministry of
Defence. He further said, The Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), with other hostile agencies,
is at the frontline to sabotage this project, that is what Chinese intelligence agencies shared with
us.[8][36]

In October 2015, the adviser to the Prime Minister on National Security and Foreign Affairs
Sartaj Aziz handed over three dossiers to the United Nations, allegedly containing proof of
Indian involvement in terrorist activities abroad. Aziz said that Pakistan's permanent
representative to UN, Dr Maliha Lodhi had shared three dossiers containing evidences pertaining
to Indian backed terrorism in Balochistan, FATA and Karachi with UN Secretary General Ban
Ki-Moon in a meeting.[37]

Iran
Main article: Iran and state-sponsored terrorism

Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps was instrumental in founding, training, and supplying
Hezbollah, a group designated a "Foreign Terrorist Organization" by the United States
Department of State,[38] and likewise labeled a terrorist organization by Israel's Ministry of
Foreign Affairs[39] and the Gulf Cooperation Council.[40] The European Union, however,
differentiates between the political, social, and military wings of Hezbollah, designating only the
Hezbollah Military Wing as a terrorist organization[41]

The governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, Israel, and Yemen have accused the
previous Ahmadinejad administration of sponsoring terrorism either in their, or against their,
respective countries. United Kingdom and the United States have also accused Iran of backing
Shia militias in Iraq, which have at times attacked Coalition troops, Iraqi Sunni militias and
civilians, and Anglo-American-supported Iraqi government forces.

Former United States President George W. Bush has described the Iranian regime the "world's
primary state sponsor of terror."[42][43][44]

Israel

Main article: Israel and state-sponsored terrorism

The 'Lavon Affair' refers to a failed Israeli covert operation, code named 'Operation Susannah',
conducted in Egypt in the Summer of 1954. As part of the false flag operation,[45] a group of
Egyptian Jews were recruited by Israeli military intelligence to plant bombs inside Egyptian,
American and British-owned civilian targets, cinemas, libraries and American educational
centers. The bombs were timed to detonate several hours after closing time. The attacks were to
be blamed on the Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Communists, "unspecified malcontents" or
"local nationalists" with the aim of creating a climate of sufficient violence and instability to
induce the British government to retain its occupying troops in Egypt's Suez Canal zone.[46] The
operation caused no casualties, except for operative Philip Natanson, when a bomb he was taking
to place in a movie theater ignited prematurely in his pocket; for two members of the cell who
committed suicide after being captured; and for two operatives who were tried, convicted and
executed by Egypt.

The operation ultimately became known as the 'Lavon Affair' after the Israeli defense minister
Pinhas Lavon was forced to resign as a consequence of the incident. Before Lavon's resignation,
the incident had been euphemistically referred to in Israel as the "Unfortunate Affair" or "The
Bad Business" (Hebrew: , HaEsek HaBish). After Israel publicly denied any
involvement in the incident for 51 years, the surviving agents were officially honored in 2005 by
being awarded certificates of appreciation by Israeli President Moshe Katzav.

Libya

After the military overthrow of King Idris in 1969 the Libyan Arab Republic (later the Great
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), the new government supported (with weapon
supplies, training camps located within Libya and monetary finances) an array of armed
paramilitary groups both left and right-wing. Leftist and socialist groups included the Provisional
Irish Republican Army, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty, the Umkhonto We Sizwe, the
Polisario Front, the Kurdistan Workers' Party, the Tpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, the
Palestine Liberation Organization, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Free Aceh
Movement, Free Papua Movement, Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor, Kanak
and Socialist National Liberation Front, Republic of South Maluku and the Moro National
Liberation Front of the Philippines.

In 2006, Libya was removed from the United States list of terrorist supporting nations after it had
ended all of its support for armed groups and the development of weapons of mass
destruction.[47]

Malaysia

Citing Operation Merdeka, an alleged Philippine plot to incite unrest in Sabah and reclaimed the
disputed territory, Malaysia funded and trained secessionists groups such as the Moro National
Liberation Front as a retaliation.[48]

Pakistan

Main article: Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism

This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or
newly available information. (October 2016)

Pakistan has been accused by India, Afghanistan, Israel, United Kingdom,[49][50][51] of

involvement in Jammu and Kashmir and Afghanistan.[52] Poland has also alleged that terrorists
have "friends in Pakistani government structures".[53] In July 2009, the then President of Pakistan
Asif Ali Zardari admitted that the Pakistani government had "created and nurtured" terrorist
groups to achieve its short-term foreign policy goals.[54] According to an analysis published by
Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings Institution in 2008, Pakistan was the worlds
'most active' state sponsor of terrorism including aiding groups which were considered a direct
threat to USA.[55]

The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) has stated that it was training more than 3,000
militants from various nationalities.[56][57] According to some reports published by the Council of
Foreign Relations, the Pakistan military and the ISI have provided covert support to terrorist
groups active in Kashmir, including the al-Qaeda affiliate Jaish-e-Mohammed".[58][59] Pakistan
has denied any involvement in terrorist activities in Kashmir, arguing that it only provides
political and moral support to the secessionist groups who wish to escape Indian rule. Many
Kashmiri militant groups also maintain their headquarters in Pakistan-administered Kashmir,
which is cited as further proof by the Indian government. Many of the terrorist organisations are
banned by the UN, but continue to operate under different names.[60]
The United Nations Organization has publicly increased pressure on Pakistan on its inability to
control its Afghanistan border and not restricting the activities of Taliban leaders who have been
designated by the UN as terrorists.[61][62]

Many consider that Pakistan has been playing both sides in the US "War on Terror".[63][64]

Ahmed Rashid, a noted Pakistani journalist, has accused Pakistan's ISI of providing help to the
Taliban.[65] Author Ted Galen Carpenter echoed that statement, stating that Pakistan "... assisted
rebel forces in Kashmir even though those groups have committed terrorist acts against
civilians"[66] Author Gordon Thomas stated that whilst aiding in the capture of al-Qaeda
members, Pakistan "still sponsored terrorist groups in the disputed state of Kashmir, funding,
training and arming them in their war on attrition against India."[67] Journalist Stephen Schwartz
notes that several militant and criminal groups are "backed by senior officers in the Pakistani
army, the country's ISI intelligence establishment and other armed bodies of the state."[68]
According to one author, Daniel Byman, "Pakistan is probably today's most active sponsor of
terrorism."[69]

The Inter-Services Intelligence has often been accused of playing a role in major terrorist attacks
across the world including the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States,[70] terrorism in
Kashmir,[71][72][73] Mumbai Train Bombings,[74] Indian Parliament Attack,[75] Varnasi
bombings,[76] Hyderabad bombings[77][78] and Mumbai terror attacks.[79][80] The ISI is also
accused of supporting Taliban forces[81] and recruiting and training mujahideen[81][82] to fight in
Afghanistan[83][84] and Kashmir.[84] Based on communication intercepts US intelligence agencies
concluded Pakistan's ISI was behind the attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul on July 7, 2008, a
charge that the governments of India and Afghanistan had laid previously.[85] Afghan President
Hamid Karzai, who has constantly reiterated allegations that militants operating training camps
in Pakistan have used it as a launch platform to attack targets in Afghanistan, urged western
military allies to target extremist hideouts in neighbouring Pakistan.[86] When the United States,
during the Clinton administration, targeted al-Qaida camps in Afghanistan with cruise missiles,
Slate reported that two officers of the ISI were killed.[87]

Pakistan is accused of sheltering and training the Taliban as strategic asset[88] in operations
"which include soliciting funding for the Taliban, bankrolling Taliban operations, providing
diplomatic support as the Taliban's virtual emissaries abroad, arranging training for Taliban
fighters, recruiting skilled and unskilled manpower to serve in Taliban armies, planning and
directing offensives, providing and facilitating shipments of ammunition and fuel, and on several
occasions apparently directly providing combat support," as reported by Human Rights Watch.

Pakistan was also responsible for the evacuation of about 5,000 of the top leadership of the
Taliban and Al-Qaeda who were encircled by Nato forces in the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.
This event known as the Kunduz airlift, which is also popularly called the "Airlift of Evil",
involved several Pakistani Air Force transport planes flying multiple sorties over a number of
days.

On May 1, 2011 Osama Bin Laden was killed in Pakistan, he was living in a safe house less than
a mile away from, what is called the West Point of Pakistan, the Pakistan Military Academy.
This has given rise to numerous allegations of an extensive support system for Osama Bin Laden
was in place by the Government and Military of Pakistan.[89][90]

Pervez Musharraf, former Pakistan President, had admitted in 2016 that Pakistan supported and
trained terrorist groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba in 1990s to carry out militancy in Kashmir and
Pakistan was in favour of religious militancy in 1979. He said that Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi and
Hafiz Saeed were seen as heroes in Pakistan during the 1990s. He added that later on this
religious militancy turned into terrorism and they started killing their own people. He also stated
that Pakistan trained the Taliban to fight against Russia, saying that the Taliban Osama Bin
Laden, Jalaluddin Haqqani and Ayman al-Zawahiri were heroes for Pakistan however later they
became villains.[91]

Philippines

Operation Merdeka was a destabilization plot planned with the objective of establishing
Philippine control over Sabah. The operation failed to carry out which resulted in the Jabidah
massacre.[92]

Qatar

Main article: Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism

In 2011 the Washington Times reported that Qatar was providing weapons and funding to
Abdelhakim Belhadj, leader of the formerly U.S. designated terrorist group, Libyan Islamic
Fighting Group (LIFG) and then leader of the conservative Islamist Al-Watan Party.[93]

In December 2012 the New York Times accused the Qatari regime of funding the Al-Nusra Front,
a U.S. government designated terrorist organization.[94] The Financial Times noted Emir
Hamad's visit to Gaza and meeting with Hamas, another internationally designated terrorist
organization.[95] Spanish football club FC Barcelona were coming under increasing pressure to
tear up their 125m shirt sponsorship contract with the Qatar Foundation after claims the so-
called charitable trust finances Hamas. The fresh controversy follows claims made by the
Spanish newspaper El Mundo that the Qatar Foundation had given money to cleric Yusuf al
Qaradawi who is alleged to be an advocate of terrorism, wife beating and antisemitism.[96]

In January 2013 French politicians again accused the Qatari Government of giving material
support to Islamist groups in Mali and the French newspaper Le Canard enchan quoted an
unnamed source in French military intelligence saying that "The MNLA [secular Tuareg
separatists], al Qaeda-linked Ansar Dine and Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa have
all received cash from Doha."[97]

In March 2014, the then Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki has accused the Qatari government
of sponsoring Sunni insurgents fighting against Iraqi soldiers in western Anbar province.[98]

In October 2014, it was revealed that a former Qatari Interior Ministry official, Salim Hasan
Khalifa Rashid al-Kuwari, had been named by the U.S. Department of the Treasury as an al
Qaeda financier, with allegations that he gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to the terrorist
group. Kuwari worked for the civil defense department of the Interior Ministry in 2009, two
years before he was designated for his support of al Qaeda.[99]

A number of wealthy Qataris are accused of sponsoring the Islamic State of Iraq and the
Levant.[100][101] In response to public criticism over Qatari connections to ISIL, the government
has pushed back and denied supporting the group.[102]

Russia

See also: Terrorism in Russia

Alexander J. Motyl, professor of political science at Rutgers University argues that Russia's
direct and indirect involvement in the violence in eastern Ukraine qualifies as a state-sponsored
terrorism, and that those involved qualify as "terrorist groups."[103] Behaviour by Russia with its
neighbours was named by Dalia Grybauskait, President of Lithuania, who gave an interview to
the BBC, in which she repeated her charge, saying that Russia demonstrates the qualities of a
terrorist state.[104]

In May 2016, Reuters published a Special Report titled "How Russia allowed homegrown
radicals to go and fight in Syria" that, based on first-hand evidence, said that at least in the period
between 2012 and 2014 the Russian government agencies ran a programme to facilitate and
encourage Russian radicals and militants to leave Russia and go to Turkey and then on to Syria;
the persons in question had joined jihadist groups, some fighting with the ISIL.[105]

Saudi Arabia

See also: Alleged Saudi role in September 11 attacks

While Saudi Arabia is often a secondary source of funds and support for terror movements who
can find more motivated and ideologically invested benefactors (e.g. Qatar), Saudi Arabia
arguably remains the most prolific sponsor of international Islamist terrorism, allegedly
supporting groups as disparate as the Afghanistan Taliban, Al Qaeda, Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and
the Al-Nusra Front.[106]

Saudi Arabia is said to be the world's largest source of funds and promoter of Salafist
jihadism,[107] which forms the ideological basis of terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda, Taliban,
ISIS and others. Donors in Saudi Arabia constitute the most significant source of funding to
Sunni terrorist groups worldwide, according to Hillary Clinton.[108] According to a secret
December 2009 paper signed by the US secretary of state, "Saudi Arabia remains a critical
financial support base for al-Qaida, the Taliban, LeT and other terrorist groups."[109]

The violence in Afghanistan and Pakistan is partly bankrolled by wealthy, conservative donors
across the Arabian Sea whose governments do little to stop them.[108] Three other Arab countries
which are listed as sources of militant money are Qatar, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates,
all neighbors of Saudi Arabia. Taliban and their militant partners the Haqqani network earn
"significant funds" through UAE-based businesses. Kuwait is described as a "source of funds and
a key transit point" for al-Qaida and other militant groups.[108][110] The Pakistani militant outfit
Lashkar-e-Taiba, which carried out the 2008 Mumbai attacks, used a Saudi-based front company
to fund its activities in 2005.[108][111] According to studies, most of suicide bombers in Iraq are
Saudis.[112][113][114] 15 of the 19 hijackers of the four airliners who were responsible for 9/11
originated from Saudi Arabia, two from the United Arab Emirates, one from Egypt, and one
from Lebanon.[115] Osama bin Laden was born and educated in Saudi Arabia.

Starting in the mid-1970s the Islamic resurgence was funded by an abundance of money from
Saudi Arabian oil exports.[116] The tens of billions of dollars in "petro-Islam" largess obtained
from the recently heightened price of oil funded an estimated "90% of the expenses of the entire
faith."[117]

Throughout the Sunni Muslim world, religious institutions for people both young and old, from
children's maddrassas to high-level scholarships received Saudi funding,[118] "books,
scholarships, fellowships, and mosques" (for example, "more than 1500 mosques were built and
paid for with money obtained from public Saudi funds over the last 50 years"),[119] along with
training in the Kingdom for the preachers and teachers who went on to teach and work at these
universities, schools, mosques, etc.[120] The funding was also used to reward journalists and
academics who followed the Saudis' strict interpretation of Islam; and satellite campuses were
built around Egypt for Al Azhar, the world's oldest and most influential Islamic university.[121]

The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was the strict, conservative Saudi-based
Wahhabism or Salafism. In its harshest form it preached that Muslims should not only "always
oppose" infidels "in every way," but "hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake," that
democracy "is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century," that Shia and other non-
Wahhabi Muslims were "infidels", etc.[122] According to former Prime Minister of Singapore Lee
Kuan Yew, while this effort has by no means converted all, or even most, Muslims to the
Wahhabist interpretation of Islam, it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local
interpretations of Islam in Southeast Asia, and to pitch the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the
"gold standard" of religion in minds of Muslims across the globe.[123]

Patrick Cockburn accused Saudi Arabia of supporting extremist Islamist groups in the Syrian
Civil War, writing: "In Syria, in early 2015, it supported the creation of the Army of Conquest,
primarily made up of the al-Qaeda affiliate the al-Nusra Front and the ideologically similar Ahrar
al-Sham, which won a series of victories against the Syrian Army in Idlib province."[124]

While the Saudi government denies claims that it exports religious or cultural extremism,[125] it is
argued that by its nature, Wahhabism encourages intolerance and promotes terrorism.[126] Former
CIA director James Woolsey described it as "the soil in which Al-Qaeda and its sister terrorist
organizations are flourishing."[127] In 2015, Sigmar Gabriel, Vice-Chancellor of Germany,
accused Saudi Arabia of supporting intolerance and extremism, saying: "Wahhabi mosques are
financed all over the world by Saudi Arabia. In Germany, many dangerous Islamists come from
these communities."[128] In May 2016, The New York Times editorialised that the kingdom allied
to the U.S. had "spent untold millions promoting Wahhabism, the radical form of Sunni Islam
that inspired the 9/11 hijackers and that now inflames the Islamic State".[129]
Soviet Union

Further information: Terrorism and the Soviet Union

Soviet secret services worked to establish a network of terrorist front organizations and have
been described as the primary promoters of terrorism worldwide.[130][131][132] According to Ion
Mihai Pacepa, General Aleksandr Sakharovsky from the First Chief Directorate of the KGB once
said: "In todays world, when nuclear arms have made military force obsolete, terrorism should
become our main weapon."[133] He also claimed that "Airplane hijacking is my own invention".
George Habash, who worked under the KGB's guidance,[134] explained: "Killing one Jew far
away from the field of battle is more effective than killing a hundred Jews on the field of battle,
because it attracts more attention."[133]

Lt. General Ion Mihai Pacepa described the operation "SIG" ("Zionist Governments") that was
devised in 1972, to turn the whole Islamic world against Israel and the United States. KGB
chairman Yury Andropov allegedly explained to Pacepa that "a billion adversaries could inflict
far greater damage on America than could a few millions. We needed to instill a Nazi-style
hatred for the Jews throughout the Islamic world, and to turn this weapon of the emotions into a
terrorist bloodbath against Israel and its main supporter, the United States."[135]

The following organizations have been allegedly established with assistance from Eastern Bloc
security services: the PLO, the National Liberation Army of Bolivia (created in 1964 with help
from Ernesto Che Guevara); the National Liberation Army of Colombia (created in 1965 with
help from Cuba), the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) in 1969, and the
Secret Army for Liberation of Armenia in 1975.[136]

The leader of the PLO, Yasser Arafat, established close collaboration with the Romanian
Securitate service and the Soviet KGB in the beginning of the 1970s.[137] The secret training of
PLO guerrillas was provided by the KGB.[138] However, the main KGB activities and arms
shipments were channeled through Wadie Haddad of the DFLP organization, who usually stayed
in a KGB dacha BARVIKHA-1 during his visits to Russia. Led by Carlos the Jackal, a group of
PFLP fighters accomplished a spectacular raid the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries office in Vienna in 1975. Advance notice of this operation "was almost certainly"
given to the KGB.[137]

A number of notable operations have been conducted by the KGB to support international
terrorists with weapons on the orders from the Soviet Communist Party, including:

Transfer of machine-guns, automatic rifles, Walther pistols, and cartridges to the Official
Irish Republican Army by the Soviet intelligence vessel Reduktor (operation SPLASH) in
1972 to fulfill a personal request of arms from Michael O'Riordan.[139]
Transfer of anti-tank grenade RPG-7 launchers, radio-controlled SNOP mines, pistols
with silencers, machine guns, and other weaponry to the Popular Front for the Liberation
of Palestine through Wadi Haddad who was recruited as a KGB agent in 1970 (operation
VOSTOK, "East").[140]
 Support of the Sandinista movement. The leading role here belonged to the General
Intelligence Directorate of Communist Cuba.[141]
Support of the Kurdistan Workers' Party, in order to destabilize Turkey, a key NATO
member during the Cold War.[142]

Large-scale terrorist operations have been prepared by the KGB and GRU against the United
States, Canada and Europe, according to the Mitrokhin Archive,[143] GRU defectors Victor
Suvorov[144] and Stanislav Lunev, and former SVR officer Kouzminov.[145] Among the planned
operations were the following:

Large arms caches were allegedly hidden in many countries for the planned terrorism
acts. They were booby-trapped with "Lightning" explosive devices. One of such cache,
which was identified by Mitrokhin, exploded when Swiss authorities tried to remove it
from woods near Bern. Several others caches (probably not equipped with the
"Lightnings") were removed successfully.[146]
Preparations for nuclear sabotage. Some of the allegedly hidden caches could contain
portable tactical nuclear weapons known as RA-115 "suitcase bombs" prepared to
assassinate US leaders in the event of war, according to GRU defector Stanislav
Lunev.[147] Lunev states that he had personally looked for hiding places for weapons
caches in the Shenandoah Valley area[147] and that "it is surprisingly easy to smuggle
nuclear weapons into the US" ether across the Mexican border or using a small transport
missile that can slip undetected when launched from a Russian airplane.[147]
Extensive sabotage plans in London, Washington, Paris, Bonn, Rome, and other Western
capitals have been revealed by KGB defector Oleg Lyalin in 1971, including plan to
flood the London underground and deliver poison capsules to Whitehall. This disclosure
triggered mass expulsion of Russian spies from London.[148]
FSLN leader Carlos Fonseca Amador was described as "a trusted agent" in KGB files.
"Sandinista guerrillas formed the basis for a KGB sabotage and intelligence group
established in 1966 on the Mexican US border".[149]
Disruption of the power supply in the entire New York State by KGB sabotage teams,
which would be based along the Delaware River, in the Big Spring Park.[150]
An "immensely detailed" plan to destroy "oil refineries and oil and gas pipelines across
Canada from British Columbia to Montreal" (operation "Cedar") has been prepared,
which took twelve years to complete.[151]
A plan for sabotage of Hungry Horse Dam in Montana.[150]
A detailed plan to destroy the port of New York (target GRANIT); most vulnerable
points of the port were marked at maps.[150]

Turkey

See also: Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War Turkey

Turkey has been accused of supporting various extremist Islamist groups including Jabhat al-
Nusra and ISIL. Turkey had reportedly criticised designation of the Nusra Front as a terrorist
organisation. Feridun Sinirliolu had reportedly told his American interlocutors hat it was more
important to focus on the "chaos" that Assad has created instead of groups such as al-Nusra. Al-
Monitor claimed in 2013 that Turkey was reconsidering its support for Nusra. Turkey's
designation of Nusra Front as a terrorist group was seen as an indication of it giving up on the
group.[152][153][154] Kemal Kldarolu, Leader of the Opposition in Turkey has alleged that
Erdogan and his government have supported terrorism in Syria.[155][156] In June 2014, it was
reported that a directive had been signed by Turkish Interior Minister Muammer Gler which
stated that they will help Al-Nusra against PYD and provide logistical support to Islamist
groups.[157][158] Former United States Ambassador to Turkey, Francis Ricciardone claimed that
Turkey had directly supported and worked with Ahrar al-Sham and al-Qaeda's wing in Syria for
a period of time thinking that they could work with extremist Islamist groups and push them to
become more moderate at the same time, an attempt which failed. He said that that he tried to
persuade the Turkish government to close its borders to the groups, but to no avail.[159]
Cumhuriyet reported Fuat Avni, a prominent Twitter user claiming that leaked audio tapes
confirmed Turkey providing financial and military aid to terrorist groups associated with Al-
Qaeda on October 12, 2014.[160] Kldarolu warned the government on October 14, 2014 not to
provide money and training to terrorist groups.[161][162] Seymour Hersh in an article published on
London Review of Books on April 17, 2014 cited a former senior US intelligence official who
had access to current intelligence, saying that al-Nusra conducted the Ghouta chemical attack
and Turkey knew about it. He also claimed that senior US military leaders and the intelligence
community were concerned about Turkey's role and stated that Erdogan was a supporter of al-
Nusra Front and other Islamist rebel groups.[163]

The Independent alleged in December 2015 that Turkey along with Saudi Arabia was supporting
Army of Conquest in Syria. According to it, some Turkish officials have admitted giving
logistical and intelligence support to the command center of the coalition and having links with
Ahrar al-Sham. However they denied giving direct help to al-Nusra, although they acknowledged
that the group would be beneficiaries. It also reported that some rebels and officials claim that
material support in the form of money and weapons to the Islamist groups was being given by
Saudis with Turkey facilitating its passage.[164] RT reported in March 2016 that al-Nusra had
pitched their camps along the Turkish border and regularly receives supply from the Turkish side
near the border town of Azaz. While filming a number of vehicles coming from the Turkish side
through the Bab al-Salam crossing to Azaz, the RT crew reported that Turkish military vehicles
were at most a kilometre away from them. Abdu Ibrahim, head of YPG in Afrin claimed that
Turkey was definitely providing support to al-Nusra. Some Syrian rebels also told RT that
Turkey was providing support to ISIL and al-Nusra.[165]

Turkey reportedly welcomed any anti-Assad group including Islamic State and al-Nusra fighters
before the Reyhanl bombings and wounded fighters were treated in Turkish hospitals. Turkey's
border region has been used as a vital supply route by ISIL and it had earlier indiscriminately
allowed fighters and weapons to flow across the border. An ISIL commander staying in Turkey
told The Huffington Post that most of their fighters, equipment and supplies during the beginning
of the war came via Turkey. The Guardian had reported in January 2016 that it had obtained
documents seized by Syrian Kurdish forces. The documents suggested that there was a period of
formalised passage on the Syrian side of the border.[166][167] Dengir Mir Mehmet Frat, founder of
the AKP said that the government was providing support to terrorists and the Turkish Minister of
Health had even said that it was a humanitarian obligation to care for the wounded ISIL
members.[168] Taraf claimed that Ahmet El H., one of ISIL's top commanders was treated at a
Turkish hospital along with other ISIL fighters and the cost of their treatment was paid by the
government.[169] According to CHP Deputy Chairman Bulent Tezcan, three trucks stopped in
Adana on January 19, 2014 and were loaded with weapons meant for ISIL. These weapons were
driven to the border, where a National Intelligence Organization (MIT) agent replaced the driver
and drove the truck to Syria. He claimed that this has happened many times.[170] Kemal
Kldarolu produced a statement on October 14, 2014 from the Office of the Prosecutor of the
Adana maintaining that the Turkish government had supplied weapons to ISIL in trucks. He also
produced interview transcripts from truck drivers who transported the weapons. According to
him, the government claimed that the trucks contained humanitarian aid for Syrian Turkmen
however the Turkmen claimed that no such aid was delivered.[161][162][171]

The Daily Mail reported on August 25, 2014 that many foreigners joined ISIL in Syria and Iraq
after travelling through Turkey which did not try to stop them. It also stated that Turkish soldiers
turned a blind eye to foreigners going to join ISIL and even took bribes to facilitate their
crossing.[172] In 2014, Sky News had obtained documents which showed that the Turkish
government had stamped passports of foreigners seeking to cross the border and join ISIL.[173] It
was reported by CNN on July 29, 2014 that many ISIL militants have been trained in
Tukey.[174][175] A WND report in 2014 citing Jordanian intelligence alleged that Turkey was
providing training to ISIL militants. Another report citing an Egyptian official claimed that
Turkey had provided satellite images to ISIL.[176][177] Kldarolu claimed on October 14, 2014
that ISIL camps in Istanbul and Gaziantep are used to recruit fighters.[161][162][178]

Turkey has been alleged to have assisted ISIL during the Siege of Kobani. The Mayor of Kobani
Anwar Moslem in an interview with Mutlu Civiroglu in September 2014 was asked about
speculations in Kurdish media of Turkey assisiting ISIL and a train being sent to the border
carrying assistance for the ISIL. He in turn responded that the Kurds had information that 2 days
befpre the start of the war, trains carrying forces and ammunition which were passing had an-
hour-and-ten-to-twenty-minute-long stops in 3 Turkish villages and there was even evidence
about this. He also said that it was attention-grabbing that ISIL was only strong to the east of
Kobani but not in other directions.[179][180] YPG commander Meysa Abdo in an op-ed written for
NYTimes on October 28 claimed there is evidence that Turkish forces have allowed the Islamic
States men and equipment to move back and forth across the border.[181] Diken reported on
October 1 that ISIL fighters heading towards Kobani crossed the borders from Turkey into Syria
in full view of Turkish soldiers.[182]

The New York Times reported on September 13, 2014 that the US government had tried to
persuade Turkey to crack down on oil being sold by ISIL but had failed. James Phillips, a senior
fellow at The Heritage Foundation speculated that Turkey hasn't cracked down on ISIL's oil sales
because it benefits from the lower price of oil and that there might even be some Turkish citizens
and government officials who benefit from the trade.[183] Fehim Tatekin reported on Radikal
about illegal pipelines transporting oil from nearby Syria to border towns in Turkey. This oil was
sold cheap. He also indicated that many of these pipelines were demolished once his article was
published.[184] Russia's Defence Ministry claimed in December 2015 that Turkey was buying oil
from ISIL and released satellite images purporting to show Turkish tanker-trucks filling up with
oil at an installation inside ISIL-controlled territory in Syria. It also claimed that the Turkish
President Recep Tayyip Erdoan and his family were involved in the trade.[185] A footage was
released by Russian spies later in December that purportedly showed thousands of trucks and
tankers and trucks carrying ISIL's oil entering Turkey through Iraqi border.[186] A report leaked
by Klassekampen in December 2015 that was put together by Rystad Energy claimed that most
of the oil smuggled by the group was destined for Turkey and many smugglers and corrupt
border guards facilitated in exporting it. The report also implicated Erdogan and his family
saying they were directly involved.[187][188]

The village of Az-Zanbaqi ( )in Jisr al-Shughur's countryside has become a base for a
massive amount of Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party militants and their families in Syria,
estimated at around 3,500. Hezbollah media, Iranian media and Syrian government media
accused Turkish intelligence of being involved in transporting these Uyghurs via Turkey to
Syria, with the aim of using them first in Syria to help Jabhat Al-Nusra and gain combat
experience fighting against the Syrian Army before sending them back to Xinjiang to fight
against China if they manage to survive.[189][190][191][192][193][194][195] Arab news agencies reported
that the Uyghurs in the Turkistan Islamic Party, the Chechens in Junud al-Sham, Jabhat al-Nusra
and Ahrar al-Sham are being coordinated by Turkish intelligence to work with the Army of
Conquest.[196][197]

Turkish connections were used by Uyghur fighters to go into Syria.[198] Turkish passports were
used by Uyghurs who were seeking to contact Mujahidin Indonesia Timur, a pro-ISIL
organization in Sulawesi in Indonesia.[198]

United Kingdom

A mural in Belfast graphically depicting the collusion between British security forces and Ulster
loyalist groups.

The United Kingdom (UK) has been accused of supporting Ulster loyalist paramilitaries during
The Troubles in Northern Ireland.[199] During the 1970s, a group of loyalists known as the
"Glenanne gang" carried out numerous shootings and bombings against Irish Catholics and Irish
nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the "murder triangle".[200] It also carried out
some cross-border attacks in the Republic of Ireland. The group included members of the illegal
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) as well as British soldiers and RUC police officers.[201][202] It was
allegedly commanded by British Military Intelligence and RUC Special Branch.[202][203] Evidence
suggests that the group was responsible for the deaths of about 120 civilians.[204] The Cassel
Report investigated 76 killings attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and
policemen were involved in 74 of those.[205] One former member, RUC officer John Weir,
claimed his superiors knew of the group's activities but allowed it to continue.[206][207] Attacks
attributed to the group include the Dublin and Monaghan bombings (which killed 34 civilians),
the Miami Showband killings and the Reavey and O'Dowd killings.[202][208] The UK is also
accused of providing intelligence material, training, firearms, explosives and lists of people that
the security forces wanted to have killed.[209]

The Stevens Inquiries concluded that the Force Research Unit (FRU), a covert British Army
intelligence unit, helped loyalists to kill people, including civilians.[210][211] FRU commanders say
their plan was to make loyalist groups "more professional" by helping them target IRA activists
and prevent them killing civilians.[212] The Stevens Inquiries found evidence only two lives were
saved and that FRU was involved with at least 30 loyalist killings and many other attacks many
of the victims uninvolved civilians.[210] One of the most prominent victims was solicitor Pat
Finucane. A FRU double-agent also helped ship weapons to loyalists from South Africa.[213]
Members of the British security forces had tried to obstruct the Stevens investigation.[211]

The UK has also been accused by Iran of supporting Arab separatist terrorism in the southern
city of Ahvaz in 2006.[214]

United States

Main article: United States and state-sponsored terrorism

The United States was accused of being a state sponsor of terrorism for their support of Cuban
exiles Luis Posada Carriles and Orlando Bosch.[215]

The U.S., since 1979, funded and armed Afghan jihadists under the Operation Cyclone as part of
the Reagan Doctrine, which arguably contributed to the creation of Al-Qaeda and the
Taliban.[216][217] However, scholars such as Jason Burke, Steve Coll, Peter Bergen, Christopher
Andrew, and Vasily Mitrokhin have argued that Bin Laden was "outside of CIA eyesight" and
that there is "no support" in any "reliable source" for "the claim that the CIA funded bin Laden or
any of the other Arab volunteers who came to support the mujahideen."[218][219][220][221]

American academic Noam Chomsky, a critic of U.S. foreign policy, has referred to the United
States as "a Leading Terrorist State".[222][223]